Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T04:37:41.186Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

20 - Mining, Metals, Oil and Gas

from Mining, Metals, Oil and Gas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 October 2021

Kenneth G. H. Baldwin
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Mark Howden
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Michael H. Smith
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Karen Hussey
Affiliation:
University of Queensland
Peter J. Dawson
Affiliation:
P. J. Dawson & Associates
Get access

Summary

The transition to a low-carbon economy will increase mineral commodity demands by up to tenfold by 2050. Improving the quality of lives in developing countries will further increase resource demands. Mineral ores are critical for manufacturing low-carbon technologies. The projected increase in demand provides a major business opportunity, in turn providing a driver for the required investment to move to low-carbon mining, processing and recycling. To improve efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint of mining and metals recycling, the industry can take advantage of solar photovoltaics, wind and batteries, and renewable energy power purchase agreements, and reduce flaring, venting and fugitive emissions. Adaptation to cope with extreme weather events is critical to ensure materials can be delivered to low-carbon technology producers. Reducing exposure to climate risks through an integrated adaptation–mitigation approach lessens operational, maintenance and insurance costs. This chapter reviews tools to help the sector simultaneously achieve both climate mitigation and adaptation cost-effectively.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abu-Hamdeh, N. and Alnefaie, K. (2019). Techno-economic comparison of solar power tower system/photovoltaic system/wind turbine/diesel generator in supplying electrical energy in small loads. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 13, 216224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acclimatise (2010). Building Business Resilience to Inevitable Climate Change. Carbon Disclosure Project Report. Oxford: Global Mining. Available at: https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/publications/building-business-resilience-to-inevitable-climate-change-the-adaptation-challenge.Google Scholar
Ahman, M., Vogl, V., Nyqvist, B. et al. (2018). Hydrogen Steelmaking for a Low-Carbon Economy: A Joint LU-SEI Working Paper for the HYBRIT Project. EESS report 109, SEI Working Paper WP 2018-07. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute and Lund University.Google Scholar
ARENA (Australian Renewable Energy Agency) (2018). Hybrid Power Generation for Australian Off-Grid Mines. Handbook. Available at: https://arena.gov.au/assets/2018/06/hybrid-power-generation-australian-off-grid-mines.pdf.Google Scholar
ARENA and PowerWater (2019). Solar/Diesel Mini-Grid Handbook, 2nd ed. Available at: https://arena.gov.au/assets/2019/10/solar-diesel-mini-grid-handbook-powerwater.pdf.Google Scholar
Bearsley, C. (2016). Can renewable energy lower your cost of production? AusIMM Bulletin. December. Available at: https://search.informit.org/doi/epdf/10.3316/ielapa.591632547615963.Google Scholar
Bernstein, L., Roy, J., Delhotal, K. C., Harmisch, J., Matsuhashi, R., Price, L., Tanaka, K., Worrell, E., Yamba, F., Fenqi, Z. et al. (2007). Industry. In: Metz, B., Davidson, O. R., Bosch, P. R., Dave, R. and Meyer, L. A., eds., Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 447496. Available at: www.cambridge.org/core/books/climate-change-2007-mitigation-of-climate-change/industry/ADD4528468FA9A9C8A4E93A14C854C7F.Google Scholar
Bosmin (n.d.). Overburden Slushers: The Future in Open-Cut Mining. Technical Bulletin 2. Camira, Queensland: Bosmin. Available at: www.bosmin.com/OS/osbrochure2.pdf.Google Scholar
Boyle, N. (2016). Lightsource: Adapting renewables to fit with mining’s business model. Presented at the Energy and Mines World Congress, Toronto, 21–22 November.Google Scholar
Buckingham, L., Dupont, J., Steiger, J., Blain, B. and Brits, C. (2011). Improving energy efficiency in barrack grinding circuits. Paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on Autogenous and Semiautogenous Grinding Technology (SAG 2011), Vancouver, 25–28 September. Available at: www.ceecthefuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Improving-Energy-Efficiency-in-Barrick-Grinding-Circuits3.pdf?dl=1.Google Scholar
Budde, F., Günther, C. and Shah, M. (2014). When Gas Gets Tight: Next Steps for the Middle East Petrochemical Industry. McKinsey & Company. Available at: www.mckinsey.com/industries/oil-and-gas/our-insights/when-gas-gets-tight-next-steps-for-the-middle-east-petrochemical-industry.Google Scholar
Bye, A. (2011). Case studies demonstrating value from geometallurgy initiatives. In GeoMet 2011: Proceedings of The First AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference 2011. Carlton, Victoria: AusIMM The Minerals Institute, pp. 9–30.Google Scholar
BZE (Beyond Zero Emissions) (2018). Electrifying Industry: Zero Carbon Industry Plan. Melbourne Beyond Zero Emissions. Available at: https://bze.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/electrifying-industry-bze-report-2018.pdf.Google Scholar
Canadian Gas Association (2014). Renewable Natural Gas Technology Roadmap for Canada. Government of Canada. Available at: https://biogasassociation.ca/images/uploads/documents/2017/rng/The_Renewable_Natural_Gas_Technology_Roadmap.pdf.Google Scholar
Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) (2015). Putting a Price on Risk: Carbon Pricing in the Corporate World. Report. New York: Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP). Available at: https://6fefcbb86e61af1b2fc4-c70d8ead6ced550b4d987d7c03fcdd1d.ssl.cf3.rackcdn.com/cms/reports/documents/000/000/918/original/carbon-pricing-in-the-corporate-world.pdf?1472456914.Google Scholar
Carbon Limits (2013). Associated Petroleum Gas Flaring Study for Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan: Final Report. Carbon Limits. Available at: www.ebrd.com/downloads/sector/sei/ap-gas-flaring-study-final-report.pdf.Google Scholar
Caulton, D. R., Shepson, P. B., Santoro, R. L. et al. (2014). Toward a better understanding and quantification of methane emissions from shale gas development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 62376242. Available at: www.pnas.org/content/111/17/6237.Google Scholar
Cervigni, R., Rogers, J. and Henrion, M. (2013). Low-Carbon Development Opportunities for Nigeria. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/290751468145147306/Low-carbon-development-opportunities-for-Nigeria.Google Scholar
Chavalala, B. and Nhamo, G. (2014). Clean and energy efficient technology as green economy transition mechanism in South African gold mining: Case of Kusasalethu. Environmental Economics, 5, 5261. Available at: http://businessperspectives.org/journals_free/ee/2014/ee_2014_01_Nhamo1.pdf.Google Scholar
Chen, G. Z., Fray, D. J. and Farthing, T. W. (2000). Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride. Nature, 407, 361364.Google Scholar
Chevron Australia (2009). The Value of Partnership. Corporate Responsibility Report. Chevron Australia.Google Scholar
Climate Commission (2013). The Angry Summer. Canberra: Australian Government. Available at: www.coolaustralia.org/the-climate-commissions-angry-summer-report/.Google Scholar
ClimateWorks Australia and DRET (Australian Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism) (2012). Inputs to the Energy Savings Initiative Modelling from the Industrial Energy Efficiency Data Analysis Project. Commonwealth Government of Australia Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism. Available at: www.climateworksaustralia.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/climateworks_esi_ieedap_report_jul2012_small.pdf.Google Scholar
COAG (Council of Australian Governments) Energy Efficiency Exchange, Smith, M. and Pears, A. (2014). Mining and Minerals Processing Sector: Analysis of Climate Change Risk, Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies. An Educational Module: Skills for the Carbon Challenge. Canberra: Australian Department of Industry, Innovation, Climate Change, Science, Research and Tertiary Education (DIICCSRTE) and The Australian National University (ANU).Google Scholar
CRC ORE Ltd (2011). CRC ORE Annual Report 2010–2011: Transforming Resource Extraction. St Lucia: The University of Queensland. Available at: https://issuu.com/melraassina/docs/crc_ore_annual_report_2010-11.Google Scholar
Cullen, J., Milford, R. and Allwood, J. (2010). Options for achieving a 50% cut in industrial carbon emissions by 2050. Environmental Science & Technology, 44, 18881894.Google Scholar
Deng, Y., Cornelissen, S. and Klaus, S. (2011). The Energy Report: 100% Renewable Energy by 2050. World Wildlife Fund (WWF), with Ecofys and the Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA). Available at: https://assets.panda.org/downloads/101223_energy_report_final_print_2.pdf.Google Scholar
Department of Industry, Innovation and Science (2015). Energy in Australia. Canberra: Office of the Chief Economist, Commonwealth Government of Australia.Google Scholar
Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism (n.d.). Analyses of Diesel Use for Mine Haul and Transport Operations. Case study. Energy Efficiency Exchange. Available at: www.energy.gov.au/sites/default/files/analyses_of_diesel_use_for_mine_haul_and_transport_operations.pdf.Google Scholar
Dittrick, P. (2012). Investor groups ask industry to cut methane emissions. Oil & Gas Journal. Available at: www.ogj.com/articles/print/vol-110/issue-6c/general-interest/investor-groups-ask-industry.html.Google Scholar
Ditze, A. and Scharf, C. (2008). Recycling of Magnesium. Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany: Papierflieger Verl.Google Scholar
Douglas, G., Wendling, L., Pleysier, R. and Trefry, M. (2010). Hydrotalcite formation for contaminant removal from ranger mine process water. Mine Water and the Environment, 29, 108115.Google Scholar
DRET (Australian Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism) (2010). Energy Efficiency Opportunities – Energy–Mass Balance: Mining. Australian Government Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism. Available at: www.energy.gov.au/sites/default/files/energy-mass_balance_mining.pdf.Google Scholar
DRET (2011). Energy Efficiency Opportunities: Assessment Handbook. Australian Government Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism. Available at: www.energy.gov.au/publications/energy-efficiency-opportunities-assessment-handbook.Google Scholar
EEC (Energy Efficiency Council) (2016). Australian Energy Efficiency Policy Handbook: Save Energy, Grow the Economy. Energy Efficiency Council. Available at: www.eec.org.au/uploads/Documents/Platofrm%20Documents/Australian%20Energy%20Efficiency%20Policy%20Handbook%20–%20July%202016.pdf.Google Scholar
Eglinton, T., Hinkley, J., Beath, A. and Dell’Amico, M. (2013). Potential applications of concentrated solar thermal technologies in the Australian minerals processing and extractive metallurgical industry. Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 65, 17101720.Google Scholar
Energy Networks Australia, APPEA (Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association), APGA (Australian Pipelines and Gas Association), Gas Energy Australia and GAMAA (Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association of Australia) (2017). Gas Vision 2050: Reliable, Secure Energy and Cost-Effective Carbon Reduction. Energy Networks Australia. Available at: www.energynetworks.com.au/assets/uploads/gasvision2050_march2017.pdf.Google Scholar
Engineers Australia (2016). Mines explore modular and movable solar systems. Engineers Australia. 16 December. Available at: https://portal.engineersaustralia.org.au/news/mines-explore-modular-and-movable-solar-systems.Google Scholar
Equinor (2020). Equinor sets ambition to reduce net carbon intensity by at least 50% by 2050. Equinor. Available at: www.equinor.com/en/news/2020-02-06-climate-roadmap.html.Google Scholar
Eschner, S. and Hodgkinson, J. (2014). The Costs and Benefits of Adapting to Climate and Weather Extremes: Australian Mining Chain Business Examples. Report EP146903. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO).Google Scholar
Evans, S. (2018). Sanjeev Gupta steps up $1.37b renewable energy build near Whyalla steelworks. Australian Financial Review. 15 August. Available at: www.afr.com/companies/energy/sanjeev-gupta-steps-up-137b-renewable-energy-build-near-whyalla-steelworks-20180815-h13zcc.Google Scholar
Evans, and Peck, (2011). Assessment of the Potential for Renewable Energy Projects in the Pilbara. West Perth: Evans and Peck.Google Scholar
FMG (Fortescue Metals Group) (2019). Responsible environmental management. FMGL.com.au. Available at: www.fmgl.com.au/workingresponsibly/environment.Google Scholar
FT (Financial Times) (2016). Total aims to be 20% low-carbon by 2035. Financial Times. Available at: www.ft.com/content/04985ba4-21c8-11e6-aa98-db1e01fabc0c.Google Scholar
Glencore Ulan Coal (n.d.). Bobadeen irrigation scheme. Glencore Ulan Coal. Available at: www.ulancoal.com.au/en/environment/biodiversity/Pages/bobadeen-irrigation-scheme.aspx.Google Scholar
Global CCS Institute and Parsons Brinckerhoff (2011). Accelerating the Uptake of CCS: Industrial Use of Captured Carbon Dioxide. Global CCS Institute and Parsons Brinckerhoff. Available at: www.globalccsinstitute.com/archive/hub/publications/14026/accelerating-uptake-ccs-industrial-use-captured-carbon-dioxide.pdf.Google Scholar
Global Methane Initiative (2011). Oil and Gas Systems Methane: Reducing Emissions, Advancing Recovery and Use. Global Methane Initiative. Available at: www.globalmethane.org/documents/oil-gas_fs_eng.pdf.Google Scholar
Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada (2013). Energy efficiency in mining. Natural Resources Canada. Available at: www.nrcan.gc.ca/mining-materials/mining/green-mining-innovation/energy-efficiency-mining/18312.Google Scholar
Greiner, R., Puig, J., Huchery, C., Collier, N. and Garnett, S. T. (2014). Scenario modelling to support industry planning and decision making. Environmental Modelling & Software, 55, 120131.Google Scholar
Hargroves, K., Gockowiak, K., M’Keague, F. and Desha, C. (2014). An Overview of Energy Efficiency Opportunities in Mining and Metallurgy Engineering. The University of Adelaide and Queensland University of Technology (The Natural Edge Project). Available at: https://cms.qut.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/533065/flatpack8-an-overview-of-energy-efficiency-opportunities-in-mining-and-metallurgy-engineering.pdf.Google Scholar
Hodges, J. (2019). Shell takes 20% stake in Indian solar firm Orb Energy. Bloomberg. 3 October. Available at: www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-02/shell-takes-20-stake-in-indian-solar-firm-orb-energy.Google Scholar
Hodgkinson, J. and Smith, M. (2018). Climate change and sustainability as drivers for the next mining and metals boom: The need for climate-smart mining and recycling. Resources Policy, DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.05.016.Google Scholar
Hodgkinson, J. H. and Grigorescu, M. (2019). Strategic elements in the Fort Cooper Coal Measures: Potential rare earth elements and other multi-product targets. Australian Journal of Earth Science, 67, 305319.Google Scholar
Hodgkinson, J., Littleboy, A., Howden, M., Moffat, K. and Loechel, B. (2010). Climate Adaptation in the Australian Mining and Exploration Industries. Climate Adaptation Flagship Working Paper 5. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Available at: https://research.csiro.au/climate/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2016/03/5_WorkingPaper5_CAF_pdf-Standard.pdf.Google Scholar
Hodgkinson, J., Grigorescu, M. and Alehossein, H. (2013). Preparing a Mine for Both Drought and Flood – Stage 1: A Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity Study. ACARP C21041. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Study Report EP132938. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Available at: https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/download?pid=csiro:EP132938&dsid=DS2.Google Scholar
Hodgkinson, J., Hobday, A. and Pinkard, E. (2014). Climate adaptation in Australia’s resource-extraction industries: Ready or not? Regional Environmental Change, 14, 16631678.Google Scholar
Hower, J. C., Granite, E. J., Mayfield, D. B., Lewis, A. S. and Finkelman, R. B. (2016). Notes on contributions to the science of rare earth element enrichment in coal and coal combustion byproducts. Minerals, 6, 32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ICMM (International Council on Mining and Metals) (2011). Competitiveness Implications for Mining and Metals. InBrief Report. London: International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). Available at: www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/icmm_competitiveness_implications_mining.pdf.Google Scholar
ICMM (2012a). The Role of Minerals and Metals in a Low Carbon Economy. Mining’s Sustainable Development InBrief Report. London: International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). Available at: www.extractiveshub.org/servefile/getFile/id/2872.Google Scholar
ICMM (2012b). Water Management in Mining: A Selection of Case Studies. Climate Change Report. London: International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). Available at: http://icmm.uat.byng.uk.net/website/publications/pdfs/water/water-management-in-mining_case-studies.Google Scholar
ICMM (2013). Options in Recycling Revenues Generated through Carbon Pricing: How 16 Governments Invest Their Carbon Revenues. Climate Change Report. London: International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). Available at: http://icmm.uat.byng.uk.net/en-gb/publications/climate-change/options-in-recycling-revenues-generated-through-carbon-pricing.Google Scholar
IEA (International Energy Agency) (2013). Technology Roadmap: Energy and GHG Reductions in the Chemical Industry via Catalytic Processes. Paris: International Energy Agency. Available at: www.iea.org/reports/technology-roadmap-energy-and-ghg-reductions-in-the-chemical-industry-via-catalytic-processes.Google Scholar
IEA (2017). Renewable Energy for Industry. Paris: International Energy Agency (IEA). Available at: webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2017-renewable-energy-for-industry.Google Scholar
IPIECA (International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association) (2013). Addressing Adaptation in the Oil and Gas Industry. London: IPIECA. Available at: www.ipieca.org/news/addressing-adaptation-in-the-oil-and-gas-industry/.Google Scholar
IPIECA (2015). Natural gas: Into the future (the Paris puzzle). Ipieca.org. 15 April. Available at: www.ipieca.org/resources/fact-sheet/natural-gas-into-the-future-the-paris-puzzle/.Google Scholar
IPIECA-IOGP (2014). IPIECA-IOGP pre-recorded webinars on GHG and energy efficiency. Ipieca.org. Available at: www.ipieca.org/energyefficiency.Google Scholar
IRIN (Integrated Regional Information Networks) (2007). Gas flaring wrecking Delta communities. The New Humanitarian. 12 December. Available at: www.irinnews.org/report/75824/nigeria-gas-flaring-wrecking-delta-communities.Google Scholar
Ivanhoe Mines Ltd (2018). Ivanhoe Mines and Zinjun virtually triple hydroelectric output to support the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Project. Globe Newswire. 8 January. Available at: www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/01/08/1284934/0/en/Ivanhoe-Mines-and-Zijin-virtually-triple-hydroelectric-output-to-support-the-Kamoa-Kakula-Copper-Project.html.Google Scholar
Ker, P. (2012). BHP aims to dump trucks. The Sydney Morning Herald. 1 November. Available at: www.smh.com.au/business/bhp-aims-to-dump-trucks-20121031-28k9h.html#ixzz2k8EjoxUf.Google Scholar
Kirk, T. and Lund, J. (2018). Decarbonisation Pathways for Mines: A Headlamp in the Darkness. Snowmass, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute. Available at: www.rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/RMI_Decarbonization_Pathways_for_Mines_2018.pdf.Google Scholar
Klender, J. (2019). Tesla resumes Gigafactory 1 solar panel installations. Teslarati. 25 October. Available at: www.teslarati.com/tesla-resumes-gigafactory-1-solar-panel-installations/.Google Scholar
Latimer, C. (2018). Climate change and renewables driving new mining boom, mining chief says. The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 October. Available at: www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/climate-change-and-renewables-driving-new-mining-boom-mining-chief-says-20181029-p50cm5.html.Google Scholar
Loechel, B., Hodgkinson, J., Moffat, K., Crimp, S., Littleboy, A. and Howden, M. (2010). Goldfields-Esperance Regional Mining Climate Vulnerability Workshop. Report on workshop outcomes. CSIRO Report EP106666. Pullenvale, Queensland, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Available at: https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/pub?list=BRO&pid=csiro:EP106666.Google Scholar
Loechel, B., Hodgkinson, J. and Moffat, K. (2011). Pilbara Regional Mining Climate Change Adaptation Workshop. Report on workshop outcomes. CSIRO Report EP118134. Canberra: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Available at: https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/download?pid=csiro:EP118134&dsid=DS1.Google Scholar
Loginova, J. and Batterbury, S. P. J. (2019). Incremental, transitional and transformational adaptation to climate change in resource extraction regions. Global Sustainability, 2, 112.Google Scholar
Lord, M. (2020). From Mining to Making: Australia’s Future in Zero-Emissions Metal. Melbourne: Energy Transition Hub, University of Melbourne. Available at: www.energy-transition-hub.org/resource/mining-making-australias-future-zero-emissions-metal.Google Scholar
Lovegrove, K., Edwards, S., Jacobson, N. et al. (2015). Renewable Energy Options for Australian Industrial Gas Users. Background technical report ITP/A0142 rev. 2.0. Canberra: IT Power (Australia) Pty Ltd and ARENA (Australian Renewable Energy Agency). Available at: https://itpau.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ITP_REOptionsForIndustrialGas_TechReport.compressed.pdf.Google Scholar
MAC (Mining Association of Canada) (2016). Mining industry supports carbon price to address climate change. Mining.ca. 13 April. Available at: https://mining.ca/press-releases/mining-industry-supports-carbon-price-address-climate-change/.Google Scholar
Mason, L., Unger, C., Lederwasch, A., Razian, H., Wynne, L. and Giurco, D. (2013). Adapting to Climate Risks and Extreme Weather: A Guide for Mining and Minerals Industry Professionals. Synthesis and Integrative Research Final report. Gold Coast, Australia: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility (NCCARF) and Griffith University.Google Scholar
Mavrommatis, E., Damigos, D. and Mirasgedis, S. (2019). Towards a comprehensive framework for climate change multi-risk assessment in the mining industry. Infrastructures, 4, 38.Google Scholar
McGlade, C. and Ekins, P. (2015). The geographical distribution of fossil fuels unused when limiting global warming to 2 °C. Nature, 517, 187190.Google Scholar
Mining (2014). BHP Billiton CEO: Automation could save the mining sector billions of dollars. Mining Global. 29 April. Available at: www.miningglobal.com/machinery/bhp-billiton-ceo-automation-could-save-mining-sector-billions-dollars.Google Scholar
Mohr, S., Mudd, G. and Giurco, D. (2012). Lithium resources and production: Critical assessment and global projections. Minerals, 2, 6584.Google Scholar
Murphy, B. (2013). Flotation energy consumption and opportunities for improvement. In MetPlant 2013 Conference: Technical Program. Perth, Australia: AusIMM The Minerals Institute.Google Scholar
Nalbandian, H. (2014). Non-Fuel Uses of Coal. CCC/236. International Energy Agency Clean Coal Centre. Available at: www.usea.org/sites/default/files/052014_Non-fuel%20uses%20of%20coal_ccc236.pdf.Google Scholar
National Grid (2016). The future of gas: Supply of renewable gas. National Grid. Available at: https://cadentgas.com/nggdwsdev/media/Downloads/Future%20of%20gas/The-future-of-gas-Feb-16.pdf.Google Scholar
Nelson, J. and Schuchard, R. (n.d.). Adapting to Climate Change: A Guide for the Mining Industry. BSR industry brief. Business for Social Responsibility (BSR). Available at: www.bsr.org/reports/BSR_Climate_Adaptation_Issue_Brief_Mining.pdf.Google Scholar
Norgate, T. and Haque, N. (2010). Energy and greenhouse gas impacts of mining and mineral processing operations. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18, 266274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ossa-Moreno, J., McIntyre, N., Ali, S. et al. (2018). The hydro-economics of mining. Ecological Economics, 145, 368379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinkl, M. (2019). The renewable energy strategies of oil majors: From oil to energy? Energy Strategy Reviews, 26, 100370. Available at: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X19300574.Google Scholar
Pokrajcic, Z. and Morrison, R. (2008). A simulation methodology for the design of eco efficient comminution circuits. In Wang, D., Sun, C., Wang, F., Zhang, L. and Han, L., eds., Proceedings of XXIV International Mineral Processing Congress, Vol. 1, 1st ed. Beijing: XXIV International Mining Processing Congress, pp. 481495. Available at: http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:167383.Google Scholar
PricewaterhouseCoopers (2012). Corporate Income Taxes, Mining Royalties and Other Mining Taxes: A Summary of Rates and Rules in Selected Countries. Global mining industry update. London: PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Available at: www.pwc.com/gx/en/energy-utilities-mining/publications/pdf/pwc-gx-miining-taxes-and-royalties.pdf.Google Scholar
Rathmann, B. and Heuer, U. (2007). Refit of an electric shovel or dragline: A cost saving alternative between frequent repairs and the purchase of a new machine. Paper presented at SME Annual Conference and Expo, Denver, 25–28 February. Available at: https://library.e.abb.com/public/e4d71de93711bdcac12576730045d8eb/SME%202007%20REFIT%20OF%20AN%20ELECTRIC%20SHOVEL.pdf.Google Scholar
Regnan (2015). Unconventional Oil and Gas Best Practice ESG Risk Management Principles and Recommendations 1.0. Sydney: Regnan. Available at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a29d7422278e7032800bc21/t/5a5c37ef9140b796c4fb85ab/1515993080089/UnconventionalGas_PrinciplesAndRecommendations_v1_2015Nov18.pdf.Google Scholar
REM (Renewable Energy Magazine) (2012). Mining industry ramps up investments in renewables. Renewable Energy Magazine. 18 May. Available at: www.renewableenergymagazine.com/article/mining-industry-ramps-up-investments-in-renewables.Google Scholar
Reuters (2019). Sustainability the new battleground for aluminium producers: Andy Home. Reuters. 22 October. Available at: www.reuters.com/article/us-metals-aluminium-ahome-column/sustainability-the-new-battleground-for-aluminum-producers-andy-home-idUSKBN1X11E5.Google Scholar
RMI (Rocky Mountain Institute) (2017). Sunshine for Mines: A Second Life for Legacy Mining Sites. Insight brief. Snowmass, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute. Available at: https://d231jw5ce53gcq.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/RMI_SecondLifeLegacyMiningSites.pdf.Google Scholar
Scott, M. (2014). Transforming resource extraction and its evaluation. Paper presented at the Forum for Doubling Energy Productivity, CRC for Optimisation of Resource Extraction, 3–4 April. Available at: https://na.eventscloud.com/file_uploads/38fca418268d339710dd371a25d7a1ea_Scott_Michael.pdf.Google Scholar
Smith, M. (2013a). Assessing Climate Change Risks and Opportunities: Mining and Minerals Processing Sector. Canberra: The Investor Group on Climate Change (IGCC) and The Australian National University (ANU).Google Scholar
Smith, M. (2013b). Assessing Climate Change Risks and Opportunities for Investors: Oil and Gas Sector. Canberra: The Investor Group on Climate Change (IGCC) and The Australian National University (ANU).Google Scholar
Smith, M. (2013c). Mining and Mineral Processing Sector: Climate Change Risk and Opportunity Assessment. An Educational Module to Help Identify and Implement Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Opportunities. Skills for the Carbon Challenge. Canberra: Department of Industry, Innovation, Climate Change, Science, Research and Tertiary Education (DIICCSRTE) and The Australian National University (ANU).Google Scholar
Speirs, J., Gross, R., Contestabile, M., Candelise, C., Houari, Y. and Gross, B. (2014). Materials Availability for Low Carbon Technologies: An Assessment of the Evidence. Report by the UK Energy Research Centre Technology & Policy Assessment Function. Available at: https://d2e1qxpsswcpgz.cloudfront.net/uploads/2020/03/materials-availability-for-low-carbon-technologies.pdf.Google Scholar
Stadler, A, Jutsen, J., Musa, F. and Smith, M. (2015). Doubling Australia’s Energy Productivity by 2030: Re-energising the Mining Sector to Improve Its Competitiveness. Consultation draft version 1.3. Sydney: Australian Alliance to Save Energy. Available at: www.researchgate.net/publication/304909452_Doubling_Energy_Productivity_by_2030_-_Re-Energising_the_Mining_Sector_to_Improve_Its_Competitiveness_-_Full_Report.Google Scholar
The Treasury (Australia) (2012). The Role of Sovereign Wealth Funds in Managing Resource Booms: A Comparison of Australia and Norway. Macroeconomic Group, Australian Government. Available at: https://treasury.gov.au/speech/the-role-of-sovereign-wealth-funds-in-managing-resource-booms-a-comparison-of-australia-and-norway.Google Scholar
Thomsen, D. C., Keys, N., Treichel, P., Connor, S., Bygrave, S. and Smith, T. (2016). Climate Adaptation: Lessons from NGOs: Turning Challenges into Successes and Sharing Lessons. National Adaptation Network Social, Economic and Institutional Dimensions Briefing document. Gold Coast, Australia: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility.Google Scholar
Topp, V., Soames, L., Parham, D. and Bloch, H. (2008). Productivity in the Mining Industry: Measurement and Interpretation. Productivity Commission Staff Working Paper. Canberra: Australian government Productivity Commission. Available at: www.pc.gov.au/research/supporting/mining-productivity/mining-productivity.pdf.Google Scholar
Tudeshki, H. H. (2009). Round table at Hannover Messe 2009: Climate-friendly and energy-efficient raw material extraction. AMS Online, 03/2009, 3134.Google Scholar
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (2018). Extracting Good Practices: A Guide for Governments and Partners to Integrate Environment and Human Rights into the Governance of the Mining Sector. New York: United Nations Development Programme. Available at: www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Sustainable%20Development/Environmental-Governance-Project/Extracting_Good_Practices_Report.pdf.Google Scholar
UNDP and UN Environment (2018). Managing Mining for Sustainable Development: A Sourcebook. Bangkok: United Nations Development Programme.Google Scholar
UNEP (UN Environment Programme) (2011). Recycling Rates of Metals: A Status Report. A report of the Working Group on Global Metal Flows to the International Resource Panel. Paris: UN Environment Programme (UNEP). Available at: http://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8702.Google Scholar
UNEP (2013). Metal Recycling: Opportunities, Limits, Infrastructure. A report of the Working Group on the Global Metal Flows to the International Resource Panel. Paris: UN Environment Programme (UNEP). Available at: http://apps.unep.org/piwik/download.php?file=/publications/pmtdocuments/-Metal%20Recycling%20Opportunities,%20Limits,%20Infrastructure-2013Metal_recycling.pdf.Google Scholar
UNEP (2020). Mineral Resource Governance in the 21st Century: Gearing Extractive Industries Towards Sustainable Development. A Report by the International Resource Panel. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. Available at: www.resourcepanel.org/reports/mineral-resource-governance-21st-century.Google Scholar
Vale (2013). Carajás S11D Iron Project: A New Impetus to Brazil’s Sustainable Development. Rio de Janeiro: Vale. Available at: www.vale.com/EN/initiatives/innovation/s11d/Documents/book-s11d-2013-en.pdf.Google Scholar
VCL (Virtual Curtain Limited) (n.d.). Virtual Curtain Limited. Available at: www.virtualcurtain.com.au/.Google Scholar
Vella, H. (2013). Maximising underground efficiency with energy conscious mining machines. Mining Technology. 18 August. Available at: www.mining-technology.com/features/feature-underground-efficiency-energy-conscious-mining-machines/.Google Scholar
Verrender, I. (2012). Resources tax: What you may not know …. The Sydney Morning Herald. 20 March.Google Scholar
Vidal, O., Goffé, B. and Arndt, N. (2013). Metals for a low-carbon society. Nature Geoscience, 6, 894896.Google Scholar
Whillier, A. (1977). Recovery of energy from the water going down mine shafts. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, April, 183200. Available at: www.saimm.co.za/Journal/v077n09p183.pdf.Google Scholar
Wilburn, D. R. (2012). Byproduct Metals and Rare-Earth Elements Used in the Production of Light-Emitting Diodes: Overview of Principal Sources of Supply and Material Requirements for Selected Markets. US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5215. US Geological Survey. Available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5215/.Google Scholar
World Bank (2017). The Growing Role of Minerals and Metals for a Low Carbon Future. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and The World Bank. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/207371500386458722/The-Growing-Role-of-Minerals-and-Metals-for-a-Low-Carbon-Future.Google Scholar
World Bank and Queensland Reconstruction Authority (2011). Queensland Recovery and Reconstruction in the Aftermath of the 2010/2011 Flood Events and Cyclone Yasi. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/842511468220781111/Queensland-recovery-and-reconstruction-in-the-aftermath-of-the-2010-2011-flood-events-and-cyclone-Yasi.Google Scholar
Worrell, E. and Galitsky, C. (2005). Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for Petroleum Refineries. Berkeley, CA: Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California.Google Scholar
Worrell, E., Bernstein, L., Roy, J., Price, L. and Hamisch, J. (2009). Industrial energy efficiency and climate change mitigation. Energy Efficiency, 2, 109123.Google Scholar
Wu, Y., Ma, Y., Wang, Y. et al. (2013). Efficient and large scale synthesis of graphene from coal and its film electrical properties studies. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 13, 929932. Available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23646544.Google Scholar
Ye, R., Xiang, C., Lin, J. et al. (2013). Coal as an abundant source of graphene dots. Nature Communications, 4, 2943.Google Scholar
Zhou, L. (2015). Creating plastic from greenhouse gas. Smithsonian Magazine. 1 May. Available at: www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/creating-plastic-from-greenhouse-gases-180954540/.Google Scholar
Zhao, L., Dai, S., Nechaev, V. P. et al. (2019). Enrichment of critical elements (Nb–Ta–Zr–Ft–REE) within coal and host rocks from the Datanhao mine, Daqingshan Coalfield, Northern China. Ore Geology Reviews, 111, 102951. Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×