Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T11:31:44.290Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 10 - Second-generation Afghan Immigrants Navigating Racial and Ethnic Identities in College

from Part II - Experiences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2024

Blake R. Silver
Affiliation:
George Mason University
Graziella Pagliarulo McCarron
Affiliation:
George Mason University
Get access

Summary

The children of Afghan refugees provide important insight into the way that universities can be crucial sites of racial formation. This chapter explores how second-generation Afghan American college students navigate their racial and ethnic identities and build community on a college campus. The results are drawn from a qualitative study conducted at George Mason University, located in Northern Virginia, which is home to one of the largest Afghan diaspora populations in the country. Findings revealed the disparate impact that the withdrawal of the US military and subsequent arrival of tens of thousands of Afghan refugees into the United States had on students, the role of family and collectivist culture in their decision-making, how ethnic student organizations were a method of ethnic preservation and co-ethnic support, and how attending a university with a large Afghan student population exposed internal conflicts within the community. This chapter provides important insight for universities aiming to create inclusive environments and support the diverse experiences of second-generation immigrants, Muslim, and Afghan American students.

Type
Chapter
Information
Supporting College Students of Immigrant Origin
New Insights from Research, Policy, and Practice
, pp. 200 - 222
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alemi, Q., James, S., Cruz, R., Zepeda, V., & Racadio, M. (2013). Psychological distress in Afghan refugees: A mixed-method systematic review. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 16(6), 12471261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-013-9861-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ali, A. I. (2014). A threat enfleshed: Muslim college students situate their identities amidst portrayals of Muslim violence and terror. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 27(10), 12431261. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2013.820860CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baden, J. (2018). Through disconnection and revival: Afghan American relations with Afghanistan, 1890–2016 [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Case Western Reserve University. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1530504934458712Google Scholar
Baker, C. N. (2008). Under-represented college students and extracurricular involvement: The effects of various student organizations on academic performance. Social Psychology of Education, 11(3), 273298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-007-9050-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barajas, H. L., & Pierce, J. L. (2001). The significance of race and gender in school success among Latinas and Latinos in college. Gender & Society, 15(6), 859878. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124301015006005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 534. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.xGoogle Scholar
Bowman, N. A., Park, J. J., & Denson, N. (2015). Student involvement in ethnic student organizations: Examining civic outcomes 6 years after graduation. Research in Higher Education, 56(2), 127145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-014-9353-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borjas, G. J. (1999). The economic analysis of immigration. Handbook of Labor Economics, 3, 16971760. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4463(99)03009-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, S. E., & Stevens, M. C. (2019). Is immigration a culture? A qualitative approach to exploring immigrant student experiences within the United States. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 5(1), 1728. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooms, D. R., Clark, J., & Smith, M. (2018). Empowering men of color on campus: Building student community in higher education. Rutgers University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown University Cost of War Project (2022). By the numbers: Afghanistan before and after 20 years of war (2001–2021). https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/Afghanistanbeforeandafter20yearsofwarGoogle Scholar
Cainkar, L. (2018). Fluid terror threat: A genealogy of the racialization of Arab, Muslim, and South Asian Americans. Amerasia Journal, 44(1), 2759. https://doi.org/10.17953/aj.44.1.27-59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cainkar, L., & Selod, S. (2018). Review of race scholarship and the War on Terror. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 4(2), 165177. https://doi.org/10.1177/23326492187628CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carspecken, P. F. (1996). Critical ethnography in educational research: A theoretical and practical guide. Routledge.Google Scholar
CBS News. (2021, February 10). Several Virginia colleges ranked for diversity. www.cbs19news.com/story/43323578/several-virginia-colleges-ranked-for-diversityGoogle Scholar
Council on American-Islamic Relations (2019). Singled out: Islamophobia in the classroom and the impact of discrimination on Muslim students. https://ca.cair.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2019-Bullying-Report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (1st ed., pp. 132). Sage.Google Scholar
Evans, N. J., Forney, D. S., & Guido-Britto, F. (1998). Student development in college: Theory, research and practice. Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Foner, N., & Dreby, J. (2011). Relations between the generations in immigrant families. Annual Review of Sociology, 37(1), 545564. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081309-150030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, G. A. (2016). Complicating a Latina/o-serving identity at a Hispanic serving institution. The Review of Higher Education, 40(1), 117143. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2016.0040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George Mason University (2022). Afghan Student Union. Retrieved November 20, 2022, from https://mason360.gmu.edu/asu/home/Google Scholar
George Mason University (2023). Diversity at Mason. Retrieved February 3, 2023, from www.gmu.edu/about-mason/diversity-masonGoogle Scholar
George Mason University Office of Institutional Effectiveness & Planning (2023). Mason Facts and Figures 2022-2023. Retrieved July 26, 2023 from https://oiep.gmu.edu/resources/fast-facts/mason-facts-and-figures-2022-2023/#studGoogle Scholar
Ghaffar-Kucher, A. (2015). Writing culture; inscribing lives: A reflective treatise on the burden of representation in native research. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 28(10), 11861202. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2014.974720CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glass, C. R., Heng, T. T., & Hou, M. (2022). Intersections of identity and status in international students’ perceptions of culturally engaging campus environments. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 89, 1929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.05.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez, E., Ortega, G., Molina, M., & Lizalde, G. (2020). What does it mean to be a Hispanic- serving institution? Listening to the Latina/o/x voices of students. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 33(8), 796809. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2020.1751896CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham-Harrison, E., & Harding, L. (2021, August 15). The fall of Kabul: A 20-year mission collapses in a single day. The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/15/the-fall-of-kabul-a-20-year-mission-collapses-in-a-single-dayGoogle Scholar
Guiffrida, D. A. (2003). African American student organizations as agents of social integration. Journal of College Student Development, 44(3), 304319. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2003.0024CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, S. R., Byars, L. F., & Jelke, T. B. (2005). How membership affects college adjustment and African American undergraduate student outcomes. In Brown, T. L., Parks, G. S., & Phillips, C. M. (Eds.), African American fraternities and sororities: The legacy and the vision (pp. 393416). University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar
Harper, S. R., & Quaye, S. J. (2007). Student organizations as venues for Black identity expression and development among African American male student leaders. Journal of College Student Development, 48(2), 127144. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2007.0012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatch, J. A. (2002). Doing qualitative research in education settings. State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. (2005). Blood-stained hands: Past atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan’s legacy of impunity. www.hrw.org/report/2005/07/06/blood-stained-hands/past-atrocities-kabul-and-afghanistans-legacy-impunityGoogle Scholar
Institute for Immigration Research (2019). Afghan immigrants to the United States. Fairfax: George Mason University. https://d101vc9winf8ln.cloudfront.net/documents/41149/original/Foreign_born_from_Afghanistan_iDod_Fact_Sheet2.pdf?1632941730Google Scholar
Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. (2010). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
Jones, S. R., & Abes, E. S. (2013). Identity development of college students: Advancing frameworks for multiple dimensions of identity. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Kim, D. Y. (2013). Second-generation Korean Americans: The struggle for full inclusion. LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC.Google Scholar
Lipson, J. G., & Miller, S. (1994). Changing roles of Afghan refugee women in the United States. Health Care for Women International, 15(3), 171180. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339409516110CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipson, J. G., & Omidian, P. A. (1997). Afghan refugee issues in the U.S. social environment. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 19(1), 110126. https://doi.org/10.1177/019394599701900108CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Mobasher, M. M. (2012). Iranians in Texas: Migration, politics, and ethnic identity. University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Montoya-Galvez, C. (2023, February 16). Tens of thousands of Afghans in U.S. could lose deportation protections unless congress acts. CBS News. www.cbsnews.com/news/afghan-adjustment-act-evacuees-parole-legal-status-deportation-protections/Google Scholar
Museus, S. D. (2008). The role of ethnic student organizations in fostering African American and Asian American students’ cultural adjustment and membership at predominantly White institutions. Journal of College Student Development, 49(6), 568586. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0039CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Museus, S. D. (2014). The Culturally Engaging Campus Environments (CECE) Model: A new theory of college success among racially diverse student populations. In Paulsen, M. B. (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (pp. 189227). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Museus, S. D., Yi, V., & Saelua, N. (2018). How culturally engaging campus environments influence sense of belonging in college: An examination of differences between White students and students of color. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 11(4), 467483. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000069CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narayan, K. (1993). How native is a “native” anthropologist? American Anthropologist, 95(3), 671686. www.jstor.org/stable/679656CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nojan, S. (2022). Racialized hauntings: Examining Afghan Americans’ hyper(in)visibility amidst anti-Muslim ethnoracism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(7), 13471370. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1931391CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oeppen, C. (2011). Afghan Immigrants. In Bayor, R. H. (Ed.), Multicultural America: An encyclopedia of the newest Americans. Greenwood.Google Scholar
Omidian, P. A., & Lipson, J. G. (1996). Ethnic coalitions and public health: Delights and dilemmas with the Afghan health education project in Northern California. Human Organization, 55(3), 355360. www.jstor.org/stable/44126868CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patton, L. D., Renn, K. A., Guido-DiBrito, F., & Quaye, S. J. (2016). Student development in college: Theory, research, and practice (3rd ed.). Jossey-Bass & Pfeiffer.Google Scholar
Poon, O. (2014). “The land of opportunity doesn’t apply to everyone”: The immigrant experience, race, and Asian American career choices. Journal of College Student Development, 55(6), 499514. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2014.0056CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2014). Legacies: The story of the immigrant second generation. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rana, J. A. (2011). Terrifying Muslims: Race and labor in the South Asian diaspora. Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Rodgers, R. F. (1990). Recent theories and research underlying student development. In Creamer, D.G. (Ed.), College student development: Theory and practice for the 1990’s (pp. 2779). American College Personnel Association.Google Scholar
Selod, S., & Embrick, D. G. (2013). Racialization and Muslims: Situating the Muslim experience in race scholarship. Sociology Compass, 7(8), 644655. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12057CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senzai, F., & Bazian, H. (2013). The Bay Area Muslim study: Establishing identity and community. Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. www.ispu.org/the-bay-area-muslim-study-establishing-identity-and-community/Google Scholar
Shivaram, D. (2022, February 25). The next challenge for Afghan refugees is finding affordable housing and jobs. NPR. www.npr.org/2022/02/25/1083029733/afghan-refugees-resettlement-housing-jobsGoogle Scholar
Silver, B. R., Kalaivanan, T., Krietzberg, L., & Hawkins, J. (2020). Distance, alignment, and boundaries: How second-generation immigrant college seniors negotiate parental involvement. Journal of College Student Development, 61(5), 558573. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2020.0055CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stempel, C., & Alemi, Q. (2018). Economic integration of Afghan refugees in the US, 1980–2015. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/491-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stempel, C., & Alemi, Q. (2021). Challenges to the economic integration of Afghan refugees in the U.S. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(21), 48724892. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1724420CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2015). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (7th ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Tanaka, G. (2002). Higher education’s self-reflexive turn: Toward an intercultural theory of student development. The Journal of Higher Education, 73(2), 263296. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2002.11777143Google Scholar
Teranishi, R., Lok, L., & Nguyen, B. M. D. (2013). iCount: A data quality movement for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in higher education. Educational Testing Service & National Commission on Asian American and Pacific Islander Research in Education. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED573772Google Scholar
Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45(1), 89125. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543045001089CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinto, V. (1993). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Torres, C. (2023, March 12). Afghan refugees challenged in navigating America’s healthcare system. KABB Fox News. https://foxsanantonio.com/newsletter-daily/afghan-refugees-seek-help-for-healthcare-needsGoogle Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism‐collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907924. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2015). Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 10.COM 10.b.1. 10th session of the Intergovernmental Committee, Windhoek, Namibia. https://ich.unesco.org/en/Decisions/10.COM/10.b.1Google Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau (2012). American community survey and Puerto Rico community survey 2012 code list. www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/code_lists/2012_ACS_Code_Lists.pdfGoogle Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau (2018). American community survey and Puerto Rico community survey code list. www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/code_lists/2018_ACS_Code_Lists.pdfGoogle Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau (2023). School enrollment by level of school for the population 3 years and over, 2021 ACS 5-Year Estimates Selected Population Detailed Tables. Data.census.govGoogle Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau. (2020, October 16). About Race. www.census.gov/topics/population/race/about.htmlGoogle Scholar
Zhou, M. (2009). Conflict, coping, and reconciliation: Intergenerational relations in Chinese immigrant families. In Foner, N. (Ed.), Across generations: Immigrant families in America (pp. 2146). New York University Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×