Introduction

David Attwood; Anne Sakdinawat

doi:10.1017/9781107477629.004

1 - Introduction

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 November 2016

David Attwood and

Anne Sakdinawat

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David Attwood: Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
Anne Sakdinawat: Affiliation:
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

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Summary

The X-Ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Regions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

One of the last regions of the electromagnetic spectrum to be developed is that extending from the extreme ultraviolet to hard x-rays, generally shown as a dark region in charts of the spectrum. It is a region where there are a large number of atomic resonances, leading to absorption of radiation in very short distances, typically measured in nanometers (nm) or micrometers (microns, µm), in all materials. This has historically inhibited the pursuit and exploration of the region. On the other hand, these same resonances provide mechanisms for both elemental (C, N, O, etc.) and chemical (Si, SiO2, TiSi2) identification, creating opportunities for advances in both science and technology. Furthermore, because the wavelengths are relatively short, it becomes possible to study nanoscale structures using the techniques of absorption, scattering and microscopy. To exploit these opportunities requires advances in relevant technologies, for instance in nanofabrication. These in turn lead to new scientific understandings, in subjects such as materials science, surface science, chemistry, biology and physics, providing feedback to the enabling technologies. Development of the extreme ultraviolet, soft and hard x-ray spectral regions is presently in a period of rapid growth and interchange among science and technology.

Figure 1.1 shows that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from the infrared to the x-ray region, with wavelengths across the top and photon energies along the bottom. Major spectral regions shown are the infrared (IR), which we associate with molecular resonances and heat; the visible region from red to violet, which we associate with color and vision; the ultraviolet (UV), which we associate with sunburn and ionizing radiation; the regions of extreme ultraviolet (EUV), soft x-rays (SXR), and finally hard x-rays, which we associate with medical and dental x-rays and with the scientific analysis of crystals, materials, and biological samples through the use of diffraction, scattering, and other techniques. In this book we address techniques and opportunities based on the generation and use of radiation extending from the EUV through x-ray regions of the spectrum.

The extreme ultraviolet is taken here as extending from photon energies of about 30 eV to about 250 eV, with corresponding wavelengths in vacuum extending from about 5 nm to 40 nm.

Type: Chapter
Information: X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation
Principles and Applications
, pp. 1 - 26

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107477629.004 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2017

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References

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1 - Introduction

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