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2 - Circuit Design for Wireless Energy Harvesting

from Part I - Basics of Wireless Energy Harvesting and Transfer Technology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2016

By
Min Jae Kim ,
Kae Won Choi ,
Dong In Kim ,
Youngoo Yang ,
Kang Yoon Lee  and
Keum Cheol Hwang
Edited by
Dusit Niyato ,
Ekram Hossain ,
Dong In Kim ,
Vijay Bhargava  and
Lotfollah Shafai
Min Jae Kim
Affiliation:
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Kae Won Choi
Affiliation:
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Dong In Kim
Affiliation:
Sungkyankwan University, Korea
Youngoo Yang
Affiliation:
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Kang Yoon Lee
Affiliation:
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Keum Cheol Hwang
Affiliation:
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Dusit Niyato
Affiliation:
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Ekram Hossain
Affiliation:
University of Manitoba, Canada
Dong In Kim
Affiliation:
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Vijay Bhargava
Affiliation:
University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Lotfollah Shafai
Affiliation:
University of Manitoba, Canada
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Summary

Introduction

To date, there have been a number of research proposals to explore the newly emerging wireless charging technologies based on radio-frequency (RF) signals, ambient or dedicated. In particular, research efforts towards achieving the goal of transmitting information and energy at the same time have been rapidly expanding, but the feasibility of this goal has not been fully addressed. Moreover, the respective coverage areas of transmitting information and energy are wildly different, the latter being considerably smaller than the former. This is because the receiver sensitivities are very different, namely -60 dBm for an information receiver and -10 dBm for an energy receiver [1, 2].

Owing to this limitation, recently a commercial implementation of RF energy transfer has been restricted to lower-power sensor nodes with dedicated RF energy transmitters, such as the Powercast wireless rechargeable sensor system [3] and the Cota system [4].

In this chapter, we discuss the implementation of long- and short-range RF energy harvesting systems, where the former is to provide far-field-based RF energy transfer over long distances with a 4 × 4 phased antenna array and the latter to provide biosensors with RF energy over short distances. An overall circuit design for these RF energy harvesting systems is described in detail, along with the measurement results to validate the feasibility of far-field-based RF energy transfer. We illustrate the designed test-beds which will be applied to develop sophisticated energy beamforming algorithms to increase the transmission range. Finally, a new research framework is developed through the cross-layer design of the RF energy harvesting system, which is intended to power a low-power sensor node, like the Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensor node. To this end, we present a circuit-layer stored energy evolution model based on the measurements which will be used in designing the upper-layer energy management algorithm for efficient control of the stored energy at the sensor node. The new framework will be useful because the existing works on RF energy harvesting do not explicitly take into account a realistic temporal evolution model of the stored energy in the energy storage device, like such as a supercapacitor.

Type
Chapter
Information
Wireless-Powered Communication Networks
Architectures, Protocols, and Applications
 , pp. 44 - 85
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

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References

[1] X., Lu, P., Wang, D., Niyato, D. I., Kim, and Z., Han, “Wireless charging technologies: Fundamentals, standards, and network applications,” IEEE Communications Surveys and Tuto Lu, P., Wang, D., Niyato, D. I., Kim, and Z., Han, “Wireless charging technologies: Fundamentals, standards, and network applications,” IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 1413–1462, second quarter 2016.Google Scholar
[2] X., Lu, P., Wang, D., Niyato, D. I., Kim, and Z., Han, “Wireless networks with RF energy harvesting: A contemporary survey,” IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 2, Lu, P., Wang, D., Niyato, D. I., Kim, and Z., Han, “Wireless networks with RF energy harvesting: A contemporary survey,” IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 757–789, second quarter 2015.Google Scholar
[3] Powercast (www.powercastco.com).
[4] Cota system (www.ossiainc.com).
[5] C., Merz, G., Kupris, and M., Niedernhuber, “A low power design for radio frequency energy harvesting applications,” in International Symposium on Wireless Systems, 2014, pp. 44 Merz, G., Kupris, and M., Niedernhuber, “A low power design for radio frequency energy harvesting applications,” in International Symposium on Wireless Systems, 2014, pp. 443–461.Google Scholar
[6] K., Gudan, S., Chemishkian, J. J., Hull, S. J., Tomas, J., Ensworth, and M. S., Reynolds, “A 2.4 GHz ambient RF energy harvesting system with -20 dBm minimum input power and NiMH battery storage,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on RFID-Technology and App Gudan, S., Chemishkian, J. J., Hull, S. J., Tomas, J., Ensworth, and M. S., Reynolds, “A 2.4 GHz ambient RF energy harvesting system with -20 dBm minimum input power and NiMH battery storage,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on RFID-Technology and Applications (RFID-TA), 2014, pp. 7–12.Google Scholar
[7] HSMS-286 Schottky Diode datasheet (www.avagotech.com/docs/AV02-1388EN).
[8] TH72035 Datasheet (www.melexis.com/General/General/TH72035-131.aspx).
[9] K., Gudan, S. S., Shao, J. J., Hull, J., Ensworth, and M. S., Reynolds, “Ultra-low power 2.4 GHz RF energy harvesting and storage system with -25 dBm sensitivity,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Gudan, S. S., Shao, J. J., Hull, J., Ensworth, and M. S., Reynolds, “Ultra-low power 2.4 GHz RF energy harvesting and storage system with -25 dBm sensitivity,” in Proc. IEEE International RFID Conference, San Diego, CA, April 2015, pp. 40–46.
[10] P2110 Product Datasheet (www.powercastco.com/PDF/P2110-datasheet.pdf).
[11] LTC3458 Low Quiescent Current DC–DC Converter (http://cds.linear.com/docs/en/ datasheetLTC3458 Low Quiescent Current DC–DC Converter (http://cds.linear.com/docs/en/ datasheet/3458Lfa.pdf).
[12] National Instruments, “NI USRP-292x/293x Datasheet: Universal Software Radio Peripherals” (www.National Instruments, “NI USRP-292x/293x Datasheet: Universal Software Radio Peripherals” (www.ni.com/datasheet/pdf/en/ds-355).
[13] Mini-Circuits, “Coaxial High Power Amplifier: ZHL-5W-422+” (www.minicircuits.com/ pdfs/ZMini-Circuits, “Coaxial High Power Amplifier: ZHL-5W-422+” (www.minicircuits.com/ pdfs/ZHL-5W-422+.pdf).
[14] Zolertia, “Z1 datasheet” (http://zolertia.sourceforge.net/wiki/images/e/e8/Z1_RevC_ DatasheetZolertia, “Z1 datasheet” (http://zolertia.sourceforge.net/wiki/images/e/e8/Z1_RevC_ Datasheet.pdf).
[15] Powercast Corporation, “Product Datasheet: P1110 15 MHz RF Powerharvester Receiver” (www.powercast Corporation, “Product Datasheet: P1110 15 MHz RF Powerharvester Receiver” (www.powercastco.com/PDF/P1110-datasheet.pdf).

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