Civil war has been a fact of political life throughout recorded history. However, unlike inter-state wars, international law has not traditionally regulated such conflicts. How then can we explain the post-1945 emergence and evolution of international treaty rules regulating the conduct of internal armed conflict: the 'Civil War Regime'? Negotiating Civil War combines insights derived from Realist, Rationalist, Liberal, and Constructivist approaches to International Relations to answer this question, revisiting the negotiation of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, the 1977 Additional Protocols, and the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. This study provides a rigorous, critical account of the making of the Civil War Regime. Sophisticated and persuasive, it illustrates the complex interplay of material, ideational, social, and strategic factors in shaping these rules with important lessons for the making and unmaking of international law in a rapidly shifting international political, economic, and security environment.

'The evolution of the 'civil war regime' in the second half of the twentieth Century is puzzling: why would states collectively design (let alone subscribe to) successive sets of treaty provisions with the potential to tie their hands in combating rebel groups on their own territory? Can these developments be accounted for merely by the evolution of international humanitarian conscience, as a certain narrative might suggest? Or was something more contradictory going on, involving a complex mix of material, ideational, social, and strategic factors? Henry Lovat offers a wide ranging, carefully researched, and theoretically informed account of the negotiation of the civil war regime, that is sure to set the tone for future research into multilateral diplomacy amongst scholars of International Law and International Relations.'

Frédéric Mégret - McGill University

'An important book that is not just historical or doctrinal, but that offers an analytically structured account of the negotiation processes that produced the international legal regime covering internal armed conflict. Anyone interested in the IL/IR nexus, in international humanitarian law, or in international legal development will be richly rewarded by reading this book.'

Wayne Sandholtz - John A. McCone Chair in International Relations, University of Southern California

'Henry Lovat shines light on the development of the law as a process of intertwined political and legal contestation in which moral authority is at least as important as material power in determining outcomes.'

Rachel Kerr - King’s College London

'In this thoughtful, original study, Henry Lovat breaks new analytical ground, combining lenses from history, international law, and international relations theories to cast new light on how civil wars came to be regulated by the 1949 Geneva Conventions, their 1977 Additional Protocols, and the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.'

Harold Hongju Koh - Sterling Professor of International Law, Yale University, Legal Adviser, US Department of State (2009-13); Assistant US Secretary of State for Democracy Human Rights and Labor (1998-2001)