Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-s22k5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-06T10:15:25.499Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Sensor Networks with Wireless Energy Harvesting

from Part III - Applications of Wireless Energy Harvesting and Transfer

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2016

By
Xiao Lu
Edited by
Dusit Niyato ,
Ekram Hossain ,
Dong In Kim ,
Vijay Bhargava  and
Lotfollah Shafai
Xiao Lu
Affiliation:
University of Alberta, AB, Canada
Dusit Niyato
Affiliation:
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Ekram Hossain
Affiliation:
University of Manitoba, Canada
Dong In Kim
Affiliation:
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Vijay Bhargava
Affiliation:
University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Lotfollah Shafai
Affiliation:
University of Manitoba, Canada
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Current deployment of large-scale sensor networks either employs miles of cabling for providing electrical power, or battery-powered wireless sensors, which gives rise to a serious environmental problem with the disposal of a huge amount of used batteries [1]. The recent progress in wireless energy transfer and harvesting techniques [2, 3] has provided an alternative way to address the energy limitations of traditional wireless sensor networks.

In this chapter, the strategies of energy replenishment for wireless-powered sensor networks are overviewed in detail. Generally, there are two types of solution, i.e., through static wireless charger deployment and mobile charger dispatch [4]. The existing strategies with regard to the two types of solutions are reviewed and discussed. Then, the hardware design principles for sensor circuits are also outlined. Finally, we introduce wireless energy transfer scheduling designed using centralized and distributed approaches, and future research directions are discussed.

Static Wireless Charger Deployment

In sensor networks, the energy supply is limited. Wireless energy transfer and harvesting techniques have been adopted to supply energy to sensor nodes. In particular, a wireless charger is used in sensor networks to supply energy to multiple sensors simultaneously. Thus, optimal deployment of wireless chargers is an important issue. Wireless charger deployment concerns the planning of charger locations. The goal is to provide sufficient energy to wireless sensors in the network. We can divide wireless charger deployment problems into two categories. The first category is static charger placement, in which case, after having been deployed, the chargers remain at the same locations. The second category is mobile charger placement. The charger can move, and hence the deployment optimizes the path of the charger's motion. Wireless charger deployment is important because the charging range is limited, e.g., to a few meters for coupling-based wireless chargers and tens of meters for RF-based chargers. Thus, the deployment must be optimized to meet the energy demand of the wireless sensor networks. Especially in a large-scale network, deploying chargers to support all sensor nodes is too costly and has too high an overhead. An efficient method has to be devised [5]. As shown in Figure 9.1, we have four scenarios for existing wireless charger deployment strategies that have been addressed in the literature.

Type
Chapter
Information
Wireless-Powered Communication Networks
Architectures, Protocols, and Applications
 , pp. 291 - 337
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

[1] M. M., Tentzeris, A., Georgiadis, and L., Roselli, “Energy harvesting and scavenging,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 102, no. 11, pp. 1644–1648, November 2014.Google Scholar
[2] X., Lu, P., Wang, D., Niyato, D. I., Kim, and Z., Han, “Wireless networks with RF energy harvesting: A contemporary survey,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 757–789, Second quarter 2015.Google Scholar
[3] X., Lu, P., Wang, D., Niyato, and E., Hossain, “Dynamic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks with RF energy harvesting,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 102–110, June 2014.Google Scholar
[4] X., Lu, P., Wang, D., Niyato, D. I., Kim, and Z., Han, “Wireless charging technologies: Fundamentals, standards, and network applications,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 1413–1452, second quarter 2016.Google Scholar
[5] T.-C., Chiu, Y.-Y., Shih, A.-C., Pang, J.-Y., Jeng, and P.-C., Hsiu, “Mobility-aware charger deployment for wireless rechargeable sensor networks,” in Proc. Asia–Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS), Seoul, South Korea, September 2012.
[6] S., He, J., Chen, F., Jiang et al., “Energy provisioning in wireless rechargeable sensor networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1931–1942, October 2013.Google Scholar
[7] M., Erol-Kantarci and H. T., Mouftah, “Radio-frequency-based wireless energy transfer in LTE-A heterogenous networks,” in Proc. IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communication (ISCC), Funchal, Portugal, June 2014.
[8] J., Liao and J. R., Jiang, “Wireless charger deployment optimization for wireless rechargeable sensor networks,” in Proc. International Conference on Ubi-Media Computing and Workshops (UMEDIA), Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, July 2014.
[9] Y., Pang, Z., Lu, M., Pan, and W. W., Li, “Charging coverage for energy replenishment in wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC), Miami, FL, April 2014.
[10] T., He, K., Chin, and S., Soh, “On using wireless power transfer to increase the max flow of rechargeable wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE Tenth International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP), Singapore, April 2015.
[11] H., Dai, Y., Liu, G., Chen, X., Wu, and T., He, “Safe charging for wireless power transfer,” in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Toronto, Canada, May 2014.
[12] H., Dai, Y., Liu, G., Chen, X., Wu, and T., He, “SCAPE: Safe charging with adjustable power,” in Proc. IEEE 34th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), Madrid, Spain, July 2014.
[13] A., FrÂt'e ville, “The multidimensional 0–1 knapsack problem: An overview,” European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 1–21, May 2004.Google Scholar
[14] A. P., Hurter, P., Arthur, M. K., Schaefer, and R. E., Wendell, “Solutions of constrained location problems,” Management Science, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 51–56, September 1975.Google Scholar
[15] X., Bai, S., Kumar, D., Xuan, Z., Yun, and T., Lai, “Deploying wireless sensors to achieve both coverage and connectivity,” in Proc. ACM MobiHoc, Los Angeles, CA, September 2006.
[16] C., Song, Z., Qu, N., Blumm, and A.-L., Barabasi, “Limits of predictability in human mobility, Science, vol. 327, no. 5968, pp. 1018–1021, February 2010.Google Scholar
[17] T., Rault, A., Bouabdallah, and Y., Challal, “Multi-hop wireless charging optimization in low-power networks,” in Proc. IEEE Global Communications Conference, Atlanta, GA, December 2013.
[18] M., Erol-Kantarci and H. T., Mouftah, “Suresense: Sustainable wireless rechargeable sensor networks for the smart grid,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 30–36, June 2012.Google Scholar
[19] M., Erol-Kantarci and H. T., Mouftah, “Mission-aware placement of RF-based power transmitters in wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), Cappadocia, Greece, July 2012.
[20] M., Erol-Kantarci and H. T., Mouftah, “DRIFT: Differentiated RF power transmission for wireless sensor network deployment in the smart grid,” in Proc. IEEE Globecom Workshops, Anaheim, CA, December 2012.
[21] T., La Porta, C., Petrioli, and D., Spenza, “Sensor-mission assignment in wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting,” in Proc. 8th Annual IEEE Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON), Salt Lake City, UT, June 2011.
[22] T. L., Porta, C., Petrioli, C., Phillips, and D., Spenza, “Sensor mission assignment in rechargeable wireless sensor networks,” Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN), vol. 10, no. 4, article 60, June 2014.Google Scholar
[23] Y., Yang, C., Wang, and J., Li, “Power sensor networks by wireless energy: Current status and future trends,” in Proc. International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC), Garden Grove, CA, February 2015.
[24] S., Guo, C., Wang, and Y., Yang, “Joint mobile data gathering and energy provisioning in wireless rechargeable sensor networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 13, no. 13, pp. 2836–2852, December 2014.Google Scholar
[25] M., Zhao, J., Li, and Y., Yang, “A framework of joint mobile energy replenishment and data gathering in wireless rechargeable sensor networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 2689–2705, December 2014.Google Scholar
[26] M. D., Francesco, S. K., Das, and G., Anastasi, “Data collection in wireless sensor networks with mobile elements: A survey,” ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 7:1–7:31, August 2011.Google Scholar
[27] L., Xie, Y., Shi, Y. T., Hou, and H. D., Sherali, “Making sensor networks immortal: An energy-renewal approach with wireless power transfer,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1748–1761, December 2012.Google Scholar
[28] L., Fu, P., Cheng, Y., Gu, J., Chen, and T., He, “The optimal charging in wireless rechargeable sensor networks,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 65, no. 1 pp. 278–291, January 2016.Google Scholar
[29] Z., Qin, C., Zhou, Y., Yue et al., “A practical solution to wireless energy transfer in WSNs,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on ICT Convergence (ICTC), Jeju, South Korea, October 2013.
[30] L., Shi, J., Han, D., Han, X., Ding, and Z., Wei, “The dynamic routing algorithm for renewable wireless sensor networks with wireless power transfer,” Computer Networks, vol. 74, part A, pp. 34–52 December 2014.Google Scholar
[31] L., Xie, Y., Shi, Y. T., Hou, W., Lou, and H. D., Sherali, “On traveling path and related problems for a mobile station in a rechargeable sensor network,” in Proc. Fourteenth ACM International Symposium onMobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, Bangalore, India, July 2013.
[32] L., Xie, Y., Shi, Y.-T., Hou et al., “Bundling mobile base station and wireless energy transfer: Modeling and optimization,” in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Turin, Italy, April 2013.
[33] L., Xie, Y., Shi, Y.-T., Hou et al., “Multi-node wireless energy charging in sensor networks,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 437–450, April 2015.Google Scholar
[34] M., Padberg and G., Rinaldi, “A branch-and-cut algorithm for the resolution of large-scale symmetric traveling salesman problems,” SIAM Review, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 60–100, March 1991.Google Scholar
[35] Concorde, “Concorde TSP Solver,” 2011 (available at www.tsp.gatech.edu/concorde/).
[36] H. D., Sherali,W. P., Adams, and P. J., Driscoll, “Exploiting special structures in constructing a hierarchy of relaxations for 0–1 mixed integer problems,” Operational Research, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 396–405, May–June 1998.Google Scholar
[37] E., Welzl, “Smallest enclosing disks (balls and ellipsoids),” in H., Maurer, ed., New Results and New Trends in Computer Science. Berlin : Springer, 1991, pp. 359–370.
[38] S., Lloyd, “Least squares quantization in PCM,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 129–137, March 1982.Google Scholar
[39] N., Alon, D., Moshkovitz, and S., Safra, “Algorithmic construction of sets for K-restrictions,” ACM Transactions on Algorithms, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 153–177, April 2006.Google Scholar
[40] J., Wang, X., Wu, X., Xu, Y., Yang, and X., Hu, “Programming wireless recharging for target-oriented rechargeable sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC), Miami, FL, April 2014.
[41] H., Dai, L., Jiang, X., Wu et al., “Near optimal charging and scheduling scheme for stochastic event capture with rechargeable sensors,” IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad- Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), Hangzhou, China, October 2013.
[42] F., Jiang, S., He, P., Cheng, and J., Chen, “On optimal scheduling in wireless rechargeable sensor networks for stochastic event capture,” in Proc. International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), Valencia, Spain, October 2011.
[43] www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
[44] Y., Peng, Z., Li, W., Zhang, and D., Qiao, “Prolonging sensor network lifetime through wireless charging,” in Proc. IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS), San Diego, CA, December 2010.
[45] K., Li, H., Luan, and C.-C., Shen, “Qi-ferry: Energy-constrained wireless charging in wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Shanghai, China, April 2012.
[46] M., Clerc, “Standard PSO 2007 (SPSO-07)” (available at http://particleswarm.info/, standard pso 2007.zip, Particle Swarm Central).
[47] L., He, P., Cheng, Y., Gu et al., “Mobile-to-mobile energy replenishment in mission-critical robotic sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Toronto, Canada, May 2014.
[48] R., Beigel, J., Wu, and H., Zheng, “On optimal scheduling of multiple mobile chargers in wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. InternationalWorkshop on Mobile Sensing, Computing and Communication, New York, NY, August 2014.
[49] J., Wu, “Collaborative mobile charging and coverage,” Journal of Computer Science and Technology, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 550–561, July 2014.Google Scholar
[50] H., Dai, X., Wu, G., Chen, L., Xu, and S., Lin, “Minimizing the number of mobile chargers for large-scale wireless rechargeable sensor networks,” Computer Communications, vol. 46, no. 15, pp. 54–65, June 2014.Google Scholar
[51] W., Xu, W., Liang, X., Lin, G., Mao, and X., Ren, “Towards perpetual sensor networks via deploying multiple mobile wireless chargers,” in Proc. International Conference on Parallel Processing (ICPP), Minneapolis, MN, September 2014.
[52] W., Liang, W., Xu, X., Ren, X., Jia, and X., Lin, “Maintaining sensor networks perpetually via wireless recharging mobile vehicles,” IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Edmonton, Canada, September 2014.
[53] C., Wang, J., Li, F., Ye, and Y., Yang, “Multi-vehicle coordination for wireless energy replenishment in sensor networks,” in Proc. International Symposium on Parallel & Distributed Processing (IPDPS), Boston, MA, May 2013.
[54] A., Madhja, S., Nikoletseas, and P.-R., Theofanis “Distributed wireless power transfer in sensor networks with multiple mobile chargers,” Computer Networks, vol. 80, pp. 89–108, April 2015.Google Scholar
[55] X., Ren, W., Liang, and W., Xu, “Maximizing charging throughput in rechargeable sensor networks,” in Proc. International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), Shanghai, China, August 2014.
[56] L., He, L., Fu, L., Zheng et al., “ESync: An energy synchronized charging protocol for rechargeable wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. ACM International Symposium onMobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc ‘14), Philadelphia, PA, 2014.
[57] C. M., Angelopoulos, S., Nikoletseas, and T. P., Raptis, “Wireless energy transfer in sensor networks with adaptive, limited knowledge protocols,” Computer Networks, vol. 70, pp. 113–141, September 2014.Google Scholar
[58] L., He, L., Kong, Y., Gu, J., Pan, and T., Zhu, “Evaluating the on-demand mobile charging in wireless sensor networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 1861–1875, September 2015.Google Scholar
[59] L., Jiang, X., Wu, G., Chen, and Y., Li, “Effective on-demand mobile charger scheduling for maximizing coverage in wireless rechargeable sensor networks,” Mobile Networks and Applications, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 543–551, August 2014.Google Scholar
[60] H., Tan, M., Chan, W., Xiao, P., Kong, and C., Tham, “Information quality aware routing in event-driven sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, San Diego, CA, March 2010.
[61] X., Lu, P., Wang, D., Niyato, and Z., Han, “Resource allocation in wireless networks with RF energy harvesting and transfer,” IEEE Network, vol 29, no. 6, pp. 1–25. May 2014.Google Scholar
[62] M., Roberg, T., Reveyrand, I., Ramos, E. A., Falkenstein, and Z., Popovic, “High-efficiency harmonically terminated diode and transistor rectifiers,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 4043–4052, December 2012.Google Scholar
[63] P., Nintanavongsa, U., Muncuk, D. R., Lewis, and K. R., Chowdhury, “Design optimization and implementation for RF energy harvesting circuits,” IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 24–33, March 2012.Google Scholar
[64] S., Shrestha, S.-K., Noh, and D.-Y., Choi, “Comparative study of antenna designs for RF energy harvesting,” Hindawi International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, article 385260, pp. 1–10. February 2013.Google Scholar
[65] J. P., Thomas, M. A., Qidwai, and J. C., Kellogg, “Energy scavenging for small-unmanned systems,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 159, no. 2, pp. 1494–1509, September 2006.Google Scholar
[66] A., Aziz, A., Mutalib, and R., Othman, “Current developments of RF energy harvesting system for wireless sensor networks,” Advances in Information Sciences and Service Sciences (AISS), vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 328–338, June 2013.Google Scholar
[67] X., Shao, B., Li, N., Shahshahan et al., “A planner dual-band antenna design for RF energy harvesting applications,” in Proc. IEEE International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS), College Park, MD, December 2011.
[68] X., Shao, B., Li, N., Shahshahan et al., “A planner dual-band antenna design for RF energy harvesting applications,” in Proc. IEEE International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS), College Park, MD, December 2011.
[69] J. M., Barcak, and H. P., Partal, “Efficient RF energy harvesting by using multiband microstrip antenna arrays with multistage rectifiers,” in Proc. IEEE Subthreshold Microelectronics Conference (SubVT), Waltham, MA, October 2012, pp. 1–3.
[70] M., Arrawatia, M. S., Baghini, and G., Kumar, “RF energy harvesting system from cell towers in 900 MHz band,” in Proc. IEEE National Conference on Communications (NCC), Bangalore, January 2011, pp. 1–5.
[71] S. B., Alam, M. S., Ullah, and S., Moury, “Design of a low power 2.45 GHz RF energy harvesting circuit for rectenna,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV), Dhaka, Bangladesh, May 2013.
[72] M., Arsalan, M. H., Ouda, L., Marnat et al., “A 5.2 GHz, 0.5 mW RF powered wireless sensor with dual on-chip antennas for implantable intraocular pressure monitoring,” in Proc. IEEE International Microwave Symposium Digest (IMS), Seattle, WA, June 2013, pp. 1–4.
[73] M., Arrawatia, M. S., Baghini, and G., Kumar, “RF energy harvesting system at 2.67 and 5.8 GHz,” in Proc. IEEE Microwave Conference Proceedings (APMC), Yokohama, Japan, December 2010, pp. 900–903.
[74] Z., Zakaria, N. A., Zainuddin, M. Z. A. Abd, Aziz, M. N., Husain, and M. A., Mutalib, “A parametric study on dual-band meander line monopole antenna for RF energy harvesting,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on RFID-Technologies and Applications (RFID-TA), Johor Bahru, Malaysia, September 2013.
[75] B., Li, X., Shao, N., Shahshahan et al., “An antenna co-design dual band RF energy harvester,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I, vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 3256–3266, December 2013.Google Scholar
[76] X., Shao, B., Li, N., Shahshahan et al., “A planner dual-band antenna design for RF energy harvesting applications,” in Proc. IEEE International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS), College Park, MD, December 2011.
[77] Z., Zakaria, N. A., Zainuddin, M. Z. A. Abd, Aziz, M. N., Husain, and M. A., Mutalib, “Dual-band monopole antenna for energy harvesting system,” in Proc. IEEE Symposium on Wireless Technology and Applications (ISWTA), Kuching, Malaysia, September 2013.
[78] B. L., Pham, and A.-V., Pham, “Triple bands antenna and high efficiency rectifier design for RF energy harvesting at 900, 1900 and 2400 MHz,” in Proc. IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (IMS), Seattle, WA, June 2013.
[79] D., Masotti, A., Costanzo, and S., Adami, “Design and realization of a wearable multifrequency RF energy harvesting system,” in Proc. IEEE European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), Rome, Italy, April 2011, pp. 517–520.
[80] S., Keyrouz, H. J., Visser, and A. G., Tijhuis, “Multi-band simultaneous radio frequency energy harvesting,” in Proc. IEEE European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Gothenburg, Sweden, April 2013, pp. 3058–3061.
[81] D., Yi, and T., Arslan, “Broadband differential antenna for full-wave RF energy scavenging system,” in Proc. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Conference (LAPC), Loughborough, UK, November 2013, pp. 325–328.
[82] A., Buonanno, M., D'U rso, and D., Pavone, “An ultra wide-band system for RF energy harvesting,” in Proc. IEEE European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), Rome, Italy, April 2011, pp. 388–389.
[83] A., Nimo, D., Grgic, and L. M., Reindl, “Ambient electromagnetic wireless energy harvesting using multiband planar antenna,” in Proc. IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices (SSD), Chemnitz, Germany, March 2012.
[84] D., Yi, T., Arslan, and A., Hamilton, “Broadband antenna for RF energy scavenging system,” in Proc. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Conference (LAPC), Loughborough, UK, November 2012, pp. 1–4.
[85] J., Zhang, Y., Huang, and P., Cao, “Harvesting RF energy with rectenna arrays,” in Proc. IEEE European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), Prague, Czech Republic, March 2012, pp. 365–367.
[86] J., Zhang, Y., Huang, and P., Cao, “A wideband cross dipole rectenna for RF wireless harvesting,” in Proc. IEEE European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Gothenburg, Sweden, April 2013, pp. 3063–3067.
[87] N. A., Zainuddin, Z., Zakaria, M.-N., Husain et al., “Design of wideband antenna for RF energy harvesting system,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Instrumentation, Communications, Information Technology, and Biomedical Engineering (ICICI-BME), Bandung, Indonesia, November 2013, pp. 162–166.
[88] L., Vincetti, M., Maini, E., Pinotti et al., “Broadband printed antenna for radiofrequency energy harvesting,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), Cape Town, South Africa, September 2012, pp. 814–816.
[89] S., Agrawal, S., Pandey, J., Singh, and P. N., Kondekar, “An efficient RF energy harvester with tuned matching circuit,” in VLSI Design and Test. Berlin : Springer, 2013, pp. 138–145.
[90] M.-T., Penella-López and M., Gasulla-Forner, “Radiofrequency energy harvesting,” Powering Autonomous Sensors. Amsterdam : Springer Netherlands, 2011, pp. 125–147.
[91] J. A., Hagerty, F. B., Helmbrecht, W. H., McCalpin, R., Zane, and Z. B., Popovic, “Recycling ambient microwave energy with broad-band rectenna arrays,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 1014–1024, March 2004.Google Scholar
[92] M., Ghovanloo, and K., Najafi, “Fully integrated wideband high-current rectifiers for inductively powered devices,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 1976–1984, November 2004.Google Scholar
[93] J.-P., Curty, M., Declercq, C., Dehollain, and N., Joehl, Design and Optimization of Passive UHF RFID Systems, 1st edn. New York, NY : Springer Science Business Media, 2007.
[94] J. A. G., Akkermans, M. C. Van, Beurden, G. J. N., Doodeman, and H. J., Visser, “Analytical models for low-power rectenna design,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 187–190, June 2005.Google Scholar
[95] Y., Wu, J. P., Linnartz, H., Gao, M. K., Matters-Kammerer, and P., Baltus, “Modeling of RF energy scavenging for batteryless wireless sensors with low input power,” in Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), London, UK, September 2013, pp. 527–531.
[96] I., Mayordomo, T., Drager, P., Spies, J., Bernhard, and A., Pflaum, “An overview of technical challenges and advances of inductive wireless power transmission,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1302–1311, June 2013.Google Scholar
[97] D. W., Kim, Y. D., Chung, H. K., Kang, Y. S., Yoon, and T. K., Ko, “Characteristics of contactless power transfer for HTS coil based on electromagnetic resonance coupling,” IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol. 22, no. 3, article 5400604, June 2012.Google Scholar
[98] X., Lu, P., Wang, D., Niyato, D. I., Kim, and Z., Han, “Wireless charger networking for mobile devices: Fundamentals, standards, and applications,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 126–135, April 2015.Google Scholar
[99] J.-W., Nilsson and S. A., Riedel, Electric Circuits, 7th edn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2005, pp. 243–244.
[100] T., Imura and Y., Hori, “Wireless power transfer using electromagnetic resonant coupling,” Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 129, no. 7, pp. 414–417. 2009.Google Scholar
[101] T., Imura and Y., Hori, “Maximizing air gap and efficiency of magnetic resonant coupling for wireless power transfer using equivalent circuit and Neumann formula,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 4746–4752, October 2011.Google Scholar
[102] T.-P., Duong and J. W., Lee, “Experimental results of high-efficiency resonant coupling wireless power transfer using a variable coupling method,” IEEE Microwave Wireless Components Letters, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 442–444, August 2011.Google Scholar
[103] A. P., Sample, D. A., Meyer, and J. R., Smith, “Analysis, experimental results, and range adaptation of magnetically coupled resonators for wireless power transfer,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 544–554, February 2011.Google Scholar
[104] A. P., Sample, D. A., Meyer, and J. R., Smith, “Analysis, experimental results, and range adaptation of magnetically coupled resonators for wireless power transfer,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 544–554, February 2011.Google Scholar
[105] T. C., Beh, M., Kato, T., Imura, and Y., Hori, “Wireless power transfer system via magnetic resonant coupling at fixed resonance frequency power transfer system based on impedance matching,” in Proc. World Battery, Hybrid Fuel Cell, Shenzhen, China, 2010.
[106] I., Awai and T., Komori, “A simple and versatile design method of resonator-coupled wireless power transfer system,” in Proc. International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems (ICCCAS), Chengdu, China, July 2010.
[107] J., Cheng, L., Xia, C., Ma et al., “A near-threshold, multi-node, wireless body area sensor network powered by RF energy harvesting,” in Proc. IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), September 2012.
[108] N., Barroca, H. M., Saraiva, P.-T., Gouveia et al., “Antennas and circuits for ambient RF energy harvesting in wireless body area networks,” in Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), September 2013, pp. 532–537.Google Scholar
[109] A., Asadi and V., Mancuso, “A survey on opportunistic scheduling in wireless communications,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1671–1688, fourth quarter 2013.Google Scholar
[110] D., Niyato, P., Wang, D. I., Kim, and Z., Han, “Opportunistic energy scheduling in wirelesspowered sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), Montreal, Canada, September 2016.
[111] D. B., Smith, D., Miniutti, T. A., Lamahewa, and L. W., Hanlen, “Propagation models for body-area networks: A survey and new outlook,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 97–117, October 2013.Google Scholar
[112] D., Niyato, X., Lu, P., Wang, D. I., Kim, and Z., Han, “Distributed wireless energy scheduling for wireless-powered sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, May 2016.
[113] J., Ventura and K., Chowdhury, “Markov modeling of energy harvesting body sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), September 2011, pp. 2168–2172.Google Scholar
[114] E., Altman, K., Avrachenkov, N., Bonneau et al., “Constrained cost-coupled stochastic games with independent state processes,” Operations Research Letters, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 160–164, March 2008.Google Scholar
[115] D., Mishra, K., Kaushik, S., De et al., “Implementation of multi-path energy routing,” in Proc. IEEE Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communication (PIMRC), Washington DC, 2014, pp. 1834–1839.
[116] F., Zhang, S. A., Hackworth, W., Fu et al., “Relay effect of wireless power transfer using strongly coupled magnetic resonances,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1478–1481, May 2011.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×