Index

Dóra Vargha

doi:10.1017/9781108355421.012

Index

airports and aeroplanes, 56, 63, 79–80, 92, 97

pilot, West German, unknown, 79–80, 101–102, 112

Albania, 162

Algeria, 59

Antarctic Treaty, 154

Argentina, 67

Austria, 45, 66, 104, 117

Austrian Red Cross see Red Cross, the

Vienna, 56, 63, 69, 86

Belgian Congo, 151, 160

Bornholm disease, 143–144

Brazil, 21, 149, 184, 190–191

Bulgaria, 103, 162, 170

Canada, 25, 100, 141

vaccine production by, 80, 105–106, 142

Connaught Laboratories, 100, 103, 135

cancer, 21, 205

cardiovascular diseases, 21

charities see children, charities for; Red Cross, the

children, 19, 27, 47, 161, 175

charities for

Rädda Barnen, 76

Save the Children Fund, the, 38

Declaration of the Rights of the Child, The, 38

definitions of, 38, 199

as future workers, 45–51

Parádi, Katalin, 1–3, 74, 133, 180, 194, 208

Vargha, György, 47

infantile paralysis see polio

innocence of, 36–42, 48, 51

obsession with, 22, 109, 112

paediatricians see physicians

as polio patients

Éva, 95

‘Ratkó’, 44

China, 162, 191, 206

cholera, 33

Cold War, the, 11–14

competition between East and West, 13, 114, 150, 178, see also polio, vaccination against

healthcare ideology, 93, 105–108, 125, 161, 172–173, 175, 177, 181, 191, 206, 208, 210–211

Hungarian revolution see Hungary, revolution in

international collaboration during, 3–4, 11–13, 61, 79–112, see also polio, research of; polio, treatment of

polio, research of, 21–27, 29–32, 36–39, 147–171, 207–211

polio, treatment of, 3, 36–39

politics of, 2–4, 8, 21, 31, 54, 102, 148, 161, 207

rhetoric of, 3, 42, 86, 101, 108, 171, 173

Colombia, 152

Costa Rica, 152

Cuba, 184, 189–192

Cutter incident, the see polio, vaccination against

Czechoslovakia, 10, 61, 67, 93, 141, 156–160, 177–178, 190

Health Ministry of, 98

Škovránek, Vilém, 158–160, 177, 187

membersip of WHO, 104

polio vaccination in, 84, 86, 103, 147, 164, 170–172, 189

vaccine production by, 84, 100–101, 142

Denmark, 84–87, 100, 136–137

Copenhagen, 20, 31, 69, 85, 87

polio vaccination in, 143

diphtheria, 88, 120, 205

disability, 38, 182, 199–204, see also polio, long-term effects of

blindness, 203

caused by war, 46, 48, 51

civil societies, 12, 48, 200–201

Cooperative Committee of Disabled Associations, the, 202

National Association of Disabled Societies, the, 201–203

International Year of Disabled Persons, 202–203

invisibility of, 48–51, 195, 204, 208

production, relationship to, 45–51

doctors see physicians; see also polio, researchers of

Dominican Republic, the, 191

East Germany, 10, 101

iron lung production of, 19, 61, 68

polio vaccination in, 103, 170

Ecuador, 67

First World War, the, 33, 38

France

Pasteur Institute, 87, 103

GDR, the see East Germany

genocide, 20, 42, 59, 191

Germany see East Germany; West Germany

Nazi, 191

Great Britain, 84, 103, 142

Belfast, 150

British Red Cross see Red Cross, the

Churchill, Winston, 206–207

Heine-Medin’s disease see polio

hepatitis, 21, 81–82

hospitals, 1–3

Blegdam, 69

Bókay János, 56, 72, 90

Central Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 193

Debrecen, 60–63

Tóth, Sándor, 125, 128, 133, 135, 138, 168

inadequate state of, 20, 90

László Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 20, 61, 72, 139, 143

polio, 11, 49, 53, 80, 87, 183

Heine-Medin, 2, 49–50, 52, 70–78, 180, 194, 197

shortage of, 55

teaching, 56, 90

Hungary

Abaúj-Zemplén, 111

American embassy of, 102, 105

Bács-Kiskun, 123

Békés County, 123

Borsod, 94–95, 111

Budapest, 1, 9, 54, 64, 73, 90

banned from, 8

conflict in, 6, 8, 55, 57–58, 79–80

Corvin Köz, 1

House of Terror museum, the, 14

polio cases in, 111, 117, 120–122, 126

polio vaccination in, 104, 126, 128–129, 169

Rózsadomb, 2, 73

Catholic church, the, 113

Actio Catholica, 57, 104

Mindszenty, Cardinal József, 8

Central Statistical Office, the (CSO), 128

collectivisation, 8, 10, 21, 65

Communist Youth Association, 168

Debrecen, 26, 60–63, 111, 125, 128, 133

economy of, 8, 15, 54

Fejér County, 123

Győr-Moson-Sopron County, 123, 160, 164

Hajdú-Bihar County, 94, 111

Hajdúszoboszló, 63

Health Ministry of, 79–81, 85, 88, 91–92, 115–116, 118–121, 129–132, 135, 137–138

Doleschall, Dr Frigyes, 99, 116, 126

Kátay, Dr Aladár, 98–99, 115

Public Health Control and Epidemiology Department (PHCED), 107, 119, 123, 128–130, 132, 134, 167, 170, 177

Román, József, 55

Heves County, 123

Hungarian Red Cross, 56–58, 67, 69, 81, 168

Kárász, Győző, 58

Hungarian Workers’ Party (HWP, Magyar Dolgozók Pártja, MDP), 7, 64

inequality in, 9, 54

international aid to, 56–59, 75, 78, 102

Jewish population of, 6, 9

Kapos, Vilmos, 119–120, 177

Kecskemét, 121

membership of WHO, 104, 209

Miskolc, 63, 94–95, 111

Mohács, 121

Nógrád County, 134

Nyíregyháza, 94

Pest County, 121, 123, 128

Phylaxia National Serum Production Institute, the, 88

polio epidemics in see polio, epidemics

polio vaccination in, 162, see also polio, vaccination against

Medimpex, 106, 113

pro-natalism, 10, 42–45

rationing, 8

revolution in, 1–2, 5, 8–9, 45, 52–59, 71–74, 87, 89–91

show trials, 7–8, 21, 43

Union of Worker Youth, 54

secret police of (ÁVO, later ÁVH), 7, 55, 64, 82–83

Péter, Gábor, 8

Somogy County, 129

State Hygienic Institute, the (SHI, Országos Közegészségügyi Intézet), 79, 84–85, 88–89, 115, 117–118, 130–133, 138–140, 169, 176, 192

Bakács, Tibor, 118, 123, 138–139, 143–145, 175

Rudnai, Dr Ottó, 34, 89, 115–116, 123, 135

Szabolcs-Szatmár County, 111, 123

Szeged, 121

Szolnok, 52, 94

Sztálinváros, 9, 132

under Imre Nagy, 2, 8–9, 44, 52, 54–55, 58, 72, 80, 87

under János Kádár, 5, 9, 45, 55, 80, 90, 98, 102, 111, 207

under Mátyás Rákosi, 8, 20–21, 54, 79

vaccine production by, 11–12, 88–89, 97, 101, 142–143, 159

Humán Vaccine Production and Research Institute, 84–86, 88, 120

Vas County, 129

Veszprém, 123

women see also parents

‘ideal’, 49, 94

reproductive rights of, 14, 43–44

Women’s Council, 168

Iceland, 66

India, 67

infantile paralysis see polio

influenza, 1, 5, 21, 36

epidemics, 119, 188

vaccination against, 88

International Committee of the Red Cross, the see Red Cross, the

International Geophysical Year, the (IGY), 154

International Statistical Institute, the, 32

Iron Curtain, the see Cold War, the

Israel, 141

Italy, 84

Italian Red Cross see Red Cross, the

Kádár, János see Hungary, under János Kádár

Khruschev, Nikita see Soviet Union, the

League of Nations, the, 33, 38, 172, 186

League of Red Cross societies see Red Cross, the

malaria, 31, 93

Malaria Eradication Programme, 186

measles, 81–82, 90, 185

migration, 40, 45, 99

Nagy, Imre see Hungary, under Nagy Imre

Netherlands, the, 62, 66, 84

Amsterdam, 80

New Zealand, 27

newspapers, journals and magazines, 55, 84–85, 88, 91, 94–96, 102, 109, 113–117, 138, 153, 168, 176

L’Humanité, 164

medical, 157, 161, 180, 196, 198

Acta Microbiologica, 116

British Medical Journal, 156

Népakarat, 104, 119

Népegészségügy, 90–91, 115–116

Népszabadság, 49, 99, 127, 140

Népszava, 116, 119, 121, 166–167, 169

Nők Lapja, 49

Orvosi Hetilap, 68, 122, 130, 135, 143–144

Szabad Nép, 84

TIME magazine, 9, 52

Nicaragua, 152, 191

North Atlantic Treary Organization (NATO), 8

nuclear war, threat of, 6, 19

Pan American Health Organization, 191

parents, 133

fears of, 36, 60, 91–98, 108–109, 112, 169, 180, 211

relationship with children, 37, 173

responsibilities of, 94, 114, 120–121, 124–127, 129–130, 133, 139–140, 145–146, 166–168, 211

pertussis, 88, 120

physicians, 9, 16, 47, 53, 114, 135, 196–199

Ákosné, Dr Kiss, 70

Bergenholtz, Dr Nils August, 23

doubts of, 108, 137–138, 167

knowledge of polio, 109–110, 114, 196–197

Lassen, Dr Alexander, 69

László, Dr Pál, 143

Lukács, Dr László, 72–76, see also hospitals

numbers of, 20, 67, 86

paediatricians, 29, 167

Boda, Dr Domokos, 70–71, 86, 165

Bókay, Dr János see also hospitals

Szekeres, Dr Vera, 121

private, 25, 107, 117–118

show trials of, 43

Szívós, Dr Anna, 72

thoroughness of, 34

Vikol, Dr János, 73

Poland, 54–55, 152, 159, 206

Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 54

membership of WHO, 104, 162

polio vaccination in, 160, 162, 170

vaccine production by, 84, 103

polio

‘abortive’, 26

contraction of, 1–3, 26–27, 37

vaccine-acquired paralytic polio (VAPP) see polio, vaccination against

vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) see polio, vaccination against

diagnosis of, 5, 33–35, 82, 180

epidemics, 2–7, 15–17, 19–36, 42, 44, 53, 78, 87, 89–96, 102–103, 111, 141, 161, 179, 181–182, 207–208, 211

Brazil (1979), 190

Canada (1937), 25

Denmark (1952-53), 19, 31, 137

end of, 10–11, 180, 183, 192, 194, 201–204

Hungary (1956), 56, 60, 62, 126

Hungary (1957), 64–67, 80, 98, 121–126, 128

Hungary (1959), 113–117, 121–125, 128–132, 134, 136–137, 139, 142–146, 159, 180

Israel (1958), 141

Netherlands, the (1956), 62

New York City (1916), 24, 26, 93

Singapore (1958), 151, 160

United States, the (1952), 19

Yugoslavia (1960), 170

eradication of, 15, 22, 147–148, 155, 162, 175, 179–194, 197, 204–205, 210

Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), 147, 178, 185, 191, 193

hospitals for see hospitals

lay knowledge of, 12, 22, 97, 138, 196

long-term effects of, 1, 3, 17, 20

disability, 4–5, 12, 15, 22, 195

institutionalisation, 195, 198, 201

paralysis, 3–5, 10, 19–20, 26, 34–36, 80, 133, 143

post-polio syndrome, 182–184, 194, 196

medical knowledge of, 114, 196–197

prevention of, 10, 16, 21–23, 25–29

exhaustion, 95

films

Beware! (Vigyázz!), 92, 97

Parents, be careful!, 97

gamma globulin, 81–83, 89, 101, 122

houseflies, 93–94

nasal spray, 25

quarantine, 20, 25, 30

swimming, 17, 27, 91, 121–122, 180

travel restrictions, 95, 134

weather, 17, 186, 189

reporting of, 25, 32–36, 132, 134, 145

research of, 6–7, 10–11, 17–19, 24–32, 119

American Medical Association, the (AMA), 84, 108

conferences see polio, researchers of

ethical issues, 149, 151

European Association against Poliomyelitis, 31, 183

international collaboration see Cold War, the, international collaboration during, polio, research of

Lederle Laboratories, 149, 152

National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, the (NFIP), 24, 28, 30–31, 79, 108, 150

O’Connor, Basil, 162

National Institute for Health (NIH), 185

National Poliomyelitis Surveillance Program, 141

Pasteur Institute, 87, 103

Poliomyelitis Research Institute, 155

Rockefeller Foundation, the, 31, 88, 149, 157, 208

Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 24

Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute, 103

University of Michigan Poliomyelitis Vaccine Evaluation Centre, 28

researchers of, 174

Blaskovic, Dionyz, 158

Chumakov, Mikhail, 84, 153–156, 158–160, 172, 185

conferences, 17, 23, 29–32, 65, 114, 136, 140, 156, 159, 161–164, 168, 173, 183, 185, 191

Cox, H. R., 28, 149–152, 171, 174

Dane, David, 171, 188

Dömök, István, 192–193

Enders, John, 27

Farkas, Elek, 85

Flexner, Simon, 24–25, 29–30

Francis, Thomas, 28, 158

Horstmann, Dorothy M., 172–174, 192, 209

Ivánovics, György, 160

Koch, Sandor, 85–87, 143

Koprowski, Hilary, 28, 149–152, 160, 168, 171, 174, 188

Landsteiner, Karl, 24

Langmuir, Alexander, 140, 150

Lépine, Pierre, 103

Lwoff, André, 87

Medin, Karl-Oskar, 23, 26

Nagler, F. P., 141

Netter, Dr Arnold, 30

Paul, John R., 172, 174

Petrilla, Aladar, 116–118, 135

Popper, Erwin, 24

Sabin, Albert see polio, vaccination against

Salk, Jonas see polio, vaccination against

Seddon, Herbert J., 191

Smorodintsev, Anatoli, 153–156, 159

Theiler, Max, 149

Veres, Dr Gábor, 85, 87

von Heine, Jakob, 23

von Magnus, Herdis, 138, 142

Voroshilova, Marina, 153–154, 185

Wickman, Ivar, 26, 29

Zacek, Karel, 190

strains of, 2, 27–28, 123, 135, 149–150, 152, 155–156, 158, 160, 167, 188–190, 192, 204

treatment of, 3, 16–18, 21–24

definitions of, 4

orthopaedic, 1, 67, 194

physical therapy, 1–2, 180, 195–196

respiratory technologies, 197–200, 208, 210

Electrospirators, 69–71

Engström respirator, 70

intratracheal positive-pressure respiration, 60

iron lungs, 10–11, 20–21, 32, 53, 59–71, 80, 143, 197–199

multiple patients, 67–68

poliomats, 68

rocking beds, 60–61, 68, 71, 77

Silvester method, 70

surgery, 1, 47, 194, 196

Warm Springs, 24

vaccination against, 2–4, 7, 14–15, 27–29, 36, 39

‘Berna’ vaccine, 103

cards, 131–133, 169

compulsory 131, 133, 137, 167, 170, 208 see also Cold War, the, healthcare ideology

Cutter incident, the, 2, 83–84, 150, 164, 171

dosage, 135, 137–139, 142, 164

equipment, 133–135, 168, 176

free, 107–108, 136, 170, 175

intradermal, 109–110, 117, 124, 135–138, 141, 144

intramuscular, 117, 135, 137–138, 144

Lépine vaccine, 103

mass, 119–120, 148, 150–157, 159–161, 163–170, 175, 177, 184, 186–194, 201

National Immunisation Days (NIDs), 190–191

Sabin drops, 2, 4, 11–12, 28, 35, 83, 86, 124, 142

doubts of, 171–175

evaluation of, 150, 160, 170, 174

introduction of, 148, 151, 162–171, 179, 182

Salk vaccine, 2, 4, 11, 23, 28, 75, 79–89, 98–108, 111

evaluation of 113, 120, 126, 131, 136, 146, 167, 174 see also hospitals, Debrecen, Tóth, Sándor

smuggling of, 58, 211

vaccine-acquired paralytic polio (VAPP), 180, 183, 192–194

vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), 184, 192–194

voluntary, 151, 170

victims of see children; Roosevelt, Franklin D.

rabies, 88, 151

radio, 53–54, 60, 67, 91, 95

Association of Hungarian Shortwave Radio Amateurs, 64

Radio Free Europe (RFE), 61–64, 98, 104

Voice of America, 64, 106

Rákosi, Mátyás see Hungary, under Mátyás Rákosi

Ratkó, Anna see children

Red Cross, the, 11, 38, 209

American, 67, 75–76

Austrian, 69

British, 68

German, 59

Hungarian see Hungary

International Committee of the Red Cross, the (ICRC), 12, 53, 56–59, 65–69, 71–78, 81, 85

Italian, 67

League of Red Cross societies, 59, 66

Swedish, 69, 76

Swiss, 67

West German, 63, 67

Romania, 43, 103, 117, 162, 170

Roosevelt, Franklin D. see United States, the

Ruanda-Urundi, 151

Rudnai, Dr Ottó see Hungary, State Hygienic Institute

Russia see Soviet Union, the

Sabin, Albert see polio, vaccination against

Salk, Jonas see polio, vaccination against

Save the Children Fund, the, 38

schistosomiasis, 185

Second World War, the

aftermath of, 5–7, 19, 65, 199

decolonisation, 6

development, 39

migration, 40

war veterans see disability

Singapore, 151, 160

smallpox, 182

eradication of, 205

vaccination against, 85, 88, 120, 149, 185–186, 206

Soviet Union, the, 40, 47–48, 172–173, 206

competition with the US see Cold War, the, competition between East and West

Health Ministry of, 156

Zhdanov, Viktor, 177, 185

ideals of hygiene see Cold War, the, healthcare ideology

KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti), 57

Khrushchev, Nikita, 8, 54, 153

Leningrad, 155

Malin notes, 55

membership of WHO, 104, 158–162, 185

military of, 6–9, 52, 56–57, 72, 80, 86, 207

Moscow, 155, 161, 165

polio vaccination in, 144, 147, 164, 170, 189, 192, see also polio, vaccination against, mass

Poliomyelitis Research Institute, 155

vaccine production by, 89, 165–167, 190

Spain, 32, 205

Stalin, Josip, 133

death of, 8, 44, 54, 153

Stalinism, 15–16, 21, 40, 54, 118, 191, see also Soviet Union, the

statues of, 54–55

Sweden, 22–23, 27, 67, 103, 162

Rädda Barnen, 76–78

‘Swedish blankets’, 77

Swedish Red Cross see Red Cross

Switzerland, 70

Bern, 104

Geneva, 62

Swiss Red Cross see Red Cross, the

Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute, 103

tetanus, 88, 120

Tóth, Sándor see hospitals, Debrecen

tuberculosis, 36, 88, 172

typhus, 33, 84, 186

United Nations, the (UN), 30, 38, 75, 102

International Year of Disabled Persons, 202–203

United States, the, 22, 24, 28, 34, 36, 79–81, 84–85, 105–108, 141

American embassy in Hungary, 102, 105–106

American Medical Association, the (AMA), 84, 108

American Red Cross see Red Cross, the

competition with the Soviet Union see Cold War, the, competition between East and West

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 153

healthcare ideology see Cold War, the, healthcare ideology

National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, the (NFIP), 24, 28, 30–31, 79, 108, 150

O’Connor, Basil, 162

National Institute for Health (NIH), 185

New York City see polio, epidemics

polio vaccination in, 67, 102–103, 150, 162

‘Red Menace’, fear of, 84, 108, see also Soviet Union, the

Rockefeller Foundation, the, 31, 88, 149, 157, 208

Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 24

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 22, 24, 184, 210

March of Dimes, 79, 171

University of Michigan Poliomyelitis Vaccine Evaluation Centre, 28

vaccine production by, 142, 147

Cutter Laboratories see polio, vaccination against

Eli Lilly and Co., 103, 135

Lederle Laboratories, 149, 152

Merck, 103

Parke-Davis, 110, 135

Voice of America, 64, 106

USSR see Soviet Union, the

Vietnam War, the, 39

Warsaw Pact, the, 8, 54–55

West Germany, 8, 68

Berlin Wall, fall of, 14

Munich, 61, 64

West German pilot, unknown see airports and aeroplanes

West German Red Cross see Red Cross, the

World Health Assembly, 185

World Health Organization, the (WHO), 65–66, 104–105, 155, 171–175, 208

formation of, 6, 33

Global Polio Eradication Initiative see polio, eradication of

membership of, 104, 162–163, 165, 185, 209

reports of, 30–34, 151, 162–163, 185–187

yaws, 185

yellow fever, 149, 186

Yugoslavia, 45, 170

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