| Hippocrates (fifth century bce) (Summary) | | |
| Morb. 1.30 | | Heating of the patient’s blood (haematocentrism) |
| Morb. 1.34 | | Cause of death: lack of nourishment, wasting, excessive phlegm, cold, death |
| Hipp. Fragment in AP | Brain | The brain is damaged by the blood around the chorioid meninx, which usually feeds it, being corrupted by bile |
| Aff. 10 | Diaphragm | Bile settling against the diaphragm |
| Aff. 12 | Random part (ᾗ ἂν τύχῃ) | Accumulation of phlegm and bile |
| Diocles (fourth century bce) | Inflammation of the diaphragm (φλεγμονὴ τοῦ διαφράγματος); thick, cold phlegm gathering around the offshoots that grow from the heart (καρδία) | Inflammation |
| Praxagoras (fourth century bce) | Inflammation of the heart (φλεγμονὴν τῆς καρδίας); thick, cold phlegm gathering around the offshoots that grow from the heart (καρδία) | |
| Anonymus Londinensis (fourth century bce) | Logistikon | |
| Heraclides of Tarentum (third–second centuries bce) | | |
| Erasistratus (third century bce) | Meninx (κατά τι πάθος τῶν κατὰ τὴν μήνιγγα ἐνεργειῶν) | |
| Asclepiades (second century bce) | | Stoppage or obstruction of the corpuscles in the membranes of the brain, as it becomes overheated; overflow of corpuscles and blockage. Thus: holistic, delocalized circumstances more than an individual cause (overheating is the sole starting point) |
| Thessalus (first century bce) | Inflammation of the heart | Denial of antecedent causes |
| Celsus (first century bce-ce) | Body as a whole; non-specific fever | |
| Galen (second-third century ce) | Brain, nerves, hēgemonikon (diaphragm via sympathy; lungs may be involved) | Inflammation of the brain Overflow of yellow bile in brain or meninges Accumulation of malignant humour Summer heat Bad lifestyle Also overflow of blood in the brain caused by various factors
|
| Anonymus Parisinus | Doxographic survey: Head Meninx Brain Diaphragm
| Inflammation, affection of the various parts; descriptive rather than scientific |
| Aretaeus (first-second century ce) | Diaphragm Heart Head Neura
| |
| Oreibasius (fourth century ce) | Brain | |
| Aetius of Amida (sixth century ce) | Meninges, brain; some relation to the chest | |
| Paul of Aegina | Meninges and brain | |
| [ps.-] Alexander of Aphrodisias (second-third century ce) | Brain | |
| Alexander of Tralles (sixth century ce) | Brain/meninges; but controversial localization | Ochre bile; yellow bile; overcooked yellow bile |
| Nemesius of Emesa (fourth century ce) | Brain | |
| Caelius Aurelianus (fifth century ce?) | No fixed localization | |
| Byzantine authors | Brain (diaphragm) | Inflammation, humoral unbalance |
| Ḥunayn (ninth century ce) | Brain and meninges Diaphragm | |
| al-Rāzī (ninth–tenth centuries ce) | Brain | |
| Haly Abbas, Pantegni/ Viaticum | | Hot complexion of the brain or apostema in the membranes of the brain or in the brain |
| Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), (tenth–eleventh century) | Brain/meninges (Diaphragm) | Hot apostema/abscess of the head Blood, pure yellow bile, pure red bile, or bile burnt black
|
| Arnau de Vilanova (fourteenth century) | Membranes/Brain (Diaphragm, chest) | Hot apostema of the membranes |
| Gilbertus Anglicus (thirteenth century) | Anterior portion of the brain or its membranes (= frenes) | Inflamed apostema born in the anterior portion of the brain or its membranes; accumulation of liquid in the brain due to (1) its many vessels, (2) its sponginess, which sucks in moisture |
| Gentile da Foligno (fourteenth century) | Brain (Diaphragm) | |
| Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) (twelfth century), Taysir | | |
| Bernard de Gordon (beginning of the fourteenth century) | Brain or membranes of the brain | |
| Talmud (Kordiakos/Qordiakos) | Heart? | |
| Rabbi Jonah (tenth–eleventh centuries ce) | Brain/mind/diaphragm | |
| Maimonides (twelfth century ce) | Brain/mind/diaphragm | |
| Syriac Book of Medicines (fourth–twelfth centuries?) | Brain/chest/diaphragm/membranes | |
| Salernitan school (tenth century CE- ) | Brain/head/membranes (Diaphragm) | Apostema calidus |
| Parcelsus (fifteenth–sixteenth century) | The spiritus | The tartari can be cause |
| Antonio Beniveni (sixteenth century) | Head, brain | |
| André du Laurens (sixteenth–seventeenth centuries) | | |
| Daniel Sennert (seventeenth century) | Brain, meninges | |
| Giovanbattista Morgagni (seventeenth–eighteenth centuries) | Brain and membranes of the brain (lungs can be involved) | Inflammation, heating; various circumstances |
| Herman Boerhaave (seventeenth–eighteenth centuries) | Brain and membranes of the brain (lungs and other organs may also be involved) | |
| Gerard van Swieten (eighteenth century) | Brain and membranes of the brain (lungs and other organs may also be involved) | |
| Ferdinand Saalman (eighteenth–nineteenth centuries) | | Contagious infection, lack of hygiene and cleanness, bad air |
| Philippe Pinel (nineteenth century) | Brain and membranes of the brain | Inflammation, heating |
| Physicians and veterinaries (seventeenth–nineteenth centuries) | Brain and membranes of the brain | Inflammation, heating; various circumstances |
| nineteenth–twentieth-century medical consensus | Brain and membranes of the brain (meningo-encephalitis) | Inflammation, heating; various circumstances |
Phrenitis and the Pathology of the Mind in Western Medical Thought 
You have
Access
Open access
