Index

Paula Kivimaa

doi:10.1017/9781009368155.014

Index

accelerating transitions, 4, 21

actors, 7, 18–27, 29–31, 38, 42–44, 54–57, 60–66, 81–82, 92–93, 98, 100, 102–103, 107, 109–110, 115, 124, 131, 139, 147, 150, 158, 166, 176, 185

administration, 11, 61, 82–83, 101–103, 105, 109, 111, 113–114, 118, 145, 153, 156, 168

administrative, 7, 20, 59–60, 62, 73, 80, 82, 107, 114, 124, 130, 144, 165–166, 168

adverse sovereignty, 137, 139

Arctic, 57, 104, 106, 127, 129, 149, 151

armed conflict, 4, 31, 42, 49

Baltic, 2, 8–9, 46, 49–50, 69–70, 77, 79, 81, 84, 90–91

Baltic connector, 70, 174

Belize, 149

bioenergy, 94, 97, 114

biofuel, 23, 75, 97

Booth, Ken, 6, 29–30, 139

border, 8–9, 40–41, 69, 76, 85–86, 92, 95, 104, 106, 113, 117, 122, 127, 135, 151

Britain, 146, 149–150

Canada, 149

capacity, 1–2, 30–31, 44, 49, 81, 88, 90, 97–98, 102, 123, 125, 130, 132, 143, 152, 154

carbon dioxide, 133, 141, 166

Cherp, Aleh, 7, 25, 36–38

China, 2, 5, 42, 45, 87, 106, 114, 128, 155, 158, 172

citizen energy ownership, prosumer, 1

“Climate and Energy Strategy,” 101, 106, 111, 115–116

climate change, 8, 13, 25–28, 34, 36–37, 40, 47, 50–51, 54, 55, 57, 60, 92, 98–100, 103–104, 115, 117, 128, 131, 139, 149, 151, 156, 159, 161, 166, 185

Climate Change Act, 125, 141, 144–145, 147–148

climate diplomacy, 185

climate policy, 11, 47, 74–75, 85–86, 96, 144, 148

coal, 2, 9, 34, 70, 96, 99–100, 106, 133, 141–142, 144, 175

coalition, 18, 96, 148

co-evolution, 20, 176

comprehensive security, 25, 102–103

conflict, 2, 7, 25, 32, 42, 48, 59, 73, 80–81, 88–89, 114, 166–167, 172

consensus, 65, 79, 87–88, 90, 93, 98, 152, 157, 167, 176, 181, 183

Copenhagen School, 26–27, 32, 169–170

Crimea, 49, 77, 86, 96, 109–110, 129, 181

crisis, 26, 38, 45–47, 70, 83–84, 87, 90–91, 96, 104–105, 108–109, 114–115, 121, 136, 144, 147, 152

critical infrastructure, 84, 135, 137, 171

critical materials, 2, 41, 43, 45, 85, 92, 112, 114, 118, 132, 155, 161–162, 168, 172, 179

critical minerals, 84, 119, 155, 160, 174, 179

“Critical Minerals Strategy,” 149, 155, 167

cultural, 18–20, 22–33, 37, 43, 47, 54, 56, 62, 65, 78–79, 95, 100, 102, 106, 108, 134, 151, 182

cybersecurity, 2, 11, 77–78, 81, 92, 108, 127, 130, 150, 171, 173

dealignment, 20

decarbonization, 2, 4, 7, 36–37, 40–41, 46, 50–51, 76, 80, 82, 85, 87, 93, 97, 111–112, 117, 132, 141, 144–145, 154, 178

defence forces, 77

defence policy, 8, 13, 53, 60, 62, 77–78, 81, 102, 106–107, 111, 117, 127, 141, 149–151, 153, 160, 165–166, 185

defence radar, 9, 118, 166

deinstitutionalization, 66, 134

democracy, 4, 20, 27, 43

Denmark, 2, 38, 49

depoliticization, 28–29, 32, 118, 146, 154, 160, 169, 184

desecuritization, 9, 27–28, 102, 117, 169

destabilization, 24, 33, 52, 63–64, 72, 79, 84–85, 92, 111–112, 132, 138, 158, 175

desynchronization, 46, 72–73, 81, 84, 90–91, 167, 172

digital technologies, 2, 45, 56, 70

diplomacy, 47, 153, 160

discourse, 24, 27, 110, 111, 130, 137–138, 140

disruption, 20, 24, 26, 31, 36–37, 39, 41–43, 47, 49–50, 53, 55, 64, 70, 78, 91, 95, 104, 107, 115, 129, 134, 136, 151

dissonance, 105, 107, 121, 139

Dupont, Claire, 28–29

ecological, 20, 76

economic security, 9, 13, 36, 87, 121, 123, 125, 132–133, 166, 175, 178

economy, 181

Eesti Energia, 73–75, 85, 87–88, 178

electricity

distribution, 1, 18, 41, 107, 126, 146

transmission, 1, 10, 18, 46, 73–74, 81, 91, 107, 120, 123, 125, 130, 146, 178

electrification, 1–3, 9, 13, 42, 44, 98, 112, 118, 123, 125, 172–173, 178, 186

Elering, 73–74, 82, 91, 169

emissions, 36–37, 75, 82, 85, 87, 97, 115, 121, 125–126, 133, 136, 141, 166, 175, 185

empowerment, 21–23, 46

energy crisis, 84, 122, 170, 174, 177

energy democracy, 171

energy dependence, 1, 50, 110

energy diplomacy, 185

energy efficiency, 1, 9, 59, 73, 76, 99, 109, 138, 141, 144–147, 153–154, 156, 186

energy elite, 74, 98, 104

energy independence, 8, 13, 38, 76, 85, 92, 110, 130, 172–173, 175

energy justice, 33, 147, 174

energy policy, 3, 7, 9–12, 29, 32, 35, 38, 40, 47, 49, 51, 57–59, 62, 66, 69, 73–74, 76, 79–81, 87, 92, 94, 96, 99, 101–103, 105–112, 117–118, 121–122, 124–127, 130–132, 137–138, 140–141, 144–148, 151–155, 157, 159–162, 165–166

energy poverty, 38, 147, 154, 160, 162, 173

energy saving, 17, 51, 111

energy security, 7, 11–13, 29, 32, 35–39, 41, 43, 48–50, 75, 83, 85, 92, 100, 108, 111–112, 114–116, 121, 123, 127, 129–130, 133–134, 138, 140, 142, 144, 147, 152–158, 161–162, 167, 174, 186

energy–security nexus, 176, 178–179, 183

energy sovereignty, 137, 140, 179

energy transitions, 3–13, 18, 31, 34, 40, 42, 46, 47, 51, 54, 56, 59, 63, 72, 96, 108, 112, 114, 118, 130, 139, 143, 157, 161, 165, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 177, 178, 184

environment, 6, 19, 21, 23, 25–26, 28–29, 36–38, 47, 54–56, 58, 72, 77, 87, 98, 100–101, 106–107, 133, 135, 148, 153–154, 159

environmental security, 25–26, 38–39, 54

Equinor, 123–126, 131, 138, 178

Estonia, 2–3, 8–11, 13, 40, 66, 69–82, 84–94, 112, 127–129, 131, 135, 138, 165–166, 169, 171–173, 182

Estonian, 172, 176, 178, 181, 183. See Estonia

EU, 3, 8, 28, 43, 49–51, 60, 69, 71, 74, 76–77, 80–81, 85, 87, 90, 104, 106, 110, 122, 124–125, 138, 144, 172

EU Green Deal, 58, 185

Europe, 1–2, 8–9, 35, 45–48, 54, 61, 70, 79–80, 90, 92, 106, 110, 116–117, 121, 123, 125, 131, 133, 135–138, 142, 152, 167, 185

European, 1, 3, 5–6, 8–9, 21, 29, 33, 38, 49–50, 55, 60–61, 69–70, 75, 81, 83, 87, 90, 94, 96, 104, 108, 117, 119, 121, 123–124, 129, 133–134, 136, 138, 144–146, 149, 155, 158, 168

European Commission, 6, 51, 60, 83, 90, 181

European Union. See EU

expectations, 21, 22, 30, 32–33, 63, 65, 114, 128, 162

experiment, 21–23, 41

experimentation, 19, 23–24, 118

far-right, 86, 88, 173

Fennovoima, 110–111

Finland, 2, 3, 8–11, 13, 35, 40, 66, 69–70, 72, 79, 81, 82, 90–91, 93–100, 102–106, 108–119, 122, 128–130, 135, 138, 159, 165–166, 169

Finlandization, 95, 106, 108, 112, 117, 182

Finnish, 10, 25, 49, 70, 73, 96–108, 112, 115–118, 169, 176, 178, 181, 183, 185

fit-and-conform, 23, 175

Floyd, Rita, 6, 25–28, 30

foreign affairs, 10, 73–74, 76, 81, 102, 110, 127–128, 130, 156–157

foreign policy, 47, 49, 105, 127, 149–150, 152, 154, 156, 172

fossil fuels, 1, 9, 32, 41, 44–45, 59, 75, 93, 96, 98, 103, 105, 114, 116, 121, 123, 133, 141, 147, 154, 156, 168

gas, 9, 36–38, 40, 48–50, 65, 70, 72–73, 75, 82–84, 90, 93, 95–97, 99, 106, 111–112, 115–116, 118–126, 128–129, 131–133, 135–136, 138–139, 141–143, 145–147, 149, 151–152, 154, 160, 166, 171

Gazprom, 70

Geels, Frank, 5, 18–22, 24, 32, 52, 54–55, 64–65

geopolitical/geopolitics, 2–3, 5, 7–8, 11–12, 32–36, 38–48, 51, 54, 56–58, 69, 77, 84, 89, 92–93, 98, 103, 105, 106, 108, 110–111, 114, 116–118, 128, 131–132, 134, 139, 152–153, 155–156, 162, 166, 172, 176–177, 183–184

Germany, 2, 5, 47, 49–50, 112, 116–117, 122

Global North, 172, 184

Global South, 172, 184

governance, 6, 23, 30–31, 58, 60, 74, 77, 86, 98, 101, 109, 146

grid communities, 2, 46, 92

hard security, 77, 173, 184

health, 6, 26, 37–38, 107, 162

heating, 1, 9, 71, 75, 97, 100, 107, 115–116, 141, 154

Hoogensen Gjørv, Gunhild, 4, 6, 26–27, 29–30, 33, 77, 161, 170

horizontal coherence, 60, 153

Hungary, 49

hydrocarbon, 2, 7–9, 40–48, 98, 120–122, 132, 138, 160–161, 172, 175

hydrogen, 1, 7, 40, 51, 75, 112, 123, 125–126, 143

hydropower, 9, 38, 42–44, 66, 94, 97, 119–125, 129–135

Ida-Viru County, 79–81, 85–88, 90, 92, 175

incumbent, 21, 23–24, 32, 64, 66, 98, 101, 108

Indigenous, 18, 47

industrial policy, 126

inequality, 25

infrastructure, 8, 33, 35–36, 38, 42, 54, 81, 107, 117, 130, 133, 136, 154, 159

injustice, 24, 33

innovation, 2, 5, 19, 20, 22–23, 33–34, 64–65, 94, 101, 118, 144, 155, 162

innovation policy, 94, 101

insecurity, 30–31, 86, 139, 143, 170–171

institutional change, 48, 57, 81, 93

institutionalization, 21, 23, 29

institutionalize, 21, 23, 127

institutions, 4, 19, 42, 47–48, 58, 126, 151

International Energy Agency (IEA), 2, 48, 119, 151, 172

international relations, 6, 25, 41

Iraq, 149

IRENA, 3, 48

Jewell, Jessica, 7, 25, 36, 37, 38

Johnstone, Phil, 3, 5, 17, 24, 31, 32, 33, 35, 40, 47, 144, 145, 153, 159, 169

justice, 2, 4

Just Transition Commission, 143, 148, 155, 171, 175

Just Transition Mechanism, 87, 171, 175

just transitions, 25, 34, 87, 92, 116, 143, 148, 155, 161, 162, 171, 173, 184

Kemp, René, 5, 19, 20, 55

Kenya, 149

landscape, 19–22, 32, 37, 47, 52–57, 62, 79–80, 98, 103–107, 109, 117, 129, 143–144, 151, 165, 181

learning, 8, 21–23, 61, 64–65, 162, 166, 172, 175

liberalization, 48, 50, 144

LNG, 70, 82–84, 93, 96, 111, 117, 167

lock-in, 58, 154

military, 2–3, 5–6, 8, 25, 29, 31–33, 35–37, 39–40, 54–56, 58, 77–79, 89, 104, 105, 112, 127–129, 131, 133–135, 137–138, 140, 143, 149–150, 153, 155–156, 159–160, 166, 168, 173, 176, 184–185

military security, 2–3, 25, 31

Ministry of Defence, 76, 86, 88–90, 92, 102, 127, 149–150, 156, 177

MLP, 19, 20–21, 52–53

National Grid, 146–147, 158, 161

national security, 7–9, 13, 25–27, 31, 34, 60, 62, 69, 77, 81, 84–85, 88–90, 92, 109, 112, 114, 127, 131, 149, 153, 160, 173

National Security Council, 157–158

NATO, 8, 49, 69, 77, 85–86, 108, 127, 129, 149, 151, 153, 166, 173

negative security, 6, 29–33, 52–53, 63, 69, 72, 77, 92, 96, 114, 116–117, 122, 135, 137–139, 143, 158, 161, 165, 170–171

network, 8–10, 18, 21–22, 43, 64, 73, 78, 90–92, 102, 107–108, 116, 120, 123, 126, 134, 141, 146, 156, 172

niche development, 22, 24, 32, 66, 72, 79, 83–84, 96, 111–112, 122, 131, 143, 158, 162

niche expansion, 23, 84, 92–93, 112, 120, 125, 138, 162, 165, 173, 175, 182–183

niche innovations, 5, 20–23, 32, 52, 58, 172

non-military, 25–26, 77, 149

Nord Pool, 2, 46, 90, 138

Nord Stream, 38, 50–51, 70, 111–112, 116, 118, 135, 137–138, 152, 174

Norsk Hydro, 123, 134, 173

Norway, 10–11, 13, 40, 44, 46, 66, 94, 97, 119–140, 143, 165–166, 169

Norwegian, 9, 65, 119–128, 130–138, 140, 142, 171, 178

nuclear power, 3, 9, 72, 94, 97, 99, 110–112, 117, 129, 147, 152–153, 155, 158–160, 162, 169, 176

OECD, 6, 60, 75

offshore wind, 65, 72, 73, 81, 88, 97, 113, 125, 131, 140, 158, 160, 175

Ofgem, 145, 178

oil, 8–9, 13, 32–33, 35–36, 40–41, 44, 48–49, 55, 57, 65–66, 69–76, 79–88, 90–93, 96–97, 99, 106, 114, 119–126, 128–133, 135–136, 138–139, 141–143, 149, 153, 160

oil shale, 8, 13, 66, 69–76, 79–88, 90–93, 166, 167, 171–172, 178

Olkiluoto 3, 3, 97

OPEC, 48, 119

organizational, 8, 18, 61, 127, 144, 157

parliament, 9–11, 49, 127, 145, 149

parliamentary, 58, 61, 77, 109–110, 145, 149

peace, 4, 6–7, 30, 33–34

peacebuilding. See peace

peat, 9, 66, 94, 96, 100, 111, 112, 114–117, 166, 171, 175

phaseout, 8, 24, 64, 66, 72, 84, 86–87, 92, 95, 115, 122–123, 141, 157, 160, 166, 171–172, 175, 182

Poland, 2, 5, 49–50, 90–91

policy coherence, 5, 7, 12, 21, 49, 51–53, 58–62, 72, 81, 96, 109, 122, 129, 143, 157, 160, 165, 168, 185

policy domains, 7, 13, 59–62, 80–81, 107, 149, 166, 168, 170

policy incoherence, 7, 60, 62, 87, 107, 117, 168, 183

policy instruments, 107, 153, 162

policy integration, 5, 7–8, 58, 60–61, 107, 109, 155, 160, 165–166, 168

policy measures, 29, 62, 80

policy mix(es), 20, 58–59

policy objective, 7, 59–62, 80, 89, 168

policy processes, 59, 80, 157

political, 3, 6, 17–20, 26–29, 31, 34–37, 40, 46, 49, 54, 56–59, 61–62, 65–66, 74, 79, 82–85, 87–88, 90, 92–93, 97–98, 100–102, 105, 108–110, 112, 115, 117, 125, 131–133, 137–138, 140, 146–148, 150–152, 154, 157, 160, 162

political incoherence, 183

politicization, 28, 140, 165, 169–170

politicize, 28, 83, 124, 130, 137

politics, 6–7, 10, 19, 27–28, 32, 34, 40, 44, 48, 77, 86, 93, 105–106, 171

pollution, 17, 34, 36, 37

populism, 34, 46, 54

populist, 34, 46, 77, 86, 171

positive security, 4, 6, 27, 30–33, 46, 92, 102, 114, 116–118, 122, 132, 136–137, 139–140, 161–162, 165, 170–172, 175

power, 18, 29, 31, 39–41, 44, 46, 64, 91, 98, 145–146

Power Pool, 100, 107, 166, 179

practices, 17, 19, 23, 28–31, 47, 58, 62, 65, 75, 109, 140

rare earths, 2

Raven, Rob, 21–23

reconfiguration, 17, 21, 24, 84, 112, 182

referent object, 25–26, 55, 116, 183

regime decline, 23, 63–64, 66, 134, 139, 165, 172, 175, 182–183

regulation, 37, 88, 135, 148

renewable energy, 1–4, 7, 9, 12–13, 32, 35, 38, 40–49, 56, 59, 60, 71–76, 79, 83–84, 88, 91–93, 96, 100, 108, 112, 120, 122–124, 126, 134, 137, 141, 143–144, 146–147, 152, 154–155, 158, 168, 171, 173–174, 177–179, 181, 186

replication, 23

RePower EU, 51, 83

resilience, 31, 37, 102, 171, 174, 184–185

reskilling, 143, 158

resource colonialism, 172

restabilization, 182

Rip, Arie, 5, 19–20, 55

Roe, Paul, 4, 6, 29–31

Romania, 49

Rosatom, 3, 105, 110

rules, 7, 19, 23–24, 33, 46–47, 56, 74

Russia, 1, 3, 5, 8–9, 11, 21, 33, 40, 46, 48–51, 54–55, 57, 69–70, 72, 76–82, 84–88, 90–96, 98–99, 102–119, 121, 122, 127–129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 143–144, 149–153, 155, 157, 161–162, 166, 170

safety, 6, 26, 30, 97, 107, 122, 134, 151, 155, 158

Schot, Johan, 18–22, 32, 34, 55

Scotland, 2, 3, 8–11, 13, 66, 141–143, 145–148, 150–152, 157–158, 160, 162, 165–166, 171, 175

Scottish, 9, 143, 145–148, 151–153, 155, 157–158, 159–161

securitization, 4, 26–29, 32, 53, 62, 96, 111, 122, 138, 140, 143, 165, 169–170

security, climate, 2, 62, 103, 132, 139, 154, 156, 161

security, human, 2, 25–26, 30, 38, 54, 172

security of supply, 2, 13, 43, 45, 48, 50, 54–56, 58, 73, 81, 87–88, 90, 100, 102, 108–110, 115–116, 118, 120, 129, 136, 146, 154, 158, 165, 167, 174, 177, 179

security policy, 11, 13, 29, 32, 45, 47, 50, 59, 60, 62, 76–77, 80, 93, 102–103, 105, 107, 116, 127, 130–131, 135, 149–150, 155, 165

security studies, 3, 5–7, 12, 18, 25–29, 32, 36–37, 55, 138, 169–170, 183–184

social justice, 6, 18, 30, 173

sociotechnical, 5, 17–21, 23–24, 32–33, 52, 54, 56, 175, 182

soft security, 184

solar, 23, 42–44, 51, 66, 71, 75, 83, 92, 131, 134, 147

Sovereign Wealth Fund, 171, 175

Soviet Union, 69, 102, 105, 110, 169, 182

stability, 13, 30–31, 34, 40–41, 52, 56, 81, 106, 112, 133, 138, 153

state, 8, 18, 25–26, 30–35, 38, 40–41, 46, 55, 58, 69, 73–75, 77, 79, 82, 106, 110, 114, 115, 122–124, 127, 129, 132, 136, 145, 149–150, 152

stockpiling, 36, 84, 112, 167–168, 171

stretch-and-transform, 23, 175

sustainability transitions, 3–6, 12–13, 17–21, 24–26, 31, 33–34, 37, 41, 47, 52, 54–56, 58, 63, 82, 118

Sweden, 2, 38, 90–91, 94, 97, 112, 119, 122

synergy, 7, 59–60, 62, 80, 83, 87, 107, 109, 131, 167

Szulecki, Kacper, 3, 7, 27, 29, 34, 37–38, 46, 49, 53, 62, 131

technological change, 19, 22, 42

technology, 6, 22–23, 33–34, 37, 41–43, 63, 81, 89, 125–126, 143, 149

tensions, 24, 33, 42, 44–46, 62, 78, 86, 135

territorial, 6, 70, 96, 102, 116, 122

terrorist, 3, 36, 39, 127, 130, 133, 158, 166, 174, 184

threats, 6, 13, 25–30, 32, 36, 58, 77, 78, 92, 104, 106

total security, 107

transformation, 20–21, 33, 44

transition pathways, 13, 20

transport, 1, 9, 17, 23, 32, 72, 97, 99, 123, 129, 151, 159

UK, 2, 8–9, 72, 122, 141, 144

Ukraine, 1, 3, 21, 33, 40, 48–50, 54–55, 70, 77, 80, 90, 93–95, 104–106, 110, 114–115, 121, 126, 135, 137, 144, 151–152, 155, 170, 181

UN, 26, 127, 129

US, 5, 34, 51, 72, 85, 111, 117, 119, 149

unlearning, 64–65, 168

upscaling, 23

Wæever, Ole, 27

wellbeing, 6, 25, 30, 38, 58, 86, 92, 107

Willrich, Mason, 36

wind power, 2, 8–9, 22, 33, 38, 44, 66, 71–72, 80–82, 84, 88–90, 92–93, 96–97, 111–114, 117–118, 120, 123, 125, 131, 134–140, 143, 147, 158, 160, 162, 166, 173, 175

world wars, 5, 32–35, 40

World War II, 32, 34, 96, 182

zero-carbon, 2–4, 8, 11–12, 54, 56, 62, 69, 81, 84–85, 88–89, 91–93, 111, 115, 121, 124, 130, 145–146, 160, 166–167, 175, 178, 185

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