We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 October 2015
Modernization has had major influences on two sources of identity in Southeast Asia — citizenship and ethnicity. Although ethnic groupings precede citizenship as a source of identity, the birth of the nation-state has linked both of them together with different consequences. This chapter is not a comprehensive discussion of the development and specificities of citizenship and ethnicity but, instead, seeks to highlight the main challenges faced by these two communities brought about by the reduction of distance and permeation of boundaries in the age of globalization. Two particular issues are addressed here: firstly, the ways in which these communities and identities are challenged by globalization, and secondly, how they are responding.
CITIZENSHIP: RIGHTS, DUTIES, AND BELONGING
Citizenship is fundamentally a European invention and is generally underpinned by two principles. Firstly, citizenship entitles one to uniform national rights, an idea alien to pre- modern societies where slaves and serfs enjoyed no such privilege. British sociologist T.H. Marshall defined three basic rights of citizenship. “Civil rights” protect the rights of the individual to free speech and faith, ownership of property, and justice. “Political rights” are concerned with the right to direct or indirect political participation, while “social rights” entitle the citizen to economic welfare, security, and acceptable standards of living. This has been described as a liberal individualist notion of citizenship as defined under the welfare state.
Secondly, citizenship binds one to a social contract with the state where, in return for the protection of rights, one is expected to fulfil certain duties such as the paying of taxes, obeying the laws of the land, or conscription. This has been described as a civic republican notion of citizenship where the emphasis of citizenship is not on individual rights, but on a shared commitment to a common endeavour for the collective good of society. The emphasis of either principle varies from society to society.
To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.
Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.
To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.
To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.
