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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 December 2009
In quantum electrodynamics (QED), the classical electromagnetic field Aμ of Maxwell and the electronic field ψ of Dirac are given algebraic properties (Bose–Einstein and Fermi–Dirac quantization, respectively), and through their interaction account for almost all physical phenomena that can be observed in ordinary human circumstances. The relativistic theory is derived from Hamilton's principle for an action defined by the space-time integral of a Lorentz invariant Lagrangian density [373]. This same action integral can be used to develop the diagrammatic perturbation theory of Feynman [121]. The cited references describe the formalism and methodology which demonstrate that QED is in remarkable agreement with all empirical data to which it is applicable. Classical and quantized QED will be used here to introduce the basic formalism of field theory, including the variational theory of invariance properties. This theory, especially gauge invariance, is central to recent developments of electroweak theory (EWT) and quantum chromodynamics (QCD).
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