Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T13:21:34.540Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Therapists’ Cultural Self-Awareness

from Part II - Therapy Contexts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 June 2023

Donna Baptiste
Affiliation:
Northwestern University, Illinois
Adia Gooden
Affiliation:
Unconditionally Worthy, Co.
Get access

Summary

This chapter guides therapists to examine their social and cultural identities and their power and privilege as an essential part of becoming culturally competent therapists. This chapter emphasizes the importance of therapist cultural self-awareness as the basis for creating meaningful relationships with clients of all social and cultural backgrounds. We suggest concrete strategies to respect and validate the social identities of the self and clients to demonstrate comfort and readiness to work.

Type
Chapter
Information
Promoting Black Women's Mental Health
What Practitioners Should Know and Do
, pp. 133 - 162
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Books

Adams, M. E., Bell, L. A. E., & Griffin, P. E. (2016). Teaching for diversity and social justice. Routledge.Google Scholar
Adams, M., Blumenfeld, W. J., Chase, D., Catalano, J., Dejong, K., Hackman, H. W., Hopkins, L. E., Love, B., Peters, M. L., Shlasko, D., & Zuniga, X. (Eds.). (2018). Readings for diversity and social justice (4th ed.). Routledge.Google Scholar
Cooper, B. (2018). Eloquent rage: A Black feminist discovers her superpower. St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
DiAngelo, R. (2013). What does it mean to be white? Developing white racial literacy (rev. ed.). Peter Lang International Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
DiAngelo, R. (2018). White fragility: Why it’s so hard for white people to talk about racism. Beacon Press.Google Scholar
DiAngelo, R. (2021). Nice racism: How progressive white people perpetuate racial harm. Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Emerson, M. O., & Smith, C. (2001). Divided by faith: Evangelical religion and the problem of race in America. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Helms, J. E. (2020). A race is a nice thing to have: A guide to being a white person or understanding the white persons in your life. Cognella.Google Scholar
Hook, J. N., Davis, D., Owen, J., & DeBlaere, C. (2017). Exploring your cultural identity. In Cultural humility: Engaging diverse identities in therapy (pp. 4364). American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Irving, D. (2016). Waking up white: And finding myself in the story of race. Author’s Republic.Google Scholar
Kendi, I. X. (2016). Stamped from the beginning: the definitive history of racist ideas in America. Nation Books.Google Scholar
Singh, A. A. (2019). The racial healing handbook: Practical activities to help you challenge privilege, confront systemic racism, and engage in collective healing. New Harbinger Publications.Google Scholar
Tatum, B. D. (2000). The complexity of identity: “Who am I?” In Adams, M., Blumenfeld, W. J., Castañeda, R., Hackman, H. W., Peters, M. L., & Zuniga, X.. (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice (pp. 914). Routledge.Google Scholar
Tatum, B. D. (2019). In living color: Reflections on race, racialization, and identity. Equity & Excellence in Education, 52(1), 8992.Google Scholar

Blogs, Websites, and Poetry

Academics for Black Survival and Wellness. (n.d.). https://www.academics4blacklives.comGoogle Scholar
Lorde, A. (2020). Sister outsider: Essays and speeches. Penguin Classics.Google Scholar
Stovall, N. (2019, August 12). Whiteness on the couch. https://longreads.com/2019/08/12/whiteness-on-the-couchGoogle Scholar
The National SEED (Seeking Educational Equity and Diversity) Project. (n.d.). https://nationalseedproject.org/Google Scholar

References

Adams, M., Blumenfeld, W., Castaneda, C., Hackman, H. W., Peters, M. L., & Zúñiga, X. (Eds.). (2013). Readings for diversity and social justice (3rd ed.). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
American Counseling Association. (2014). ACA code of ethics. https://www.counseling.org/resources/aca-code-of-ethics.pdfGoogle Scholar
American Psychological Association. (2017). Multicultural guidelines: An ecological approach to context, identity, and intersectionality. https://www.apa.org/about/policy/multicultural-guidelines.pdfGoogle Scholar
Baumann, E. F., Ryu, D., & Harney, P. (2020). Listening to identity: Transference, countertransference, and therapist disclosure in psychotherapy with sexual and gender minority clients. Practice Innovations, 5(3), 246256. https://doi.org/10.1037/pri0000132Google Scholar
Boyd-Franklin, N. (2010). Incorporating spirituality and religion into the treatment of African American clients. The Counseling Psychologist, 38(7), 9761000.Google Scholar
Branco, S. F., & Jones, C. T. (2021). Supporting Black, Indigenous, and People of Color counselors: Considerations for counselor skills training and practice. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 43(4), 281300. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.43.4.01Google Scholar
Burch, K. S. (2018). A qualitative study of African American mental health professionals: Exploring rewards and opportunities of same-race counseling relationships (Publication No. 10932027) [Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology]. ProQuest.Google Scholar
Cabral, R. R., & Smith, T. B. (2011). Racial/ethnic matching of clients and therapists in mental health services: a meta-analytic review of preferences, perceptions, and outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 537554. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025266Google Scholar
Cambridge International Dictionary of English. (1996). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cardemil, E. V., & Battle, C. L. (2003). Guess who’s coming to therapy? Getting comfortable with conversations about race and ethnicity in psychotherapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(3), 278286.Google Scholar
Chang, D. F., & Yoon, P. (2011). Ethnic minority clients’ perceptions of the significance of race in cross-racial therapy relationships. Psychotherapy Research, 21(5), 567582.Google Scholar
Constantine, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions against African American clients in cross-racial counseling relationships. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 116. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.1Google Scholar
Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., Brubaker, K., Owen, J., Jordan, T. A., Hook, J. N., & Van Tongeren, D. R. (2016). Microaggressions and perceptions of cultural humility in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 94(4), 483493. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12107Google Scholar
Davis, L. E., & Gelsomino, J. (1994). An assessment of practitioner cross-racial treatment experiences. Social Work, 39(1), 116123.Google Scholar
Day‐Vines, N. L., Cluxton‐Keller, F., Agorsor, C., & Gubara, S. (2021). Strategies for Broaching the Subjects of Race, Ethnicity, and Culture. Journal of Counseling and Development, 99(3), 348357. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12380Google Scholar
Day‐Vines, N. L., Cluxton‐Keller, F., Agorsor, C., Gubara, S., & Otabil, N. A. A. (2020). The multidimensional model of broaching behavior. Journal of Counseling & Development, 98(1), 107118.Google Scholar
DiAngelo, R. (2013). What does it mean to be white? Developing white racial literacy (rev. ed.). Peter Lang International Academic PublishersGoogle Scholar
DiAngelo, R. (2018). White fragility: Why it’s so hard for white people to talk about racism. Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Dickens, D. D., & Chavez, E. L. (2018). Navigating the workplace: The costs and benefits of shifting identities at work among early career U.S. Black women. Sex Roles, 78(11–12), 760774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0844-xGoogle Scholar
Falicov, C. J. (1988). Learning to think culturally. In Liddle, H. A., Bruenlin, D. C., & Schwartz, R. C. (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy training and supervision (pp. 335357). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Gittleman, M., & Wolff, E. N. (2004). Racial differences in patterns of wealth accumulation. Journal of Human Resources, 39, 193227.Google Scholar
Goode-Cross, D. T., & Grim, K. A. (2016). “An unspoken level of comfort”: Black therapists’ experiences working with Black clients. Journal of Black Psychology, 42(1), 2953.Google Scholar
Green, L. J. (2002). African American English: A linguistic introduction. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hook, J., Davis, D., Owen, J. J., Worthington, E., & Utsey, S. (2013). Cultural humility: Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(3), 353366.Google Scholar
Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., Van Tongeren, D. R., & Utsey, S. O. (2016). Cultural humility and racial microaggressions in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(3), 269277. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000114Google Scholar
Kochhar, R., Fry, R., & Taylor, P. (2011). Wealth gaps rise to record highs between whites, blacks and Hispanics (Social and demographic trends report). Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2011/07/SDT-Wealth-Report_7-26-11_FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar
Long, H., & Van Dam, A. (2020, June 4). The black-white economic divide is as wide as it was in 1968. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/06/04/economic-divide-black-householdsGoogle Scholar
Lorde, A. (1982). Learning from the 60s. Speech delivered at Harvard University in honor of Malcolm X. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1982-audre-lorde-learning-60s/Google Scholar
Mosher, D. K., Hook, J. N., Captari, L. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., & Owen, J. (2017). Cultural humility: A therapeutic framework for engaging diverse clients. Practice Innovations, 2(4), 221233.Google Scholar
National Association of Social Workers. (2015). Standards and indicators for cultural competence in social work practice. https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=7dVckZAYUmk%3D&portalid=0Google Scholar
Owen, J., Drinane, J., Adelson, J. L., Hook, J. N., Davis, D., & Fookune, N. (2017). Racial/ethnic disparities in client unilateral termination: The role of therapists’ cultural comfort. Psychotherapy Research, 27(1), 102111.Google Scholar
Owen, J., Imel, Z., Tao, K. W., Wampold, B., Smith, A., & Rodolfa, E. (2011). Cultural ruptures in short-term therapy: Working alliance as a mediator between clients’ perceptions of microaggressions and therapy outcomes. Counselling & Psychotherapy Research, 11, 204212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14733145.2010.491551Google Scholar
Owen, J., Tao, K. W., Drinane, J. M., Hook, J., Davis, D. E., & Kune, N. F. (2016). Client perceptions of therapists’ multicultural orientation: Cultural (missed) opportunities and cultural humility. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 47(1), 3037.Google Scholar
Owen, J., Tao, K. W., Imel, Z. E., Wampold, B. E., & Rodolfa, E. (2014). Addressing racial and ethnic microaggressions in therapy. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 45, 283290. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1037/a0037420Google Scholar
Ratts, M. J., Singh, A. A., Nassar-McMillan, S., Butler, S. K., & McCullough, J. R. (2016). Multicultural and social justice counseling competencies: Guidelines for the counseling profession. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 44(1), 2848. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12035Google Scholar
Sanders-Thompson, V. L., Bazile, A., & Akbar, M. (2004). African Americans perception of psychotherapy and psychotherapists. Professional Psychology, Research, and Practice, 35(1), 1926. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.35.1.19Google Scholar
Settles, I. H., & Buchanan, N. T. (2014). Multiple groups, multiple identities, and intersectionality. In Benet-Martínez, V. & Hong, Y.-Y (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of multicultural identity (pp. 160180). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Settles, I. H., Warner, L. R., Buchanan, N. T., & Jones, M. K. (2020). Understanding psychology’s resistance to intersectionality theory using a framework of epistemic exclusion and invisibility. Journal of Social Issues, 76(4), 796813.Google Scholar
Sue, D. W., Sue, D., Neville, H. A., & Smith, L. (2019). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Tatum, B. D. (2000). The complexity of identity: “Who am I?” In Adams, M., Blumenfeld, W. J., Castañeda, R., Hackman, H. W., Peters, M. L., & Zuniga, X.. (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice (pp. 914). Routledge.Google Scholar
Thompson, M. C., Brett, T. G., & Behling, C. (2001). Educating for social justice: The program on intergroup relations, conflict, and community at the University of Michigan. In Schoem, D. & Hurtado, S. (Eds.), Intergroup dialogue: Deliberative democracy in school, college, community and workplace (pp. 99–114). University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Townes, D. L., Chavez-Korell, S., & Cunningham, N. J. (2009). Reexamining the relationships between racial identity, cultural mistrust, help-seeking attitudes, and preference for a Black counselor. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 330336.Google Scholar
Wampold, B. E. (2015). How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update. World Psychiatry, 14(3), 270277.Google Scholar
Zhang, N., & Burkard, A. W. (2008). Client and counselor discussions of racial and ethnic differences in counseling: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 36(2), 77–87.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×