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8 - Atomic Force Microscopy and Detecting a DNA Biomarker of a Few Copies without Amplification

from Part III - Mapping DNA Molecules at the Single-Molecule Level

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2022

By
Sourav Mishra ,
Yoonhee Lee  and
Joon Won Park
Edited by
Krishnarao Appasani  and
Raghu Kiran Appasani
Krishnarao Appasani
Affiliation:
GeneExpression Systems, Inc.
Raghu Kiran Appasani
Affiliation:
Psychiatrist, Neuroscientist, & Mental Health Advocate
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Summary

The term “biomarker,” a portmanteau of “biological marker,” has been defined by Hulka and colleagues (Hulka, 1990) as “cellular, biochemical or molecular alterations that are measurable in biological media such as human tissues, cells, or fluids.” In 1998, the definition was broadened as the National Institutes of Health Biomarkers Definitions Working Group defined a biomarker as “a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention” (Biomarkers Definition Working Group, 2001). In practice, the discovery and quantification of biomarkers require tools and technologies that help us predict and diagnose diseases; understand the cause, progression, and regression of diseases; and understand the outcomes of disease treatments. Different types of biomarkers have been used by generations of epidemiologists, physicians, and scientists to study all sorts of diseases. The importance of biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular diseases, infections, immunological and genetic disorders, and cancers is well known (Hulka, 1990; Perera and Weinstein, 2000).

Type
Chapter
Information
Single-Molecule Science
From Super-Resolution Microscopy to DNA Mapping and Diagnostics
 , pp. 111 - 124
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

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References

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