Unequal Democracies Public Policy, Responsiveness, and Redistribution in an Era of Rising Economic Inequality
Book contents
- Unequal Democracies
- SSRC Anxieties of Democracy
- Sponsored by the Social Science Research Council
- Unequal Democracies
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- 1 The Political Puzzle of Rising Inequality
- Part I Government Responsiveness
- Part II Political Inequality and Representation
- Part III Voters and Demand for Redistribution
- Bibliography
- Index
- References
Bibliography
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 December 2023
Book contents
- Unequal Democracies
- SSRC Anxieties of Democracy
- Sponsored by the Social Science Research Council
- Unequal Democracies
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- 1 The Political Puzzle of Rising Inequality
- Part I Government Responsiveness
- Part II Political Inequality and Representation
- Part III Voters and Demand for Redistribution
- Bibliography
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Unequal DemocraciesPublic Policy, Responsiveness, and Redistribution in an Era of Rising Economic Inequality, pp. 325 - 358Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2023
- Creative Commons
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/
References
Abrams, Leah R., Myrskylä, Mikko, and Mehta, Neil K.. 2021. “The Growing Rural–Urban Divide in US Life Expectancy: Contribution of Cardiovascular Disease and Other Major Causes of Death.” International Journal of Epidemiology 50(6): 1970–78.Google ScholarPubMed
Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Achen, Christopher H. 1977. “Measuring Representation: Perils of the Correlation Coefficient.” American Journal of Political Science 21(4): 805–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Achen, Christopher H. 1978. “Measuring Representation.” American Journal of Political Science 22(3): 475–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Achen, Christopher H. 1985. “Proxy Variables and Incorrect Signs on Regression Coefficients.” Political Methodology 11(3/4): 299–316.Google Scholar
Adams, James, and Ezrow, Lawrence. 2009. “Who Do Europeans Parties Represent? How Western European Parties Represent the Policy Preferences of Opinion Leaders.” Journal of Politics 71(1): 206–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adolph, Christopher. 2013. Bankers, Bureaucrats, and Central Bank Politics: The Myth of Neutrality. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aghion, Philippe, Caroli, Eve, and García-Peñalosa, Cecilia. 1999. “Inequality and Economic Growth: The Perspective of the New Growth Theories.” Journal of Economic Literature 37(4): 1615–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albaugh, Quinn M. 2020. “Do Voters Discriminate against Working-Class Candidates? Evidence from Fifty Years of Self-Reported Candidate Occupations.” Unpublished Manuscript.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, and Angeletos, George-Marios. 2005. “Fairness and Redistribution.” American Economic Review 95(4): 960–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, and Giuliano, Paola. 2011. “Preferences for Redistribution.” In Handbook of Social Economics, Vol. 1, eds. Benhabib, Jess, Bisin, Alberto, and Jackson, Matthew O., 93–131. San Diego: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, and Glaeser, Edward L.. 2004. Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe: A World of Difference. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, and La Ferrara, Eliana. 2005. “Preferences for Redistribution in the Land of Opportunities.” Journal of Public Economics 89(5–6): 897–931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, Miano, Armando, and Stantcheva, Stefanie. 2018. “Immigration and Redistribution.” NBER Working Paper 24733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexiadou, Despina. 2020. “Revolving-Door Politics and Income Inequality: A Study on the Role of Finance Ministers in Europe.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Alexiadou, Despina. 2022. “Cabinet Ministers and Inequality.” European Journal of Political Research 61(2): 326–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allan, James, and Scruggs, Lyle. 2004. “Political Partisanship and Welfare State Reform in Advanced Industrial Societies.” American Journal of Political Science 48(3): 496–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarado, Facundo, Atkinson, Anthony B., Blanchet, Thomas, Chancel, Lucas, Bauluz, Luis, Fisher-Post, Matthew, Flores, Ignacio, Garbinti, Bertrand, Goupille-Lebret, Jonathan, Martínez-Toledano, Clara, Morgan, Marc, Neef, Theresa, Piketty, Thomas, Robilliard, Anne-Sophie, Saez, Emmanuel, Yang, Li, and Zucman, Gabriel. 2020. “Distributional National Accounts Guidelines Methods and Concepts Used in the World Inequality Database.” World Inequality Lab, https://wid.world/ (Accessed May 3, 2021).Google Scholar
Amat, Francesc, and Beramendi, Pablo. 2020. “Democracy under High Inequality: Capacity, Spending, and Participation.” Journal of Politics 82(3): 859–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Christopher J., and Beramendi, Pablo. 2008. “Income, Inequality, and Electoral Participation.” In Democracy, Inequality, and Representation: A Comparative Perspective, eds. Christopher, J. Anderson and Beramendi, Pablo, 278–311. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Andrews, Dan, Jencks, Christopher, and Leigh, Andrew. 2011. “Do Rising Top Incomes Lift All Boats?” The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 11(1): 1–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansell, Ben W., and Gingrich, Jane. 2022. “Concentration and Commodification: The Political Economy of Post-Industrialism in America and Beyond.” In The American Political Economy: Politics, Markets, and Power, eds. Hacker, Jacob S, Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander, Pierson, Paul, and Thelen, Kathleen, 375–406. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ansolabehere, Stephen, de Figueiredo, John M., and Snyder, James M.. 2003. “Why Is There So Little Money in U.S. Politics?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 17(1): 105–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansolabehere, Stephen, Rodden, Jonathan, and Snyder, James M.. 2008. “The Strength of Issues: Using Multiple Measures to Gauge Preference Stability, Ideological Constraint, and Issue Voting.” American Political Science Review 102(2): 215–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansolabehere, Stephen, Snyder, James M., and Tripathi, Micky. 2002. “Are PAC Contributions and Lobbying Linked? New Evidence from the 1995 Lobby Disclosure Act.” Business and Politics 4(2): 131–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anzia, Sarah F. 2022. Local Interests: Politics, Policy, and Interest Groups in US City Governments. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anzia, Sarah F., and Berry, Christopher. 2011. “The Jackie (and Jill) Robinson Effect: Why Do Congresswomen Outperform Congressmen?” American Journal of Political Science 55(3): 478–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ares, Macarena. 2017. “Class Voting in Post-industrial Economies: A Comparative and Longitudinal Approach.” Ph.D. Dissertation, European University Institute.Google Scholar
Ares, Macarena. 2020. “Changing Classes, Changing Preferences: How Social Class Mobility Affects Economic Preferences.” West European Politics 43(6): 1211–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ares, Macarena, and van Ditmars, Mathilde. 2020. “Who Continues to Vote for the Left? Social Class of Origin, Intergenerational Mobility and Party Choice in Western Europe.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Ares, Macarena, Enggist M., Matthias, Häusermann, Silja, and Pinggera, Michael. 2019. “Attitudinal Constraint in Welfare Priorities: Political Interest and Welfare Publics.” Paper prepared for the Annual Conference of the European Political Science Association, Belfast.Google Scholar
Ares, Macarena, Enggist, Matthias, Häusermann, Silja, and Pinggera, Michael. 2020. “Attitudinal Constraint in Social Policy Preferences.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Armingeon, Klaus, Engler, Sarah, Leemann, Lucas, and Weisstanner, David. 2023. “Comparative Political Dataset 1960–2021.” University of Zürich, Leuphana University Lueneburg and University of Lucerne.Google Scholar
Armingeon, Klaus, Wenger, Virginia, Wiedemeier, Fiona, Isler, Christian, Knöpfel, Laura, Weisstanner, David, and Engler, Sarah. 2018. Comparative Political Data Set 1960–2016. Bern: Institute of Political Science, University of Bern.Google Scholar
Arnesen, Sveinung, and Peters, Yvette. 2018. “The Legitimacy of Representation: How Descriptive, Formal, and Responsiveness Representation Affect the Acceptability of Political Decisions.” Comparative Political Studies 51(7): 868–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrese, Ángel. 2018. “Austerity Policies in the European Press: A Divided Europe?” In The Media and Austerity: Comparative Perspectives, eds. Basu, Laura, Schifferes, Steve, and Knowles, Sophie, 113–27. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Artiles, Miriam, Kleine-Rueschkamp, Lukas, and León-Ciliotta, Gianmarco. 2021. “Accountability, Political Capture and Selection Into Politics: Evidence from Peruvian Municipalities.” Review of Economics and Statistics 103(2): 397–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austen-Smith, David, and Wright, John R.. 1994. “Counteractive Lobbying.” American Journal of Political Science 38(1): 25–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, Robert. 1980. “More Effective Choice in the Prisoner’s Dilemma.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 24(3): 379–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aylott, Nicholas. 2003. “After the Divorce: Social Democrats and Trade Unions in Sweden.” Party Politics 9(3): 369–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailard, Catie Snow. 2016. “Corporate Ownership and News Bias Revisited: Newspaper Coverage of the Supreme Court’s Citizens United Ruling.” Political Communication 33(4): 583–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldassarri, Delia, and Gelman, Andrew. 2008. “Partisans without Constraint: Political Polarization and Trends in American Public Opinion.” American Journal of Sociology 114(2): 408–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldwin, Peter. 1990. The Politics of Social Solidarity: Class Bases of the European Welfare State 1875–1975. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltrunaite, Audinga, Bello, Piera, Casarico, Alessandra, and Profeta, Paola. 2014. “Gender Quotas and the Quality of Politicians.” Journal of Public Economics 118: 62–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, James Alden, Jr. 1970. Social Mobility and Voting Behavior. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company.Google Scholar
Barber, Michael J. 2016. “Representing the Preferences of Donors, Partisans, and Voters in the US Senate.” Public Opinion Quarterly 80(S1): 225–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Lucy, and Hicks, Timothy. 2018. “Making Austerity Popular: The Media and Mass Attitudes toward Fiscal Policy.” American Journal of Political Science 62(2): 340–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Tiffany, and Saxton, Gregory W.. 2019. “Working-Class Legislators and Perceptions of Representation in Latin America.” Political Research Quarterly 72(4): 910–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barr, Nicholas. 2001. The Welfare State as Piggy Bank: Information, Risk, Uncertainty, and the Role of the State. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barr, Nicholas. 2012. Economics of the Welfare State, 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. 1985. “Power and Influence as a Covariance Structure.” Political Methodology 11(1/2): 49–69.Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. 1990. “Public Opinion and Political Interests.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. 1996a. “Pooling Disparate Observations.” American Journal of Political Science 40(3): 905–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. 1996b. “Public Opinion and Political Interests.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. 2003. “Democracy with Attitudes.” In Electoral Democracy, eds. MacKuen, Michael and Rabinowitz, George, 48–82. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. 2008. Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. 2016. Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age, 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. 2017. “Political Inequality in Affluent Democracies: The Social Welfare Deficit.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry M., and Cramer, Katherine J.. 2019. “The Struggle(s)for Equality: Civil Rights, Women’s Rights, and Political Change.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Bashir, Omar S. 2015. “Testing Inferences about American Politics: A Review of the ‘Oligarchy’ Result.” Research and Politics 2(4): 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumard, Nicolas. 2016. The Origins of Fairness: How Evolution Explains Our Moral Nature. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, Frank R., Berry, Jeffrey M., Hojnacki, Marie, Kimball, David C., and Leech, Beth L.. 2009. Lobbying and Policy Change: Who Wins, Who Loses, and Why. Chicago: Chicago University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bawn, Kathleen, Cohen, Martin, Karol, David, Masket, Seth, Noel, Hans, and Zaller, John. 2012. “A Theory of Political Parties: Groups, Policy Demands and Nominations in American Politics.” Perspectives on Politics 10(3): 571–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becher, Michael. 2016. “Endogenous Credible Commitment and Party Competition over Redistribution Under Alternative Electoral Institutions.” American Journal of Political Science 60(3): 768–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becher, Michael, and Menendez, Irene. 2019. “Electoral Reform and Trade-offs in Representation.” American Political Science Review 113(3): 694–709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becher, Michael, and Stegmueller, Daniel. 2021. “Reducing Unequal Representation: The Impact of Labor Unions on Legislative Responsiveness in the U.S. Congress.” Perspectives on Politics 19(1): 92–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becher, Michael, Stegmueller, Daniel, and Kaeppner, Konstantin. 2018. “Local Union Organization and Law Making in the US Congress.” Journal of Politics 80(2): 539–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckers, Kathleen, Walgrave, Stefaan, Valerie Wolf, Hanna, Lamot, Kenza, and Van Aelst, Peter. 2021. “Right-Wing Bias in Journalists’ Perceptions of Public Opinion.” Journalism Practice 15(2): 243–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belchior, Ana Maria. 2014. “Explaining MPs’ Perceptions of Voters’ Positions in a Party-Mediated Representation System: Evidence from the Portuguese Case.” Party Politics 20(3): 403–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Carole V., and Entman, Robert M.. 2011. “The Media’s Role in America’s Exceptional Politics of Inequality: Framing the Bush Tax Cuts of 2001 and 2003.” International Journal of Press/Politics 16(4): 548–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bénabou, Roland, and Tirole, Jean. 2006. “Belief in a Just World and Redistributive Politics.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 121(2): 699–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bénabou, Roland, and Tirole, Jean. 2016. “Mindful Economics: The Production, Consumption, and Value of Beliefs.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 30(3): 141–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bensel, Richard F. 1984. Sectionalism and American Political Development, 1880–1980. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Beramendi, Pablo. 2012. The Political Geography of Inequality: Regions and Redistribution. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beramendi, Pablo, Häusermann, Silja, Kitschelt, Herbert, and Kriesi, Hanspeter, eds. 2015. The Politics of Advanced Capitalism. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernardi, Fabrizio, and Ares, Macarena. 2017. “Education as the (Not So) Great Equalizer: New Evidence Based on a Parental Fixed Effect Analysis for Spain.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Bernauer, Julian, Giger, Nathalie, and Rosset, Jan. 2015. “Mind the Gap: Do Proportional Electoral Systems Foster a More Equal Representation of Women and Men, Poor and Rich?” International Political Science Review 36(1): 78–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, Jeffrey M., and Sobieraj, Sarah. 2011. “Understanding the Rise of Talk Radio.” PS: Political Science and Politics 44(4): 762–67.Google Scholar
Besley, Timothy. 2006. Principled Agents: Motivation and Incentives in Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Besley, Timothy, Montalvo, Jose G., and Reynal-Querol, Marta. 2011. “Do Educated Leaders Matter?” The Economic Journal 121(554): 205–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, Heinrich. 2007. “New Challenges, New Elites? Changes in the Recruitment and Career Patterns of European Representative Elites.” Comparative Sociology 6(1–2): 85–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, Heinrich, and Cotta, Maurizio, eds. 2000. Parliamentary Representatives in Europe 1848–2000: Legislative Recruitment and Careers in Eleven European Countries. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhalotra, Sonia, and Clots-Figueras, Irma. 2014. “Health and the Political Agency of Women.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 6(2): 164–97.Google Scholar
Bhatti, Yosef, and Erikson, Robert S.. 2011. “How Poorly Are the Poor Represented in the U.S. Senate?” In Who Gets Represented?, eds. Peter, K. Enns and Wlezien, Christopher, 223–46. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Binmore, Ken G. 1994. Game Theory and the Social Contract: Just Playing, Vol. 2. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Bjørklund, Tor. 1992. “Sentrum-Periferi Dimensjonen.” In Politikk mellom økonomi og kultur, ed. Hagtvet, Bernt, 339–64. Oslo: Ad Notam Gyldendal.Google Scholar
Blais, André, and Bodet, Marc André. 2006. “Does Proportional Representation Foster Closer Congruence Between Citizens and Policy Makers?” Comparative Political Studies 39(10): 1243–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchet, Thomas, Chancel, Lucas, and Gethin, Amory. 2022. “Why Is Europe More Equal Than the United States?” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 14(4): 480–518.Google Scholar
Blanes Vidal, Jordi, Draca, Mirko, and Fons-Rosen, Christian. 2012. “Revolving Door Lobbyists.” American Economic Review 102(7): 3731–48.Google Scholar
Blinder, Alan S. 1973. “Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates.” Journal of Human Resources 8(4): 436–55.Google Scholar
Block, Fred. 1977. “The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State.” Socialist Revolution 7(3): 6–28.Google Scholar
Blood, Deborah J., and Phillips, Peter C. B.. 1995. “Recession Headline News, Consumer Sentiment, the State of the Economy and Presidential Popularity: A Time Series Analysis 1989–1993.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 7(1): 2–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boadway, Robin, and Keen, Michael. 2000. “Redistribution.” In Handbook of Income Distribution, eds. Atkinson, Anthony and Bourguignon, François, 679–789. San Diego: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Bobbitt, Randy. 2010. Us against Them: The Political Culture of Talk Radio. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
De Boef, Suzanna De, and Kellstedt, Paul M.. 2004. “The Political (and Economic) Origins of Consumer Confidence.” American Journal of Political Science 48(4): 633–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonica, Adam. 2020. “Why Are There So Many Lawyers in Congress?” Legislative Studies Quarterly 45(2): 253–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2018. Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America, 5th ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Bonoli, Giuliano, and Liechti, Fabienne. 2018. “Good Intentions and Matthew Effects: Access Biases in Participation in Active Labour Market Policies.” Journal of European Public Policy 25(6): 894–911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornschier, Simon, and Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2013. The Populist Right, the Working Class, and the Changing Face of Class Politics. In Class Politics and the Radical Right, ed. Rydgren, Jens, 10–29. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Borwein, Sophie. 2021. “Do Ministers’ Occupational and Social Class Backgrounds Influence Social Spending?” Politics, Groups, and Identities 10(4): 558–80.Google Scholar
Bovens, Mark, and Wille, Anchrit. 2017. Diploma Democracy: The Rise of Political Meritocracy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bowman, Jarron. 2020. “Do the Affluent Override Average Americans? Measuring Policy Disagreement and Unequal Influence.” Social Science Quarterly 101(3): 1018–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boydstun, Amber E., Highton, Benjamin, and Linn, Suzanna. 2018. “Assessing the Relationship between Economic News Coverage and Mass Economic Attitudes.” Political Research Quarterly 71(4): 989–1000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, Henry E. 1985. “The Perils of Survey Research: Interpersonally Incomparable Responses.” Political Methodology 11(3–4): 269–91.Google Scholar
Brady, Henry E., Verba, Sidney, and Lehmann Schlozman, Kay. 1995. “Beyond SES: A Resource Model of Political Participation.” American Political Science Review 89(2): 271–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branham, J. Alexander, Soroka, Stuart N., and Wlezien, Christopher. 2017. “When Do the Rich Win?” Political Science Quarterly 132(1): 43–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bratton, Kathleen, and Ray, Leonard P.. 2002. “Descriptive Representation, Policy Outcomes, and Municipal Day-Care Coverage in Norway.” American Journal of Political Science 46(2): 428–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bremer, Björn. 2021. “Public Preferences Towards Social Investment: Comparing Patterns of Support Across Three Continents.” In The World Politics of Social Investment, Volume I: Welfare States in the Knowledge Economy, eds. Julian, Garritzmann L., Häusermann, Silja, and Palier, Bruno. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bremer, Björn, and Bürgisser, Reto. 2020. “Public Opinion on Welfare State Recalibration in Times of Austerity: Evidence from Survey Experiments.” SocArXiv.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broockman, David E., and Skovron, Christopher. 2018. “Bias in Perceptions of Public Opinion among Political Elites.” American Political Science Review 112(3): 542–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, Clem, and Manza, Jeff. 2007. Why Welfare States Persist: The Importance of Public Opinion in Democracies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownlee, Jodeane F., and Hilt, Michael L.. 1998. “A Comparison of Two Omaha Radio Talk Shows: Local vs. National Issues.” Feedback 39(2): 8–16.Google Scholar
Brunner, Eric, Ross, Stephen L., and Ebonya, Washington. 2013. “Does Less Income Mean Less Representation?” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 5(2): 53–76.Google Scholar
Bueno, Natália S., and Dunning, Thad. 2017. “Race, Resources, and Representation: Evidence from Brazilian Politicians.” World Politics 69(2): 327–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burden, Barry. 2007. Personal Roots of Representation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgoon, Brian. 2014. “Immigration, Integration and Support for Redistribution in Europe.” World Politics 66(3): 365–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgoon, Brian, Pontusson, Jonas, Lupu, Noam, and Schakel, Wouter. 2022. “Understanding Unequal Representation.” European Journal of Political Research 61(2): 297–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busemeyer, Marius R., and Iversen, Torben. 2020. “The Welfare State with Private Alternatives: The Transformation of Popular Support for Social Insurance.” Journal of Politics 82(2): 671–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Daniel M. 2014. Representing the Advantaged: How Politicians Reinforce Inequality. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Daniel M., and Dynes, Adam M.. 2016. “How Politicians Discount the Opinions of Constituents with Whom They Disagree.” American Journal of Political Science 60(4): 975–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Daniel M., and Nickerson, David W.. 2011. “Can Learning Constituency Opinion Affect How Legislators Vote? Results from a Field Experiment.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 6(1): 55–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cagé, Julia. 2020. The Price of Democracy: How Money Shapes Politics and What to Do about It. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Call, Andrew C., Emett, Scott A., Maksymov, Eldar, and Sharp, Nathan Y.. 2018. “Meet the Press: Survey Evidence on Financial Journalists as Information Intermediaries.” Unpublished manuscript.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calonico, Sebastian, Cattaneo, Matias, and Titiunik, Rocio. 2014a. “Robust Data-driven Inference in the Regression-Discontinuity Design.” Stata Journal 14(4): 909–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calonico, Sebastian, Cattaneo, Matias, and Titiunik, Rocio. 2014b. “Robust Nonparametric Confidence Intervals for Regression-Discontinuity Designs.” Econometrica 82(6): 2295–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calonico, Sebastian, Cattaneo, Matias, and Titiunik, Rocio. 2015. “Optimal Data-Driven Regression Discontinuity Plots.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 110(512): 1753–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calzada, Ines, and Del Pino, Eloisa. 2008. “Perceived Efficacy and Citizens’ Attitudes Toward Welfare State Reform.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 74(4): 555–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campante, Filipe R. 2011. “Redistribution in a Model of Voting and Campaign Contributions.” Journal of Public Economics 95 (7–8): 646–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Rosie, and Cowley, Philip. 2014. “Rich Man, Poor Man, Politician Man: Wealth Effects in a Candidate Biography Survey Experiment.” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 16(1): 56–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campos, Nauro F., and Giovannoni, Franceso. 2017. “Political Institutions, Lobbying and Corruption.” Journal of Institutional Economics 13(4): 917–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canes-Wrone, Brandice, Herron, Michael C., and Shotts, Kenneth W.. 2001. “Leadership and Pandering: A Theory of Executive Policymaking.” American Journal of Political Science 45(3): 532–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cappelen, Alexander W., Konow, James, Sørensen, Erik Ø., and Tungodden, Bertil. 2013. “Just Luck: An Experimental Study of Risk-Taking and Fairness.” American Economic Review 103(4): 1398–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caraley, Demetrios. 1992. “Washington Abandons the Cities.” Political Science Quarterly 107(1): 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. 2012. “Does the Numerical Underrepresentation of the Working Class in Congress Matter?” Legislative Studies Quarterly 37(1): 5–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. 2013. White-Collar Government: The Hidden Role of Class in Economic Policy Making. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. 2015. “Does the Descriptive Representation of the Working Class ‘Crowd Out’ Women and Minorities (And Vice Versa)? Evidence from the Local Elections in America Project.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 3(2): 350–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. 2016. “Why Are There So Few Working-Class People in Political Office? Evidence from State Legislatures.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 4(1): 84–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. 2018. The Cash Ceiling: Why Only the Rich Run for Office – And What We Can Do About It. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. 2020. “Has Research on Working-Class Politicians Excluded Women? A Response to Barnes, Beall, and Holman.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas, and Hansen, Eric. 2016. “Does Paying Politicians More Promote Economic Diversity in Legislatures?” American Political Science Review 110(4): 699–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas, and Lupu, Noam. 2015. “Rethinking the Comparative Perspective on Class and Representation: Evidence from Latin America.” American Journal of Political Science 59(1): 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas, and Lupu, Noam. 2016a. “Do Voters Dislike Working-Class Candidates? Voter Biases and the Descriptive Underrepresentation of the Working Class.” American Political Science Review 110(4): 832–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas, and Lupu, Noam. 2016b. “What Good Is a College Degree? Education and Leader Quality Reconsidered.” Journal of Politics 78(1): 35–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas, and Lupu, Noam. 2023a. “Are There Social Class Gaps in Nascent Political Ambition? Survey Evidence from the Americas.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas, and Lupu, Noam. 2023b. “The Economic Backgrounds of Politicians.” Annual Review of Political Science 26: 253–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas, Golden, Miriam, Lupu, Noam, Nazrullaeva, Eugenia, and Wolton, Stephane. 2021. “Global Legislator Database,” https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/U1ZNVT, Harvard Dataverse, V1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carranza, Rafael, Morgan, Marc, and Nolan, Brian. 2022. “Top Income Adjustments and Inequality: An Investigation of the EU-SILC.” Review of Income and Wealth.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, J. Scott, Corra, Mamadi, Carter, Shannon K., and McCroskey, Rachel. 2014. “The Impact of Place? A Reassessment of the Importance of the South in Affecting Beliefs about Racial Inequality.” Social Science Journal 51(1): 12–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Case, Anne and Deaton, Angus. 2020. Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cavaillé, Charlotte. 2023. Fair Enough: Demand for Redistribution in the Age of Inequality. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cavaillé, Charlotte, and Stella Trump, Kris. 2015. “The Two Facets of Social Policy Preferences.” Journal of Politics 77(1): 146–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chattopadhay, Raghabendra, and Duflo, Esther. 2004. “Women as Policy Makers: Evidence from an India-Wide Randomized Policy Experiment.” Econometrica 72(5): 1409–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chinn, Menzie D., and Ito, Hiro. 2006. “What Matters for Financial Development? Capital Controls, Institutions, and Interactions.” Journal of Development Economics 81(1): 163–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chinn, Menzie D., and Ito, Hiro. 2008. “A New Measure of Financial Openness.” Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 10(3): 309–22.Google Scholar
Chong, Dennis, Citrin, Jack, and Conley, Patricia. 2001. “When Self-Interest Matters.” Political Psychology 22(3): 541–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiano, Thomas. 2008. The Constitution of Equality: Democratic Authority and Its Limits. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cingano, Federico. 2014. “Trends in Income Inequality and Its Impact on Economic Growth.” OECD Social, Employment, and Migration Working Papers. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Comparative Candidate Survey. 2016. Comparative Candidates Survey Module I – 2005–2013 [Dataset – cumulative file]. Distributed by FORS, Lausanne, 2020.Google Scholar
Comparative Candidate Survey. 2020. Comparative Candidates Survey Module II – 2013–2019 [Dataset – cumulative file]. Distributed by FORS, Lausanne, 2020.Google Scholar
Condon, Meghan and Wichovsky, Amber. 2020. “Inequality in the Social Mind: Social Comparison and Support for Redistribution.” Journal of Politics 82(1): 149–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Congleton, Roger, and Zhang, Yongjing. 2013. “Is It All About Competence? The Human Capital of US Presidents and Economic Performance.” Constitutional Political Economy 24(2): 108–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Converse, Philip E. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics.” In Ideology and Discontent, ed. Apter, David E., 206–61. Glencoe: Free Press.Google Scholar
Converse, Philip E. 2006. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics (1964).” Critical Review 18(1–3): 1–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppedge, Michael, Gerring, John, Henrik Knutsen, Carl, Lindberg, Staffan I., Teorell, Jan, Altman, David, Bernhard, Michael, Cornell, Agnes, Fish, M. Steven, Gastaldi, Lisa, Gjerløw, Haakon, Glynn, Adam, Hicken, Allen, Lührmann, Anna, Maerz, Seraphine F., Marquardt, Kyle L., McMann, Kelly, Mechkova, Valeriya, Paxton, Pamela, Pemstein, Daniel, von Römer, Johannes, Seim, Brigitte, Sigman, Rachel, Skaaning, Svend-Erik, Staton, Jeffrey, Sundtröm, Aksel, Tzelgov, Eitan, Uberti, Luca, Wang, Yi-ting, Wig, Tore, and Ziblatt, Daniel. 2021. “V-Dem Codebook v11.” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornejo, Marcela, Rocha, Carolina, Castro, Diego, Varela, Micaela, Manzi, Jorge, González, Roberto, Jiménez-Moya, Gloria, Carvacho, Héctor, Álvarez, Belén, Valdenegro, Daniel, Cheyre, Manuel, and Livingstone, Andrew G.. 2021. “The Intergenerational Transmission of Participation in Collective Action: The Role of Conversation and Political Practices in the Family.” British Journal of Social Psychology 60(1): 29–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornes, Richard, and Hartley, Roger. 2005. “Asymmetric Contests with General Technologies.” Economic Theory 26(4): 923–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costello, Anna B., and Osborne, Jason W.. 2005. “Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most from Your Analysis.” Practical Assessment Research and Evaluation 10.Google Scholar
Cramer, Katherine J. 2016. The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cramer, Katherine J. 2022. “The Qualitative Study of Public Opinion.” In Handbook on Politics and Public Opinion, ed. Thomas, J. Rudolph, pp. 41–53. Northampton: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Cramer, Katherine J. 2023. “Interviewing Ordinary People.” In Doing Qualitative Methods: From Research Design to Publication, eds. Cyr, Jennifer and Goodman, Sara. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cramer Walsh, Katherine. 2012. “Putting Inequality in Its Place: Rural Consciousness and the Power of Perspective.” American Political Science Review 106(3): 517–32.Google Scholar
Curto-Grau, Marta, Sole-Olle, Albert, and Sorribas-Navarro, Pilar. 2018. “Does Electoral Competition Curb Party Favoritism?” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 10(4): 378–407.Google Scholar
Cutler, David M., Katz, Lawrence F., Card, David, and Hall, Robert E.. 1991. “Macroeconomic Performance and the Disadvantaged.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1991(2): 1–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. 1961. Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dal Bo, Ernesto, and Finan, Frederico. 2018. “Progress and Perspectives in the Study of Political Selection.” Annual Review of Economics 10: 541–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dal Bó, Ernesto, Finan, Frederico, Folke, Olle, Persson, Torsten, and Rickne, Johanna. 2017. “Who Becomes A Politician?” Quarterly Journal of Economics 132(4): 1877–914.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dallinger, Ursula. 2022. “On the Ambivalence of Preferences for Income Redistribution: A Research Note.” Journal of European Social Policy 32(2): 225–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalton, Russell J. 2017. The Participation Gap: Social Status and Political Inequality. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Aeron. 2002. Public Relations Democracy: Politics, Public Relations and the Mass Media in Britain. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, Aeron. 2018. “Whose Economy, Whose News?” In The Media and Austerity: Comparative Perspectives, eds. Basu, Laura, Schifferes, Steve, and Knowles, Sophie, 157–70. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Degen, Daniel, Kuhn, Theresa, and van der Waal, Joroen. 2018. “Granting Immigrants Access to Social Benefits? How Self-Interest Influences Support for Welfare State Restrictiveness.” Journal of European Social Policy 29(2): 148–65.Google Scholar
Dempsey, Sadie, Suk, Jiyoun, Cramer, Katherine J., Friedland, Lewis A., Michael W. Wagner, , and Shah, Dhavan V.. 2021. “Understanding Trump Supporters’ News Use: Beyond the Fox News Bubble.” The Forum 18(3): 319–46.Google Scholar
Demsas, Jerusalem. 2021. “60 Percent of Likely Voters Say They’re in Favor of Public Housing. So Why Isn’t There More of It?” Vox.Google Scholar
DiMaggio, Anthony R. 2017. The Politics of Persuasion: Economic Policy and Media Bias in the Modern Era. New York: SUNY Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dow, Jay K. 2009. “Gender Differences in Political Knowledge: Distinguishing Characteristics-Based and Returns-Based Differences.” Political Behavior 31(1): 117–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dreher, Axel, Lamla, Michael, Lein, Sarah, and Somogyi, Frank. 2009. “The Impact of Political Leaders’ Profession and Education on Reforms.” Journal of Comparative Economics 37(1): 169–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duch, Raymond M., and Stevenson, Randolph T.. 2008. The Economic Vote: How Political and Economic Institutions Condition Election Results. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easton, David. 1975. “A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support.” British Journal of Political Science 5(4): 435–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einstein, Katherine Levine, Glick, David M., and Palmer, Maxwell. 2020. Neighborhood Defenders. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Elkjær, Mads Andreas. 2020. “What Drives Unequal Policy Responsiveness? Assessing the Role of Informational Asymmetries in Economic Policy-Making.” Comparative Political Studies 53(14): 2213–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkjær, Mads Andreas, and Iversen, Torben. 2020. “The Political Representation of Economic Interests: Subversion of Democracy or Middle-Class Supremacy?” World Politics 72(2): 254–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkjær, Mads Andreas, and Iversen, Torben. 2023. “The Democratic State and Redistribution: Whose Interests Are Served?” American Political Science Review 117(2): 391–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkjær, Mads A. and Klitgaard, Michael B.. 2021. “Economic Inequality and Political Responsiveness: A Systematic Review.” Perspectives on Politics, first view.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, Christopher. 2017. Putting Inequality in Context: Class, Public Opinion, and Representation in the United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elsässer, Lea. 2018. Wessen Stimme zählt? Soziale und politische Ungleichheit in Deutschland. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.Google Scholar
Elsässer, Lea, Hense, Svenja, and Schäfer, Armin. 2017. “Dem Deutschen Volke’? Die Ungleiche Responsivität des Bundestags.” Zeitschrift Für Politikwissenschaft 27(2): 161–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elsässer, Lea, Hense, Svenja, and Schäfer, Armin. 2018. “Government of the People, by the Elite, for the Rich: Unequal Responsiveness in an Unlikely Case.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Elsässer, Lea, Hense, Svenje, and Schäfer, Armin. 2021. “Not Just Money: Unequal Responsiveness in Egalitarian Democracies.” Journal of European Public Policy 28(12): 1890–908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emmenegger, Patrick, Häusermann, Silja, Palier, Bruno, and Seeleib-Kaiser, Martin, eds. 2011. The Age of Dualization: Structures, Policies. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Enggist, Matthias. 2019. “Welfare Chauvinism – Who Cares? Evidence on Priorities and the Importance the Public Attributes to Expanding or Retrenching Welfare Entitlements of Immigrants.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Enggist, Matthias, and Pinggera, Michael. 2021. “Radical Right Parties and Their Welfare State Stances – Not So Blurry After All?” West European Politics 45(1): 102–28.Google Scholar
Enns, Peter K. 2015. “Relative Policy Support and Coincidental Representation.” Perspectives on Politics 13(4): 1053–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epper, Thomas, Fehr, Ernst, and Senn, Julien. 2020. “Other-Regarding Preferences and Redistributive Politics.” Unpublished manuscript.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, Robert. 2015. “Income Inequality and Policy Responsiveness.” Annual Review of Political Science 18: 11–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, Robert, and Goldthorpe, John H.. 1992. The Constant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Countries. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Esaiasson, Peter, and Holmberg, Sören. 1996. Representation from Above: Members of Parliament and Representative Democracy in Sweden. Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1985. Politics Against Markets: The Social Democratic Road to Power. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1999. Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Geoffrey, Heath, Anthony, and Lalljee, Mansur. 1996. “Measuring Left-Right and Libertarian-Authoritarian Values in the British Electorate.” British Journal of Sociology 47(1): 93–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feigenbaum, James, Hertel-Fernandez, Alex, and Williamson, Vanessa. 2018. “From the Bargaining Table to the Ballot Box: Political Effects of Right to Work Laws.” NBER Working Paper 24259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, Stanley, and Zaller, John. 1992. “The Political Culture of Ambivalence: Ideological Responses to the Welfare State.” American Journal of Political Science 36(1): 268–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldstein, Martin. 1995. “The Effects of Marginal Tax Rates on Taxable Income: A Panel Study of the 1986 Tax Reform Act.” Journal of Political Economy 103(3): 551–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldstein, Martin. 1999. “Tax Avoidance and the Deadweight Loss of the Income Tax.” Review of Economics and Statistics 81(4): 674–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenno, Richard F. 1977. U.S. “House Members in Their Constituencies: An Exploration.” American Political Science Review 71(3): 883–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferreira, Fernando, and Gyourko, Joseph. 2009. “Do Political Parties Matter? Evidence from US Cities.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 124(1): 399–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figueiredo, John M. de, and Kelleher Richter, Brian. 2014. “Advancing the Empirical Research on Lobbying.” Annual Review of Political Science 17(1): 163–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkel, Eli J., Bail, Christopher A., Cikara, Mina, Ditto, Peter H., Iyengar, Shanto, Klar, Samara, Mason, Lilliana, McGrath, Mary C., Nyhan, Brendan, Rand, David G., Skitka, Linda J., Tucker, Joshua A., Van Bavel, Jay J., Wang, Cynthia S., and Druckman, James N.. 2020. “Political Sectarianism in America.” Science 370(6516): 533–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finseeras, Henning. 2008. “Immigration and Preferences for Redistribution: An Empirical Analysis of European Survey Data.” Comparative European Politics 6(4): 407–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiorina, Morris P. 1981. Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Flavin, Patrick. 2012. “Income Inequality and Policy Representation in the American States.” American Politics Research 40(1): 29–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flavin, Patrick. 2015a. “Campaign Finance Laws, Policy Outcomes, and Political Equality in the American States.” Political Research Quarterly 68(1): 77–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flavin, Patrick. 2015b. “Lobbying Regulations and Political Equality in the American States.” American Politics Research 43(2): 304–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flavin, Patrick. 2018. “Labor Union Strength and the Equality of Political Representation.” British Journal of Political Science 48(4): 1075–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folke, Olle. 2014. “Shades of Brown and Green: Party Effects in Proportional Election Systems.” Journal of the European Economic Association 12(5): 1361–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fong, Christina. 2001. “Social Preferences, Self-Interest, and the Demand for Redistribution.” Journal of Public Economics 82(2): 225–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fong, Christina M., Bowles, Samuel, and Gintis, Herbert. 2006. “Strong Reciprocity and the Welfare State.” In Handbook of the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity, Vol. 2, eds. Kolm, Serge-Christophe and Mercier Ythier, Jean, 1439–64. San Diego: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Fong, Christina M., and Poutvaara, Panu. 2019. “Redistributive Politics with Target-Specific Beliefs.” Unpublished manuscript.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, James H., and Kam, Cindy D.. 2007. “Beyond the Self: Social Identity, Altruism, and Political Participation.” Journal of Politics 69(3): 813–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Richard L., and Lawless, Jennifer L.. 2005. “To Run or Not to Run for Office: Explaining Nascent Political Ambition.” American Journal of Political Science 49(3): 642–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Richard L., and Lawless, Jennifer L.. 2014. “Uncovering the Origins of the Gender Gap in Political Ambition.” American Political Science Review 108(3): 499–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freier, Ronny, and Thomasius, Sebastian. 2015. “Voters Prefer More Qualified Mayors, But Does It matter for Public Finances? Evidence for Germany.” International Tax and Public Finance 23(5): 875–910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuhrmann, Matthew. 2020. “When Do Leaders Free-Ride? Business Experience and Contributions to Collective Defense.” American Journal of Political Science 64(2): 416–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gagliarducci, Stefano, and Nannicini, Tommaso. 2013. “Do Better Paid Politicians Perform Better? Disentangling Incentives from Selection.” Journal of the European Economic Association 11(2): 369–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galasso, Vincenzo, and Nannicini, Tommaso. 2011. “Competing on Good Politicians.” American Political Science Review 105(01): 79–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallego, Aina. 2010. “Understanding Unequal Turnout: Education and Voting in Comparative Perspective.” Electoral Studies 29(2): 239–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallego, Aina. 2015. Unequal Political Participation Worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gans, Herbert J. 2004. Deciding What’s News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, Irwin, Rainwater, Lee, and Smeeding, Timothy M.. 2006. “A Re-Examination of Welfare States and Inequality in Rich Nations: How In-kind Transfers and Indirect Taxes Change the Story.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 25(4): 897–919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrett, Geoffrey. 1998. “Global Markets and National Politics: Collision Course or Virtuous Circle?” International Organization 52(4): 787–824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garritzmann, Julian L., Busemeyer, Marius R., and Neimanns, Erik. 2018a. “Public Demand for Social Investment: New Supporting Coalitions for Welfare State Reform in Western Europe?” Journal of European Public Policy 25(6): 844–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garritzmann, Julian L., Busemeyer, Marius R., and Neimanns, Erik. 2018b. “Trust, Public Opinion, and Welfare State Reform.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Garritzmann, Julian L., Häusermann, Silja, and Palier, Bruno, eds. 2022. The World Politics of Social Investment, Volume I: Welfare States in the Knowledge Economy. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garz, Marcel, and Martin, Gregory J.. 2021. “Media Influence on Vote Choices: Unemployment News and Incumbents’ Electoral Prospects.” American Journal of Political Science 65(2): 278–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaventa, John. 1980. Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley. Urbana: University of Illinois.Google Scholar
Gaxie, Daniel, and Godmer, Laurent. 2007. “Cultural Capital and Political Selection: Educational Backgrounds of Parliamentarians.” In Democratic Representation in Europe: Diversity, Change, and Convergence, eds. Cotta, Mauricio and Best, Heinrich, 106–35. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gentzkow, Matthew, and Shapiro, Jesse. 2010. “What Drives Media Slant? Evidence From U.S. Daily Newspapers.” Econometrica 78(1): 35–71.Google Scholar
Gerber, Elisabeth, and Hopkins, Daniel. 2011. “When Mayors Matter: Estimating the Impact of Mayoral Partisanship on City Policy.” American Journal of Political Science 55(2): 326–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerring, John, Oncel, Erzen, Morrison, Kevin, and Pemstein, Daniel. 2019. “Who Rules the World? A Portrait of the Global Leadership Class.” Perspectives on Politics 17(4): 1079–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gidron, Noam, and Hall, Peter A.. 2017. “The Politics of Social Status: Economic and Cultural Roots of the Populist Right.” British Journal of Sociology 68(S1): S57–S84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giger, Nathalie, and Lascombes, Davy-Kim. 2019. “Growing Income Inequality, Growing Legitimacy: A Longitudinal Approach to Perceptions of Inequality.” Unequal Democracies Working Paper no. 11, University of Geneva.Google Scholar
Giger, Nathalie, and Lefkofridi, Zoe. 2014. “Salience-Based Congruence between Parties and their Voters: The Swiss Case.” Swiss Political Science Review 20(2): 287–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giger, Nathalie, Rosset, Jan, and Bernauer, Julian. 2012. “The Poor Political Representation of the Poor in a Comparative Perspective.” Representation 48(1): 47–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilens, Martin. 1999. Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilens, Martin. 2005. Inequality and Democratic Responsiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly 69(5): 778–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilens, Martin. 2009. “Preference Gaps and Inequality in Representation.” PS: Political Science & Politics 42(2): 335–41.Google Scholar
Gilens, Martin. 2012. Affluence and Influence: Economic Inequality and Political Power in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gilens, Martin. 2015a. “Descriptive Representation, Money, and Political Inequality in the United States.” Swiss Political Science Review 21(2): 222–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilens, Martin. 2015b. “The Insufficiency of ‘Democracy by Coincidence’: A Response to Peter K. Enns.” Perspectives on Politics 13(4): 1065–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilens, Martin. 2016. “Simulating Representation: The Devil’s in the Detail.” Research and Politics 3(2): 1–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilens, Martin, and Hertzman, Craig. 2000. “Corporate Ownership and News Bias: Newspaper Coverage of the 1996 Telecommunications Act.” Journal of Politics 62(2): 369–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilens, Martin, and Page, Benjamin I.. 2014. “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.” Perspectives on Politics 12(3): 564–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilens, Martin, and Page, Benjamin I.. 2016. “Critics Argued with Our Analysis of US Political Inequality. Here Are 5 Ways They’re Wrong.” Washington Post.Google Scholar
Gimpel, James G., Lovin, Nathan, Moy, Bryant, and Reeves, Andrew. 2020. “The Urban–Rural Gulf in American Political Behavior.” Political Behavior 42(4): 1343–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gimpelson, Vladimir, and Treisman, Daniel. 2018. “Misperceiving Inequality.” Economics & Politics 30: 27–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gingrich, Jane, and Häusermann, Silja. 2015. “The Decline of the Working-Class Vote, the Reconfiguration of the Welfare Support Coalition and Consequences for the Welfare State.” Journal of European Social Policy 25(1): 50–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gintis, Herbert, Bowles, Samuel, Robert T. Boyd, , and Fehr, Ernst, eds. 2005. Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gohlmann, Silja, and Vaubel, Roland. 2007. “The Educational and Occupational Background of Central Bankers and Its Effect on Inflation: An Empirical Analysis.” European Economic Review 51(4): 925–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goidel, Kirby, Procopio, Stephen, Terrell, Dek, and Denis Wu, H.. 2010. “Sources of Economic News and Economic Expectations.” American Politics Research 38(4): 759–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golder, Matt, and Stramski, Jacek. 2010. “Ideological Congruence and Electoral Institutions.” American Journal of Political Science 54(1): 90–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldin, Claudia, and Katz, Lawrence F.. 2009. “The Race between Education and Technology: The Evolution of US Educational Wage Differentials, 1890 to 2005.” NBER Working Paper 12984.Google Scholar
Gomila, Robin. 2021. “Logistic or Linear? Estimating Causal Effects of Experimental Treatments on Binary Outcomes Using Regression Analysis.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 150(4): 700–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Gonthier, Frederic. 2017. “Parallel Publics? Support for Income Redistribution in Times of Economic Crisis.” European Journal of Political Research 56(1): 92–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goos, Maarten, and Manning, Alan. 2007. “Lousy and Lovely Jobs: The Rising Polarization of Work in Britain.” Review of Economics and Statistics 89(1): 118–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goubin, Silke and Kumlin, Staffan. 2022. “Political Trust and Policy Demand in Changing Welfare States: Building Normative Support and Easing Reform Acceptance?” European Sociological Review 38(4): 590–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, Jesse, Haidt, Jonathan, and Nosek, Brian A. 2009. “Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of Moral Foundations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96(5): 1029–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greve, Bent. 2020. Austerity, Retrenchment and the Welfare State. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, John D., and Newman, Brian. 2005. “Are Voters Better Represented?” Journal of Politics 67(4): 1206–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, John D., and Newman, Brian. 2013. “Voting Power, Policy Representation, and Disparities in Voting’s Rewards.” Journal of Politics 75(1): 52–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, John D., Newman, Brian, and Buhr, Patrick. 2019. “Class War in the Voting Booth: Bias Against High‐Income Congressional Candidates.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 45(1): 131–45.Google Scholar
Grisold, Andrea, and Preston, Paschal. 2020. Economic Inequality and News Media: Discourse, Power, and Redistribution. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groseclose, Tim, and Milyo, Jeffrey. 2005. “A Measure of Media Bias.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 120(4): 1191–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, Gene M., and Helpman, Elhanan. 2001. Special Interest Politics. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Gruber, Jon, and Saez, Emmanuel. 2002. “The Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence and Implications.” Journal of Public Economics 84(1): 1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grumbach, Jacob M. 2015. “Does the American Dream Matter for Members of Congress? Social-Class Backgrounds and Roll-Call Votes.” Political Research Quarterly 68(2): 306–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grumbach, Jacob M., Hacker, Jacob S., and Pierson, Paul. 2022. “The Political Economy of Red States.” In The American Political Economy: Politics, Markets, and Power, eds. Jacob, S. Hacker, Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander, Pierson, Paul, and Thelen, Kathleen. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Guardino, Matt. 2019. Framing Inequality: News Media, Public Opinion, and the Neoliberal Turn in U.S. Public Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gulzar, Saad. 2021. “Who Enters Politics and Why?” Annual Review of Political Science 24: 253–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ha, Shang E., and Lau, Richard R.. 2015. “Personality Traits and Correct Voting.” American Politics Research 43(6): 975–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S., and Pierson, Paul. 2010. “Winner-Take-All Politics: Public Policy, Political Organization, and the Precipitous Rise of Top Incomes in the United States.” Politics & Society 38(2): 152–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S, and Pierson, Paul. 2011. Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer – And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S., and Pierson, Paul. 2020. Let Them Eat Tweets: How the Right Rules in an Age of Extreme Inequality. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S., Malpas, Amelia, Pierson, Paul, and Zacher, Sam. 2023. “Bridging the Blue Divide: The Democrats’ New Metro Coalition and the Unexpected Prominence of Redistribution,” Unpublished Manuscript.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S., Pierson, Paul, and Thelen, Kathleen. 2015. “Drift and Conversion: Hidden Faces of Institutional Change.” In Advances in Comparative-Historical Analysis, eds. Mahoney, James and Thelen, Kathleen, 180–208. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S., Rehm, Philipp, and Schlesinger, Mark. 2013. “The Insecure American: Economic Experiences, Financial Worries, and Policy Attitudes.” Perspectives on Politics 11(1): 23–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haidt, Jonathan. 2012. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Hainmueller, Jens, and Hiscox, Michael. 2006. “Learning to Love Globalization: Education and Individual Attitudes Toward International Trade.” International Organization 60(2): 469–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakhverdian, Armen. 2015. “Does It Matter that Most Representatives Are Higher Educated?” Swiss Political Science Review 21(2): 237–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Andrew B. 2015. “What Happens When Extremists Win Primaries?” American Political Science Review 109(1): 18–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Peter A. 2006. “Systematic Process Analysis: When and How to Use It.” European Management Review 3(1): 24–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Richard L., and Deardorff, Alan V.. 2006. “Lobbying as Legislative Subsidy.” American Political Science Review 100(1): 69–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, Sung Min, and Han, Kangwook. 2021. “Political Leaders, Economic Hardship, and Redistribution in Democracies: Impact of Political Leaders on Welfare Policy.” Political Studies 69(4): 921–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, Eric, Carnes, Nicholas, and Grey, Virginia. 2019. “What Happens When Insurers Make the Insurance Laws? State Legislative Agendas and the Occupational Makeup of Government.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 19(2): 155–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, John. 2021. “Small Number of States Dominate Defense Spending,” National Defense, February 25.Google Scholar
Harsanyi, John C. 1962. “Measurement of Social Power, Opportunity Costs, and the Theory of Two-Person Bargaining Games.” Behavioral Science 7(1): 67–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartley, Thomas, and Russett, Bruce. 1992. “Public Opinion and the Common Defense: Who Governs Military Spending in the United States?” American Political Science Review 86(4): 905–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Häusermann, Silja, Ares, Macarena, Enggist, Matthias, and Pinggera, Michael. 2020. “Mass Public Attitudes on Social Policy Priorities and Reforms in Western Europe: WELFAREPRIORITIES Dataset 2020.” Welfarepriorities Working Paper 1/20.Google Scholar
Häusermann, Silja, Kemmerling, Achim, and Rueda, David. 2020. “How Labor Market Inequality Transforms Mass Politics.” Political Science Research and Methods 8(2): 344–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Häusermann, Silja, and Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2015. “What Do Voters Want? Dimensions and Configurations in Individual-level Preferences and Party Choice.” In The Politics of Advanced Capitalism, eds. Beramendi, Pablo, Häusermann, Silja, Kitschelt, Herbert, and Kriesi, Hanspeter, 202–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Häusermann, Silja, Kurer, Thomas, and Schwander, Hanna. 2014. “High-skilled Outsiders? Labor Market Vulnerability, Education and Welfare State Preferences.” Socio-Economic Review 13(2): 235–58.Google Scholar
Häusermann, Silja, Kurer, Thomas, and Schwander, Hanna. 2016. “Sharing the Risk? Households, Labor Market Vulnerability, and Social Policy Preferences in Western Europe.” Journal of Politics 78(4): 1045–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Häusermann, Silja, Pinggera, Michael, Enggist, Matthias, and Ares, Macarena. 2022. “Class and Social Policy in The Knowledge Economy.” European Journal of Political Research 61(2): 462–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayes, Thomas. 2013. “Responsiveness in an Era of Inequality: The Case of the US Senate.” Political Research Quarterly 66(3): 585–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heath, Oliver. 2015. “Policy Representation, Social Representation, and Class Voting in Britain.” British Journal of Political Science 45(1): 173–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heckman, James, and Kautz, Tim. 2012. “Hard Evidence on Soft Skills.” Labour Economics 19(4): 451–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedlund, Ronald D, and Friesema, H. Paul. 1972. “Representatives’ Perceptions of Constituency Opinion.” Journal of Politics 34(3): 730–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemingway, Alexander. 2020. “The Unequal Descriptive and Substantive Representation of Class.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia.Google Scholar
Hemingway, Alexander. 2022. “Does Class Shape Legislators’ Approach to Inequality and Economic Policy? A Comparative View.” Government and Opposition 57(1): 84–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henrich, Joseph, Robert Boyd, Samuel Bowles, Colin Camerer, Ernst Fehr, Gintis, Herbert, and McElreath, Richard. 2001. “In Search of Homo Economicus: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies.” American Economic Review 91(2): 73–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, Edward S., and Chomsky, Noam. 1994. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. London: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander. 2018. Politics at Work: How Companies Turn Their Workers into Lobbyists. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander. 2019. State Capture: How Conservative Activists, Big Businesses, and Wealthy Donors Reshaped the American States – and the Nation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander, Mildenberger, Matto, and Stokes, Leah. 2019. “Legislative Staffers and Representation in Congress.” American Political Science Review 113(2): 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hibbs, Douglas A. 1987. The Political Economy of Industrial Democracies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicks, Timothy, Jacobs, Alan M., and Scott Matthews, J.. 2016. “Inequality and Electoral Accountability: Class-Biased Economic Voting in Comparative Perspective.” Journal of Politics 78(4): 1076–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Seth J., and Huber, Gregory A.. 2019. “On the Meaning of Survey Reports of Roll‐call ‘Votes’.” American Journal of Political Science 63(3): 611–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochschild, Jennifer. 1981. What’s Fair? American Beliefs about Distributive Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hochschild, Jennifer. 1993. “Disjunction and Ambivalence in Americans’ Political Outlooks.” In Reconsidering the Democratic Public, eds. George, E. Marcus and Hanson, Russell, 187–210. State College: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Hofstetter, C. Richard, and Gianos, Christopher L.. 1997. “Political Talk Radio: Actions Speak Louder than Words.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 41(4): 501–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollanders, David, and Vliegenthart, Rens. 2011. “The Influence of Negative Newspaper Coverage on Consumer Confidence: The Dutch Case.” Journal of Economic Psychology 32(3): 367–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hope, David, and Limberg, Julian. 2022. “The Economic Consequences of Major Tax Cuts for the Rich.” Socio-Economic Review 20(2): 539–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, David A. 2017. Red Fighting Blue: How Geography and Electoral Rules Polarize American Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsieh, Chang-Tai, and Moretti, Enrico. 2019. “Housing Constraints and Spatial Misallocation.” American Economic Journal 11(2): 1–39.Google Scholar
Høyer, Anne. 2015. “Party-Union Ties: 60 Years of Decline?” M.A. Thesis, University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Hoyt, Crystal L., and DeShields, Brenten H.. 2021. “How Social-Class Background Influences Perceptions of Political Leaders.” Political Psychology 42(2): 239–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, Evelyne, and Stephens, John D.. 2001. Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutter, Swen, Grande, Edgar and Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2016. Politicizing Europe: Integration and Mass Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hvidberg, Kristoffer B, Kreiner, Claus and Stantcheva, Stefanie. 2020. “Social Position and Fairness Views.” National Bureau of Economic Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iammarino, Simona, and McCann, Philip. 2013. Multinationals and Economic Geography: Location, Technology, and Innovation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imai, Kosuke, Keele, Luke, Tingley, Dustin, and Yamamoto, Teppei. 2011. “Unpacking the Black Box of Causality: Learning about Causal Mechanisms from Experimental and Observational Studies.” American Political Science Review 105(4): 765–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imai, Kosuke, Keele, Luke, and Yamamoto, Teppei. 2010. “Identification, Inference and Sensitivity Analysis for Causal Mediation Effects.” Statistical Science 25(1): 51–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, and Norris, Pippa. 2017. “Trump and the Populist Authoritarian Parties: The Silent Revolution in Reverse.” Perspectives on Politics 15(2): 443–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Labor Organization. 2020a. “Employment by Sex and Occupation.” https://tinyurl.com/khzhmswx (Accessed May 3, 2021).Google Scholar
International Labor Organization. 2020b. “Statistics on Union Membership.” https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/union-membership/ (Accessed May 3, 2021).Google Scholar
Iversen, Torben, and Soskice, David. 2001. “An Asset Theory of Social Policy Preferences.” American Political Science Review 95(4): 875–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, Torben, and Soskice, David. 2006. “Electoral Institutions and the Politics of Coalitions: Why Some Democracies Redistribute More Than Others.” American Political Science Review 100(2): 165–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, Torben, and Soskice, David. 2009. “Distribution and Redistribution: The Shadow of the Nineteenth Century.” World Politics 61(3): 438–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, Torben, and Soskice, David. 2019. Democracy and Prosperity: Reinventing Capitalism through a Turbulent Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Iversen, Torben, and Stephens, John D.. 2008. “Partisan Politics, the Welfare State, and Three Worlds of Human Capital Formation.” Comparative Political Studies 41(4–5): 600–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, Lawrence, and Page, Benjamin I.. 2005. “Who Influences US Foreign Policy?” American Political Science Review 99(1): 107–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, Alan M., and Scott Matthews, J.. 2017. “Policy Attitudes in Institutional Context: Rules, Uncertainty, and the Mass Politics of Public Investment.” American Journal of Political Science 61(1): 194–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, Alan M., Scott Matthews, J., Hicks, Timothy, and Merkley, Eric. 2021. “Whose News? Class-Biased Economic Reporting in the United States.” American Political Science Review 115(3): 1016–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jæger, Mads Meier. 2006. “Welfare Regimes and Attitudes Towards Redistribution: The Regime Hypothesis Revisited.” European Sociological Review 22(2): 157–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaeger, Mads Meier. 2009. “United but Divided: Welfare Regimes and The Level and Variance in Public Support for Redistribution.” European Sociological Review 25(6): 723–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jann, Ben. 2008. “The Blinder–Oaxaca Decomposition for Linear Regression Models.” The Stata Journal 8(4): 453–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, Casten. 2012. “Labor Market- Versus Life Course-Related Social Policies: Understanding Cross-Program Differences.” Journal of European Public Policy 19(2): 275–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Benjamin, and Olken, Benjamin. 2005. “Do Leaders Matter? National Leadership and Growth Since World War II.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 120(3): 835–64.Google Scholar
Joosten, Max. 2022. “Who Influences Whom? Inequality in the Mutual Responsiveness Between Voters and Elites.” Unequal Democracies Working Paper no. 35, University of Geneva.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joshi, Devin K. 2015. “The Inclusion of Excluded Majorities in South Asian Parliaments: Women, Youth, and the Working Class.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 50(2): 223–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalla, Joshua L., and Broockman, David E.. 2016a. “Campaign Contributions Facilitate Access to Congressional Officials: A Randomized Field Experiment.” American Journal of Political Science 60(3): 545–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalla, Joshua L., and Broockman, David E.. 2016b. “Congressional Officials Grant Access to Individuals Because They Have Contributed to Campaigns: A Randomized Field Experiment.” American Journal of Political Science 60: 545–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kallis, Giorgos, and Diaz-Serrano, Luis. 2021. “Are Political Leaders with Professional Background in Business Bad for Climate Mitigation?” Unpublished manuscript.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kam, Cindy D., and Burge, Camille D.. 2018. “Uncovering Reactions to the Racial Resentment Scale across the Racial Divide.” Journal of Politics 80(1): 314–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasara, Kimuli, and Suryanarayan, Pavithra. 2015. “When Do the Rich Vote Less Than the Poor and Why? Explaining Turnout Inequality across the World.” American Journal of Political Science 59(3): 613–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katznelson, Ira. 2013. Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Katznelson, Ira, Geiger, Kim, and Kryder, Daniel. 1993. “Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress.” Political Science Quarterly 108(2): 283–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kayser, Mark A., and Peress, Michael. 2021. “Does the Media Cover the Economy Accurately? An Analysis of Sixteen Developed Democracies.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 16(1): 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kayser, Mark A., and Wlezien, Christopher. 2011. “Performance Pressure: Patterns of Partisanship and the Economic Vote.” European Journal of Political Research 50(3): 365–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, Nathan, Morgan, Jana, Witko, Chris, and Enns, Peter. 2019. “Buying Words: How Campaign Donations Influence the Congressional Economic Agenda.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Kendall, Diana Elizabeth. 2011. Framing Class: Media Representations of Wealth and Poverty in America, 2nd ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Kenworthy, Lane. 2009. “The Effect of Public Opinion on Social Policy Generosity.” Socio-Economic Review 7(4): 727–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenworthy, Lane, and McCall, Leslie. 2007. “Inequality, Public Opinion and Redistribution.” Socio-Economic Review 6(1): 35–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenworthy, Lane, and Pontusson, Jonas. 2005. “Rising Inequality and the Politics of Redistribution in Affluent Countries.” Perspectives on Politics 3(3): 449–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kevins, Anthony. 2021. “Race, Class, or Both? Responses to Candidate Characteristics in Canada, the UK, and the US.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 9(4): 699–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, In Song, Stuckatz, Jan, and Wolters, Lukas. 2020. “Strategic and Sequential Links Between Campaign Donations and Lobbying.” MIT Political Science Department Research Paper No. 2021–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinder, Donald R., and Kalmoe, Nathan P.. 2017. Neither Liberal nor Conservative: Ideological Innocence in the American Public. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingdon, John W. 1989. Congressmen’s Voting Decisions, 3rd ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkland, Patricia. 2021. “Business Owners and Executives as Politicians: The Effect on Public Policy.” Journal of Politics 83($): 1652–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1994. The Transformation of European Social Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 2000. “Linkages between Citizens and Politicians in Democratic Polities.” Comparative Political Studies 33(6): 845–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert, and Rehm, Philipp. 2014. “Occupations as a Site of Political Preference Formation.” Comparative Political Studies 47(12): 1670–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kittilson, Miki Caul, and Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie. 2010. “Engaging Citizens: The Role of Power-Sharing Institutions.” Journal of Politics 72(4): 990–1002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kluegel, James R., Csepeli, György, Kolosi, Tamás, Örkény, Antal, and Neményi, Mária. 2011. “Accounting for the Rich and the Poor: Existential Justice in Comparative Perspective.” In Social Justice and Political Change: Public Opinion in Capitalist and Post-Communist States, eds. James, R. Kluegel, David, S. Mason and Wegener, Bernd, 179–208. New York: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Knowles, Eric D., Lowery, Brian S., Chow, Rosalind M., and Unzueta, Miguel M.. 2014. “Deny, Distance, or Dismantle? How White Americans Manage a Privileged Identity.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 9(6): 594–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knowles, Sophie. 2018. “Financial Journalists, the Financial Crisis and the ‘Crisis’ in Journalism.” In The Media and Austerity: Comparative Perspectives, eds. Basu, Laura, Schifferes, Steve, and Knowles, Sophie, 183–95. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Knowles, Sophie, Phillips, Gail, and Lidberg, Johan. 2017. “Reporting the Global Financial Crisis: A Longitudinal Tri-Nation Study of Mainstream Financial Journalism.” Journalism Studies 18(3): 322–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolodny, Niko. 2023. The Pecking Order: Social Hierarchy as a Philosophical Problem. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kollmeyer, Christopher J. 2004. “Corporate Interests: How the News Media Portray the Economy.” Social Problems 51(3): 432–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konow, James. 2003. “Which Is the Fairest One of All? A Positive Analysis of Justice Theories.” Journal of Economic Literature 41(4): 1188–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korpi, Walter, and Palme, Joakim. 1998. “The Paradox of Redistribution and the Strategy of Equality: Welfare State Institutions, Inequality and Poverty in the Western Countries.” American Sociological Review 63(5): 661–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korpi, Walter, and Palme, Joakim. 2003. “New Politics and Class Politics in the Context of Austerity and Globalization: Welfare State Regress in 18 Countries, 1975–95.” American Political Science Review 97(3): 425–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kostelka, Filip, Blais, André, and Gidengil, Elisabeth. 2019. “Has The Gender Gap in Voter Turnout Really Disappeared?” West European Politics 42(3): 437–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kriesi, Hanspeter, Grande, Edgar, Martin Dolezal, , Helbling, Marc, Dominic Höglinger, , Hutter, Swen, and Wüest, Bruno. 2012. Political Conflict in Western Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kriesi, Hanspeter, Grande, Edgar, Romain Lachat, , Dolezal, Martin, Bornschier, Siomon, and Frey, Timotheos. 2006. “Globalization and the Transformation of the National Political Space: Six European Countries Compared.” European Journal of Political Research 45(6): 921–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krimmel, Katherine, and Rader, Kelly. 2021. “Racial Unfairness and Fiscal Politics.” American Politics Research 49(2): 143–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurer, Thomas. 2020. “The Declining Middle: Occupational Change, Social Status, and the Populist Right.” Comparative Political Studies 53(10–11): 1798–835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuziemko, Ilyana, Norton, Michael I., Saez, Emmanuel, and Stantcheva, Stefanie. 2013. “How Elastic Are Preferences for Redistribution? Evidence from Randomized Survey Experiments.” NBER Working Paper 18865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwon, Hyeok Yong, and Pontusson, Jonas. 2010. “Globalization, Labour Power and Partisan Politics Revisited.” Socio-Economic Review 8(2): 251–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahoti, Rahul, and Sahoo, Soham. 2020. “Are Educated Leaders Good for Education? Evidence from India.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 176: 42–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamont, Michèle. 2002. The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Larcinese, Valentino. 2007. “Voting over Redistribution and the Size of the Welfare State: The Role of Turnout.” Political Studies 55(3): 568–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larcinese, Valentino, Puglisi, Riccardo, and Snyder, James M.. 2011. “Partisan Bias in Economic News: Evidence on the Agenda-Setting Behavior of U.S. Newspapers.” Journal of Public Economics 95(9–10): 1178–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawless, Jennifer L., and Fox, Richard L.. 2005. It Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don’t Run for Office. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lax, Jeffrey, Phillips, Justin, and Zelizer, Adam. 2019. “The Party or the Purse? Unequal Representation in the US Senate.” American Political Science Review 113(4): 917–940.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Sang Yoon, and Seshadri, Ananth. 2019. “On the Intergenerational Transmission of Economic Status.” Journal of Political Economy 127(2): 855–921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, David S., Moretti, Enrico, and Butler, Matthew J.. 2004. “Do Voters Affect or Elect Policies? Evidence from the U. S. House.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 119(3): 807–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Galès, Patrick, and Pierson, Paul. 2019. “‘Superstar Cities’ and the generation of durable inequality.” Daedalus 148(3): 46–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefkofridi, Zoe, and Michel, Elie. 2014. Exclusive Solidarity? Radical Right Parties and the Welfare State. Rochester: Social Science Research Network.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leighley, Jan E., and Oser, Jennifer. 2018. “Representation in an Era of Political and Economic Inequality: How and When Citizen Engagement Matters.” Perspectives on Politics 16(2): 328–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenz, Gabriel S. 2012. Follow the Leader? How Voters Respond to Politicians’ Policies and Performance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levey, Noam M. 2017. “Trump Voters Would Be Among the Biggest Losers in Republicans’ Obamacare Replacement Plan.” Los Angeles Times, March 12.Google Scholar
Levi, Margaret. 1991. Consent, Dissent, and Patriotism. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis-Beck, Michael. 1988. Economics and Elections: The Major Western Democracies. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1997. “Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemma.” American Political Science Review 91(1): 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Limberg, Julian. 2020. “What’s Fair? Preferences for Tax Progressivity in the Wake of the Financial Crisis.” Journal of Public Policy 40(2): 171–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Ken-Hou, and Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald. 2013. “Financialization and US Income Inequality, 1970–2008.” American Journal of Sociology 118(5): 1284–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linde, Jonas, and Peters, Yvette. 2020. “Responsiveness, Support, and Responsibility: How Democratic Responsiveness Facilitates Responsible Government.” Party Politics 26(3): 291–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindert, Peter. 2004. Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth Since the Eighteenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lloren, Anouk, Rosset, Jan, and Wüest, Reto. 2015. “Descriptive and Substantive Representation of Poor Citizens in Switzerland.” Swiss Political Science Review 21(2): 254–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovenduski, Joni. 2016. “The Supply and Demand Model of Candidate Selection: Some Reflections.” Government and Opposition 51(3): 513–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovenduski, Joni, and Norris, Pippa. 1994. “Labour and the Unions: After the Brighton Conference.” Government and Opposition 29(2): 201–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupu, Noam, and Pontusson, Jonas. 2011. “The Structure of Inequality and the Politics of Redistribution.” American Political Science Review 105(2): 316–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupu, Noam, and Tirado Castro, Alejandro. 2023. “Unequal Policy Responsiveness in Spain.” Socio-Economic Review.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupu, Noam, and Warner, Zach. 2017. “Mass-Elite Congruence and Representation in Argentina.” In Joignant, Alfredo, Morales, Mauricio, and Fuentes, Claudio, eds., Malaise in Representation in Latin American Countries: Chile, Argentina, Uruguay. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lupu, Noam, and Warner, Zach. 2022a. “Affluence and Congruence: Unequal Representation Around the World.” Journal of Politics 84(1): 276–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupu, Noam, and Warner, Zach. 2022b. “Why Are the Affluent Better Represented around the World?” European Journal of Political Research 61(1): 67–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luttmer, Erzo F. P. 2001. “Group Loyalty and the Taste for Redistribution.” Journal of Political Economy 109(3): 500–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macdonald, David. 2020. “Trust in Government and the American Public’s Responsiveness to Rising Inequality.” Political Research Quarterly 73(4): 790–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mair, Peter. 2013. Ruling the Void: The Hollowing of Western Democracy. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Manrique-Vallier, Daniel. 2012. “A Mixed-Membership Approach to the Assessment of Political Ideology from Survey Responses.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Mansbridge, Jane. 2003. “Rethinking Representation.” American Political Science Review 97(4): 515–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manwaring, Rob, and Holloway, Josh. 2022. “A New Wave of Social Democracy? Policy Change across the Social Democratic Party Family, 1970s–2010s.” Government and Opposition 57(1): 171–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manza, Jeff, and Brooks, Clem. 2008. “Class and Politics.” In Social Class: How Does It Work?, eds. Lareau, Annette and Conley, Dalton. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Marble, William, and Nall, Clayton. 2020. “Where Self-Interest Trumps Ideology: Liberal Homeowners and Local Opposition to Housing Development.” Journal of Politics 83(4): 1747–63.Google Scholar
Mares, Isabela. 2003. The Politics of Social Risk: Business and Welfare State Development. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Margalit, Yotam. 2019. “Economic Insecurity and the Causes of Populism, Reconsidered.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 33(4): 152–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marquis, Lionel, and Rosset, Jan. 2021. “Explanations of Poverty and Demand for Social Policy.” Unequal Democracies Working Paper no. 23, University of Geneva.Google Scholar
Martin, Paul S., and Claibourn, Michele P.. 2013. “Citizen Participation and Congressional Responsiveness: New Evidence that Participation Matters.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 38(1): 59–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinez-Bravo, Monica. 2017. “The Local Political Economy Effects of School Construction in Indonesia.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9(2): 256–89.Google Scholar
Mathisen, Ruben B. 2023. “Affluence and Influence in a Social Democracy.” American Political Science Review 117(2): 751–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsunaga, Masaki. 2010. “How to Factor-Analyze Your Data Right: Dos, Don’ts, and How- To’s.” International Journal of Psychological Research 3(1): 97–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, Austin S., and Kerevel, Yann P.. 2022. “The Nomination and Electoral Competitiveness of Working Class Candidates in Germany.” German Politics 31(3): 459–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, J. Scott. 2019. “Issue Priming Revisited: Susceptible Voters and Detectable Effects.” British Journal of Political Science 49(2): 513–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayhew, David R. 1974. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
McCall, Leslie, and Kenworthy, Lane. 2009. “Americans’ Social Policy Preferences in the Era of Rising Inequality.” Perspectives on Politics 7(3): 459–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarty, Nolan, Poole, Keith T., and Rosenthal, Howard. 2006. Polarized America. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
McDonald, Michael D., and Budge, Ian. 2005. Elections, Parties, Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meltzer, Allan H, and Richard, Scott F.. 1981. “A Rational Theory of Government.” Journal of Political Economy 89(5): 914–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendelberg, Tali, McCabe, Katherine, and Thal, Adam. 2017. “College Socialization and the Economic Views of Affluent Americans.” American Journal of Political Science 61(3): 606–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mill, John Stuart. 1977[1861]. The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. Edited by John M. Robson. Vol. XIX: Essays on Politics and Society Part II. Considerations on Representative Government. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Miller, Warren E., and Stokes, Donald E.. 1963. “Constituency Influence in Congress.” American Political Science Review 57(1): 45–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirrlees, James A., 1971. “An Exploration in the Theory of Optimal Income Taxation.” Review of Economic Studies 38(2): 175–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Amy, Jurkowitz, Mark, Oliphant, Baxter J., and Shearer, Elisa. 2021. “How Americans Navigated the News in 2020: A Tumultuous Year in Review.” Pew Research Center.Google Scholar
Moe, Terry M. 2005. “Power and Political Institutions.” Perspectives on Politics 3(2): 215–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moene, Karl Ove, and Wallerstein, Michael. 2001. “Inequality, Social Insurance, and Redistribution.” American Political Science Review 95(4): 859–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monroe, Alan D. 1979. “Consistency between Public Preferences and National Policy Decisions.” American Politics Quarterly 7(1): 3–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munger, Michael C., and Hinich, Melvin J.. 1994. Ideology and the Theory of Political Choice. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Muro, Mark, Byerly-Duke, Eli, You, Yang, and Maxim, Robert. 2020. Biden Voting Counties Equal 70% of America’s Economy. Washington, DC: Brookings.Google Scholar
Mutz, Diana C. 1992. “Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal Experience.” American Journal of Political Science 36(2): 483–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutz, Diana C. 2018. “Status Threat, Not Economic Hardship, Explains the 2016 Presidential Vote.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(19): E4330–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nadeau, Richard, Niemi, Richard G., and Amato, Timothy. 1999. “Elite Economic Forecasts, Economic News, Mass Economic Judgments, and Presidential Approval.” Journal of Politics 61(1): 109–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagel, Jack H. 1975. The Descriptive Analysis of Power. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Naoi, Megumi. 2020. “Survey Experiments in International Political Economy: What We (Don’t) Know About the Backlash Against Globalization.” Annual Review of Political Science 23: 333–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neundorf, Anja, Smets, Kaat, and García-Albacete, Gema M.. 2013. “Homemade Citizens: The Development of Political Interest During Adolescence and Young Adulthood.” Acta Politica 48(1): 92–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, Benjamin. 2013. “My Poor Friend: Financial Distress in One’s Social Network, the Perceived Power of the Rich, and Support for Redistribution.” Journal of Politics 76(1): 126–38.Google Scholar
Niemanns, Erik. 2023. “Welfare States, Media Ownership and Attitudes towards Redistribution,” European Journal of Public Policy 30(2): 234–53.Google Scholar
Nolan, Brian, Roser, Max, and Thewissen, Stefan. 2018. “Median Household Income and GDP.” In Generating Prosperity for Working Families in Affluent Countries, ed. Nolan, Brian. New York: Oxford University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa, and Lovenduski, Joni. 1995. Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nyhan, Brendan. 2012. “Does the US Media Have a Liberal Bias?: A Discussion of Tim Groseclose’s Left Turn: How Liberal Media Bias Distorts the American Mind.” Perspectives on Politics 10(3): 767–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oaxaca, Ronald. 1973. Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets. International Economic Review 14(3): 693–709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oesch, Daniel. 2006. Redrawing the Class Map: Stratification and Institutions in Britain, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oesch, Daniel. 2013. Occupational Change in Europe: How Technology and Education Transform the Job Structure. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oesch, Daniel, and Rennwald, Line. 2018. “Electoral Competition in Europe’s New Tripolar Political Space: Class Voting for the Left, Centre-Right and Radical Right.” European Journal of Political Research 57(4): 783–807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Offe, Claus. 2009. “Participatory Inequality in the Austerity State: A Supply-Side Approach.” In Politics in the Age of Austerity, eds. Streeck, W. and Schäfer, A.. Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ogorzalek, Thomas K. 2018. The Cities on the Hill: How Urban Institutions Transformed National Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
O’Grady, Tom. 2019. “Careerists versus Coal-Miners: Welfare Reforms and the Substantive Representation of Social Groups in the British Labour Party.” Comparative Political Studies 52(4): 544–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Open Secrets. 2021. “Defense: Summary.” www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?ind=D&cycle=All (Accessed September 21, 2021).Google Scholar
Osberg, Lars, and Smeeding, Timothy. 2006. “‘Fair’ Inequality? Attitudes Toward Pay Differentials: The United States in Comparative Perspective.” American Sociological Review 71(3): 450–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, Elinor. 1998. “A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action: Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 1997.” American Political Science Review 92(1): 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, Elinor and Walker, James. 2003. Trust and Reciprocity: Interdisciplinary Lessons for Experimental Research. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Ozymy, Joshua. 2012. “The Poverty of Participation: Self-Interest, Student Loans, and Student Activism.” Political Behavior 34(1): 103–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pande, Rohini. 2003. “Can Mandated Political Representation Increase Policy Influence for Disadvantaged Minorities? Theory and Evidence from India.” The American Economic Review 93(4): 1132–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, Lionel and Goldstein, Daniel. 2016. “Subjective Beliefs About the Income Distribution and Preferences for Redistribution.” Social Choice and Welfare 47(1): 25–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, Benjamin I., and Shapiro, Robert Y.. 1992. The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans’ Policy Preferences. Chicago: Chicago University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, Benjamin I., Bartels, Larry M., and Seawright, Jason. 2013. “Democracy and the Policy Preferences of Wealthy Americans.” Perspectives on Politics 11(1): 51–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, Benjamin I., Seawright, Jason, and Lacombe, Matthew J.. 2019. Billionaires and Stealth Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Park, Alison, Clery, Elizabeth, John Curtice, , Phillips, Miranda, and Utting, David. 2012. British Social Attitudes 29. London: NatCen Social Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, Jonathan, and Vissing-Jorgensen, Annette. 2010. “The Increase in Income Cyclicality of High-Income Households and Its Relation to the Rise in Top Income Shares.” NBER Working Paper 16577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavolini, Emmanuele, and Van Lancker, Wim. 2018. “The Matthew Effect in Childcare Use: A Matter of Policies or Preferences?” Journal of European Public Policy 25(6): 878–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearl, Judea. 2001. “Direct and Indirect Effects.” Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, San Francisco, CA: 411–20.Google Scholar
Pereira, Miguel. 2021. “Understanding and Reducing Biases in Elite Beliefs about the Electorate.” American Political Science Review 115(4): 1308–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persson, Mikael. 2021. “From Opinion to Policy: Links between Citizens, Representatives and Policy Change.” Electoral Studies 74.Google Scholar
Persson, Mikael. 2023. “Who Got What They Wanted? Investigating the Role of Institutional Agenda Setting, Costly Policies, and Status Quo Bias as Explanations to Income Based Unequal Responsiveness.” Journal of European Public Policy.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, Yvette, and Ensink, Sander J.. 2015. “Differential Responsiveness in Europe: The Effects of Preference Difference and Electoral Participation.” West European Politics 38(3): 577–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, Michael Bang. 2012. “Social Welfare as Small-Scale Help: Evolutionary Psychology and the Deservingness Heuristic.” American Journal of Political Science 56(1):1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, Michael Bang, Sznycer, Daniel, Cosmides, Leda, and Tooby, John. 2012. “Who Deserves Help? Evolutionary Psychology, Social Emotions, and Public Opinion About Welfare.” Political Psychology 33(3): 395–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petrova, Maria. 2008. “Inequality and Media Capture.” Journal of Public Economics 92(1–2): 183–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettersson-Lidbom, Per. 2008. “Do Parties Matter for Economic Outcomes? A Regression-Discontinuity Approach.” Journal of the European Economic Association 6(5): 1037–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 1993. “When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change.” World Politics 45(4): 595–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 1996. “The New Politics of the Welfare State.” World Politics 48(2): 143–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 2000. “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics.” American Political Science Review 94(2): 254–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 2016. “Power in Historical Institutionalism.” In The Oxford Handbook of Historical Institutionalism, eds. Fioretos, Orfeo, Faletti, Tulia, and Sheingate, Adam, 124–41. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pierson, Paul, and Schickler, Eric. 2020. “Madison’s Constitution Under Stress: A Developmental Analysis of Political Polarization.” Annual Review of Political Science 23: 37–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piketty, Thomas, and Saez, Emmanuel. 2014. “Inequality in the Long Run.” Science 344(6186): 838–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piketty, Thomas, Saez, Emmanuel, and Zucman, Gabriel. 2018. “Distributional National Accounts: Methods and Estimates for the United States.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 133(2): 553–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pilotti, Andrea. 2015. “The Historical Changes and Continuities of Swiss Parliamentary Recruitment.” Swiss Political Science Review 21(2): 246–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinggera, Michael. 2021. “Congruent with Whom? Parties’ Issue Emphases and Voter Preferences in Welfare Politics.” Journal of European Public Policy 28(12): 1973–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pipa, Tony, and Geismar, Natalie. 2020. Reimagining Rural Policy: Organizing Federal Assistance to Maximize Rural Prosperity. Washington, DC: Brookings.Google Scholar
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. 1969. “The Concept of Representation.” In Representation, ed. Pitkin, Hanna, pp. 1–23. New York: Atherton.Google Scholar
Pontusson, Jonas. 2005. Inequality and Prosperity: Social Europe vs. Liberal America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pontusson, Jonas. 2015. “Introduction to the Debate: Does Descriptive Misrepresentation by Income and Class Matter?” Swiss Political Science Review 21(2): 207–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pontusson, Jonas, and Weisstanner, David. 2018. “Macroeconomic Conditions, Inequality Shocks and the Politics of Redistribution, 1990–2013.” Journal of European Public Policy 25(1): 31–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poterba, James M. 1997. “Demographic Structure and the Political Economy of Public Education.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 16(1): 48–66.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham, Jr. 2019. Ideological Representation Achieved and Astray: Elections, Institutions, and the Breakdown of Ideological Congruence in Parliamentary Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, Richard J., Clark, Jesse T., and Dube, Matthew P.. 2020. “Partisan Gerrymandering, Clustering, or Both? A New Approach to a Persistent Question.” Election Law Journal 19(1): 79–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, Adam, and Sprague, John. 1988. Paper Stones: A History of Electoral Socialism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rahman, K. Sabeel, and Thelen, Kathleen. 2019. “The Rise of the Platform Business Model and the Transformation of Twenty-First-Century Capitalism.” Politics and Society 47(2): 177–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ram, Rati. 2021. “Income Convergence across the U.S. States: Further Evidence from New Recent Data.” Journal of Economics and Finance 45(2): 372–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehfeld, Andrew. 2009. “Representation Rethought: On Trustees, Delegates, and Gyroscopes in the Study of Political Representation and Democracy.” American Political Science Review 103(2): 214–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehm, Philipp. 2009. “Risks and Redistribution an Individual-level Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 42(7): 855–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehm, Philipp. 2011. “Social Policy by Popular Demand.” World Politics 63(2): 271–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehm, Philipp. 2016. Risk Inequality and Welfare States. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rennwald, Line, and Pontusson, Jonas. 2021. “Social Class, Union Power and Perceptions of Political Voice: Liberal Democracies, 1974–2016.” Unequal Democracies Working Paper 22, University of Geneva.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rennwald, Line, and Pontusson, Jonas. 2022. “Class Gaps in Perceptions of Political Voice: Liberal Democracies 1974–2016.” West European Politics 45(6): 1334–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, Jesse H., and Schaffner, Brian F.. 2017. “Testing Models of Unequal Representation: Democratic Populists and Republican Oligarchs?” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 12(2): 185–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rigby, Elizabeth, and Wright, Gerald C.. 2011. “Whose Statehouse Democracy? Policy Responsiveness to Poor versus Rich Constituents in Poor versus Rich States.” In Who Gets Represented?, eds. Enns, Peter and Wlezien, Christopher, 189–222. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Rigby, Elizabeth, and Wright, Gerald C.. 2013. “Political Parties and Representation of the Poor in the American States.” American Journal of Political Science 57(3): 552–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodden, Jonathan A. 2019. Why Cities Lose: The Deep Roots of The Urban-Rural Political Divide. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Rodrik, Dani. 1997. Has Globalization Gone Too Far? Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrik, Dani. 2011. The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Rodrik, Dani. 2018. “Populism and The Economics of Globalization.” Journal of International Business Policy 1(1): 12–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogowski, Ronald, and Andreas Kayser, Mark. 2002. “Majoritarian Electoral Systems and Consumer Power: Price-Level Evidence from the OECD Countries.” American Journal of Political Science 46(3): 526–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rokkan, Stein. 1966. “Norway: Numerical Democracy and Corporate Pluralism.” In Political Oppositions in Western Democracies, ed. Dahl, Robert, 70–116. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Rooduijn, Matthijs, and Burgoon, Brian. 2017. “The Paradox of Well-Being: Do Unfavorable Socioeconomic and Sociocultural Contexts Deepen or Dampen Radical Left and Right Voting among the Less Well-Off?” Comparative Political Studies 51(13): 1720–53.Google Scholar
Rosenwald, Brian. 2019. Talk Radio’s America: How an Industry Took over a Political Party That Took Over the United States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosset, Jan, and Spohie Kurella, Anna. 2021. “The Electoral Roots of Unequal Representation: A Spatial Modelling Approach to Party Systems and Voting in Western Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 60(4): 785–806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosset, Jan, and Stecker, Christian. 2019. “How Well Are Citizens Represented by their Governments? Issue Congruence and Inequality in Europe.” European Political Science Review 11(2): 145–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosset, Jan, Giger, Nathalie, and Bernauer, Julian. 2013. “More Money, Fewer Problems? Cross-Level Effects of Economic Deprivation on Political Representation.” West European Politics 36(4): 817–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosset, Jan, Pontusson, Jonas, and Poltier, Jérémie. 2023. “Redistributive Policy Preferences and Government Responsiveness in a Dynamic Perspective: Western Europe 2008–19.” Unequal Democracies Working Paper No. 41. University of Geneva.Google Scholar
Roth, Christopher, Settele, Sonja, and Wohlfart, Johannes. 2020. “Risk Exposure and Acquisition of Macroeconomic Information.” Unpublished manuscript.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, Christopher, Settele, Sonja, and Wohlfahrt, Johannes. 2022. “Risk Exposure and Acquisition of Macroeconomic Information.” American Economic Review: Insights 4(1): 34–53.Google Scholar
Rothman, Stanley, and Robert Lichter, S.. 1985. “Personality, Ideology and World View: A Comparison of Media and Business Elites.” British Journal of Political Science 15(1): 29–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothstein, Bo. 1998. Just Institutions Matter: The Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rueda, David. 2005. “Insider-Outsider Politics in Industrialized Democracies: The Challenge to Social Democratic Parties.” American Political Science Review 99(1): 61–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rueda, David. 2007. Social Democracy Inside Out. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rueda, David, and Stegmueller, Daniel. 2019. Who Wants What?: Redistribution Preferences in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rydgren, Jens. 2007. “The Sociology of the Radical Right.” Annual Review of Sociology 33: 241–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabl, Andrew. 2015. “The Two Cultures of Democratic Theory: Responsiveness, Democratic Quality, and the Empirical-Normative Divide.” Perspectives on Politics 13(2): 345–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadin, Meredith. 2012. “Campaigning with Class: The Effect of Social Class on Voter Evaluations.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Saez, Emmanuel, Slemrod, Joel, and Giertz, Seth H.. 2012. “The Elasticity of Taxable Income with Respect to Marginal Tax Rates: A Critical Review.” Journal of Economic Literature 50(1): 3–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saint-Paul, Gilles. 1999. “Toward a Theory of Labor Market Institutions.” UPF Economics and Business Working Paper 433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, Elizabeth. 1999. Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers, and the American State, 1877–1917. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schakel, Wouter. 2021. “Unequal Policy Responsiveness in the Netherlands.” Socio-Economic Review 19(1): 37–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schakel, Wouter, and Burgoon, Brian. 2022. “The Party Road to Representation: Unequal Responsiveness in Party Platforms.” European Journal of Political Research 61(2): 304–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schakel, Wouter, and Van Der Pas, Daphne. 2021. “Degrees of influence: Educational Inequality in Policy Representation.” European Journal of Political Research 60(2): 418–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schakel, Wouter, Burgoon, Brian, and Hakverdian, Armen. 2020. “Real but Unequal Representation in Welfare State Reform.” Politics and Society 48(1): 131–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schattschneider, E. E. 1960. The Semisovereign People. New York: Holt, Rinhart and Winston.Google Scholar
Scheve, Kenneth, and Stasavage, David. 2016. Taxing the Rich: A History of Fiscal Fairness in the United States and Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schickler, Eric. 2016. Racial Realignment: The Transformation of American Liberalism, 1932–1965. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schifferes, Steve, and Knowles, Sophie. 2018. “The UK News Media and Austerity.” In The Media and Austerity: Comparative Perspectives, eds. Basu, Laura, Schifferes, Steve, and Knowles, Sophie, 15–29. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlozman, Kay Lehman, Verba, Sidney, and Brady, Henry E.. 2012. The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Scholars for Reform. 2021. “Open Letter on the History, Impact, and Future of the Filibuster.” May 4.Google Scholar
Schröder, Martin, and Vietze, Florian. 2015. “Mediendebatten Über Soziale Ungleichheit, Armut Und Soziale Gerechtigkeit Seit 1946 Und Wie Sie Mit Einkommensungleichheit Zusammenhängen/Media Debates about Social Inequality, Poverty and Social Justice since 1946 and How They Are Connected to Income.” Zeitschrift für Soziologie 44(1): 42–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A., and Mishler, William. 2005. “An Integrated Model of Women’s Representation.” Journal of Politics 67(2): 407–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seelkopf, Laura and Lierse, Hanna. 2016. “Taxation and Inequality: How Tax Competition Has Changed the Redistributive Capacity of Nation States in the OECD.” In Welfare State Transformations and Inequality in OECD Countries, eds. Wulfgramm, Melike, Bieber, Tonia and Leibfried, Stephan, 89–109. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sevenans, Julie, Marié, Awenig, Karolin Soontjens, , Walgrave, Stefaan, Breunig, Christian, and Vliegenthart, Rens. 2020. “Inequality in Politicians’ Perceptions of Public Opinion.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Sides, John, Tesler, Michael, and Vavreck, Lynn. 2018. Identity Crisis: The 2016 Presidential Campaign and the Battle for the Meaning of America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, Herbert A. 1953. “Notes on the Observation and Measurement of Political Power.” Journal of Politics 15(4): 500–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skitka, Linda J., and Tetlock, Philip E.. 1993. “Providing Public Assistance: Cognitive and Motivational Processes Underlying Liberal and Conservative Policy Preferences.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65(6):1205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smets, Kaat, and van Ham, Carolien. 2013. “The Embarrassment of Riches? A Meta-Analysis of Individual-Level Research on Voter Turnout.” Electoral Studies 32(2): 344–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sojourner, Aaron. 2013. “Do Unions Promote Electoral Office Holding? Evidence from Correlates of State Legislatures’ Occupational Shares.” Industrial & Labor Relations Review 66(2): 467–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solt, Frederick. 2008. “Economic Inequality and Democratic Political Engagement.” American Journal of Political Science 52(1): 48–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soroka, Stuart N. 2006. “Good News and Bad News: Asymmetric Responses to Economic Information.” Journal of Politics 68(2): 372–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soroka, Stuart N. 2012. “The Gatekeeping Function: Distributions of Information in Media and the Real World.” Journal of Politics 74(2): 514–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soroka, Stuart N., and Wlezien, Christopher. 2008. “On the Limits to Inequality in Representation.” PS: Political Science & Politics 41(2): 319–27.Google Scholar
Soroka, Stuart N., and Wlezien, Christopher. 2010. Degrees of Democracy: Politics, Public Opinion, and Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Soroka, Stuart N., Stecula, Dominik A., and Wlezien, Christopher. 2015. “It’s (Change in) the (Future) Economy, Stupid: Economic Indicators, the Media, and Public Opinion. Supplementary Information.” American Journal of Political Science 59(2): 457–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soskice, David. 2022. “The United States as Radical Innovation Driver: The Politics of Declining Dominance?” In The American Political Economy: Politics, Markets, and Power, eds. Jacob, S. Hacker, Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander, Pierson, Paul, and Thelen, Kathleen. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Soss, Joe, and Schram, Sanford E.. 2007. “A Public Transformed? Welfare Reform as Policy Feedback.” American Political Science Review 101(1): 111–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stacy, Darrian. 2021. “Wealth and Political Inequality in the U.S. Congress.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Vanderbilt University.Google Scholar
Stepan, Alfred, and Linz, Juan J.. 2011. “Comparative Perspectives on Inequality and the Quality of Democracy in the United States.” Perspectives on Politics 9(4): 841–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storper, Michael. 1997. The Regional World: Territorial Development in a Global Economy. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Storper, Michael. 2013. Keys to the City: How Economics, Institutions, Social Interaction, and Politics Shape Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Streeck, Wolfgang. 2011. “The Crisis of Democratic Capitalism.” New Left Review 71: 5–29.Google Scholar
Streeck, Wolfgang. 2016. How Will Capitalism End? Essays on a Failing System. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Svallfors, Stefan. 2012. “Welfare Attitudes in Context.” In Contested Welfare States: Welfare Attitudes in Europe and Beyond, ed. Svallfors, Stefan, 222–40. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svallfors, Stefan. 2016. “Who Loves the Swedish Welfare State? Attitude Trends 1980–2010.” In The Oxford Handbook of Swedish Politics, ed. Pierre, Jon, 22–36. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Swank, Duane. 2016. “Taxing Choices: International Competition, Domestic Institutions and the Transformation of Corporate Tax Policy.” Journal of European Public Policy 23(4): 571–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swenson, Peter. 2002. Capitalists Against Markets. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swers, Michele L. 2005. “Connecting Descriptive and Substantive Representation: An Analysis of Sex Differences in Cosponsorship Activity.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 30(3): 407–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szakonyi, David. 2021. “Private Sector Policy Making: Business Background and Politicians’ Behavior in Office.” Journal of Politics 83(1): 260–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sznycer, Daniel, Florencia Lopez Seal, Maria, Sell, Aaron, Julian Lim, , Porat, Roni, Shaul Shalvi, , Halperin, Eran, Cosmides, Leda, and Tooby, John. 2017. “Support for Redistribution Is Shaped by Compassion, Envy, and Self-Interest, but Not a Taste for Fairness.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(31): 8420–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarditi, Valeria, and Vittori, Davide. 2021. “We Are Different’: Do Anti-Establishment Parties Promote Distinctive Elites? An Analysis of the Spanish Case.” Representation 57(1): 21–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tesler, Michael. 2015. “Priming Predispositions and Changing Policy Positions: An Account of When Mass Opinion Is Primed or Changed.” American Journal of Political Science 59(4): 806–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tesler, Michael. 2016. Post-Racial or Most-Racial? Race and Politics in the Obama Era. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The New Map of Economic Growth and Recovery. 2016. Economic Innovation Group. https://eig.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/recoverygrowthreport.pdf.Google Scholar
Thewissen, Stefan. 2014. “Is It the Income Distribution or Redistribution That Affects Growth?” Socio-Economic Review 12(3): 545–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Richard. 2018. “The Economic Recovery on TV News.” In The Media and Austerity: Comparative Perspectives, eds. Basu, Laura, Schifferes, Steve, and Knowles, Sophie, 63–79. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomsen, Danielle M. 2017. Opting Out of Congress: Partisan Polarization and the Decline of Moderate Candidates. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomsen, Danielle M. 2019. “Book Review: The Cash Ceiling.” Perspectives on Politics 17(2): 576–7.Google Scholar
Tingley, Dustin, Teppei Yamamoto, Kentaro Hirose, Keele, Luke, and Imai, Kosuke. 2014. “Mediation: R Package for Causal Mediation Analysis.” Journal of Statistical Software 59(5): 1–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomasello, Michael. 2016. A Natural History of Human Morality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traber, Denise, Hänni, Miriam, Giger, Nathalie, and Breunig, Christian. 2022. “Social Status, Political Priorities and Unequal Representation.” European Journal of Political Research 61(2): 351–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trounstine, Jessica. 2018. Segregation by Design: Local Politics and Inequality in American Cities. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trump, Kris-Stella, and White, Ariel. 2018. “Does Inequality Beget Inequality? Experimental Tests of the Prediction that Inequality Increases System Justification Motivation.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 5(3): 206–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tullock, Gordon. 1980. “Efficient Rent Seeking.” In Toward a Theory of the Rent-Seeking Society, eds. James, M. Buchanan, Robert, D. Tollison, and Tullock, Gordon, 97–112. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.Google Scholar
Verba, Sidney, and Nie, Norman H.. 1972. Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Verba, Sidney, Nie, Norman H., and Kim, Jae-o. 1978. Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Verba, Sidney, Schlozman, Kay Lehman, and Brady, Henry E.. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verbist, Gerlinde, Förster, Michael F., and Vaalavuo, Maria. 2012. “The Impact of Publicly Provided Services on the Distribution of Resources: Review of New Results and Methods.” OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 130.Google Scholar
Vivyan, Nick, Wagner, Markus, Glinitzer, Konstantin, and Eberl, Jakob-Moritz. 2020. “Do Humble Beginnings Help? How Politician Class Roots Shape Voter Evaluations.” Electoral Studies 63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogel, Steven K. 2018. Marketcraft: How Governments Make Markets Work. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volkens, Andrea, Burst, Tobias, Werner Krause, , Lehmann, PolaMatthieß, Theres, Merz, Nicolas, Sven Regel, , Weßels, Bernhard, and Zehnter, Lisa. 2020. The Manifesto Project. Version 2020b. Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB). https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.2020b (Accessed May 3, 2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volscho, Thomas W., and Kelly, Nathan J.. 2012. “The Rise of the Super-Rich: Power Resources, Taxes, Financial Markets, and the Dynamics of the Top 1 Percent, 1949 to 2008.” American Sociological Review 77(5): 679–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, Manuel. 2021. “Unequal Responsiveness and Direct Democracy: The Case of Switzerland.” University of Geneva: Unequal Democracies Working Paper No. 26Google Scholar
Walzer, Michael. 1983. Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Warburton, Eve, Muhtadi, Burhanuddin, Aspinall, Edward, and Fossati, Diego. 2021. “When Does Class Matter? Unequal Representation in Indonesian Legislatures.” Third World Quarterly 42(6): 1252–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, David H., Willnat, Lars, and Cleveland Wilhoit, G.. 2019. “The American Journalist in the Digital Age: Another Look at U.S. News People.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 96(1): 101–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, Till. 2020. “Discreet Inequality: How Party Agendas Embrace Privileged Interests.” Comparative Political Studies 53(10–11): 1767–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weir, Margaret, Wolman, Harold, and Swanstrom, Todd. 2005. “The Calculus of Coalitions: Cities, Suburbs, and the Metropolitan Agenda.” Urban Affairs Review 40(6): 730–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissberg, Robert. 1978. “Collective vs. Dyadic Representation in Congress.” American Political Science Review 72(2): 535–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitely, Paul F., and Seyd, Patrick. 1996. “Rationality and Party Activism: Encompassing Tests of Alternative Models of Political Participation.” European Journal of Political Research 29(2): 215–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilensky, Harold L. 1975. The Welfare State and Equality. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wilensky, Harold L., Luebbert, Gregory M., Reed Hahn, Susan, and Jamieson, Adrienne M.. 1985. Comparative Social Policy: Theories, Methods, Findings. Vol. 62.Google Scholar
Williamson, Scott, Adida, Claire L., Lo, Adeline, Platas, Melina R., Lauren Prather, and Werfel, Seth H.. 2021. “Family Matters: How Immigrant Histories Can Promote Inclusion.” American Political Science Review: 115(2): 686–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winship, Christopher, and Western, Bruce. 2016. “Multicollinearity and Model Misspecification.” Sociological Science 3: 627–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witko, Christopher, Morgan, Jana, Kelly, Nathan, and Enns, Peter. 2021. Hijacking the Agenda: Economic Power and Political Influence. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Wlezien, Christopher. 2017. “Public Opinion and Policy Representation: On Conceptualization, Measurement, and Interpretation.” Policy Studies Journal 45(4): 561–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wlezien, Christopher, and Soroka, Stuart N.. 2011. “Inequality in Policy Responsiveness?” In Who Gets Represented?, eds. Peter, K. Enns and Wlezien, Christopher, 285–310. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Wren-Lewis, S. 2018. “‘Mediamacro’: Why the News Media Ignores Economic Experts.” In The Media and Austerity Comparative Perspectives, eds. Basu, Laura, Schifferes, Steve, and Knowles, Sophie, 170–82. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wüest, Reto, and Pontusson, Jonas. 2018. “Descriptive Misrepresentation by Social Class: Do Voter Preferences Matter?” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Young, Kevin A., Banerjee, Tarun, and Schwartz, Michael. 2018. “Capital Strikes as a Corporate Political Strategy: The Structural Power of Business in the Obama Era.” Politics & Society 46(1): 3–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zechmeister, Elizabeth. 2006. “What’s Left and Who’s Right? A Q-method Study of Individual and Contextual Influences on the Meaning of Ideological Labels.” Political Behavior 28(2): 151–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
You have
Access
Open access