Part I - Ideology and the Party in Law
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 December 2020
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Law and the Party in ChinaIdeology and Organisation, pp. 29 - 148Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2021
References
References
Bakken, B. 2000. The Exemplary Society: Human Improvement, Social Control, and the Dangers of Modernity in China. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Birney, M. 2014. Decentralisation and veiled corruption under China’s ‘rule of mandates’. World Development 53, 55–67.Google Scholar
Brown, K. 2012. The communist party of China and ideology. China: An International Journal 10(2), 52–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cai, D., ed. 2010. China’s Journey toward the Rule of Law: Legal Reform, 1978–2008. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Central Committee. 1945. Guanyu ruogan lishe wenti de jueyi (Resolution on certain questions in the history of our party), issued 20 April. Translation available from: www.marx2mao.com/pdfs/maosw3app.pdf.Google Scholar
Central Committee. 1949. Guanyu feichu Guomindang de liu fa quanshu yu queding jiefang qu de sifa yuanze de zhishi (Instructions concerning abolishing the six codes of the Guomindang and determining judicial principles for the liberated areas), issued 28 February. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/1949/02/28/instructions-concerning-abolishing-the-six-codes-of-the-guomindang-and-determining-judicial-principles-for-the-liberated-areas/.Google Scholar
Central Committee. 1958. Guanyu zai nongcun jianli renmin gongshe de jueyi (Resolution concerning the establishment of people’s communes in rural areas), issued 17 August. Available from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64184/64186/66665/4493238.html.Google Scholar
Central Committee. 1980. Ruogan dangnei zhengzhi shenghuo de ruogan zhunze (Some norms concerning intra-party political life), issued 29 February. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/1980/02/29/some-norms-concerning-intra-party-political-life/.Google Scholar
Central Committee. 1981. Guanyu jianguo yilai Dang de ruogan lishi wenti de jueyi (Resolution concerning some historical questions of our party since the foundation of the nation), issued 27 June.Google Scholar
Central Committee. 2004. Guanyu jinyibu fanrong fazhan zhexue shehui kexue de yijian (Opinions concerning further letting philosophy and social sciences flourish and develop), issued 20 March. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2004/03/20/ccp-central-committee-opinion-concerning-further-letting-philosophy-and-social-sciences-flourish-and-develop/.Google Scholar
Central Committee. 2014. Guanyu quanmian tuijin yifa zhiguo ruogan zhongda wenti de jueding (Decision concerning some major questions in comprehensively moving governing the country according to the law forward), issued 28 October. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2014/10/28/ccp-central-committee-decision-concerning-some-major-questions-in-comprehensively-moving-governing-the-country-according-to-the-law-forward/.Google Scholar
Cheek, T. 1984. The fading of wild lilies: Wang Shiwei and Mao Zedong’s yan’an talks in the first CPC rectification movement. The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 11, 25–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherniss, J. and Hardy, H. 2013. Isaiah Berlin. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available from: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2013/entries/berlin/.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. 2003. Puzzling observations in Chinese law: when is a riddle just a mistake? In Hsu, S., ed., Understanding China’s Legal System: Essays in Honour of Jerome A. Cohen. New York: New York University Press, pp. 93–121.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. 2007. China: creating a legal system for a market economy. Asian Development Bank Report. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1097587.Google Scholar
Creemers, R. 2015. China’s constitutionalism debate: content, context and implications. The China Journal 74, 91–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creemers, R. 2016. The privilege of speech and new media: conceptualizing China’s communications law in the internet era. In deLisle, J., Goldstein, A. and Yang, G., eds., The Internet, Social Media and a Changing China. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 86–105.Google Scholar
Dai, A. 2013. The reform predicament. In Esherick, J., ed. China: How the Empire Fell. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 19–35.Google Scholar
deLisle, J. 2017. Law in the China model 2.0: legality, developmentalism and Leninism under Xi Jinping. Journal of Contemporary China 26(103), 68–84.Google Scholar
Deng, Xiaoping. 1979. Jianchi sixiang jiben yuanze (Persist in the four cardinal principles), issued on 30 March 1979. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/1979/03/30/persisting-in-the-four-cardinal-principles/.Google Scholar
Fu, F. and Zhai, X. 2018. What makes the Chinese Constitution socialist? I•CON 16(2), 655–63.Google Scholar
Freeden, M. 2006. Ideology and political theory. Journal of Political Ideologies 11(1), 3–22.Google Scholar
Givens, J. W. 2013. Sleeping with dragons: politically embedded lawyers suing the Chinese state. Wisconsin International Law Journal 31, 734–70.Google Scholar
Goodman, D. 2002. Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese Revolution: A Political Biography. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Goodman, D. S. G. 2000. Social and Political Change in Revolutionary China: The Taihang Base Area in the War of Resistance to Japan, 1937–1945. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
He, W. 2012. In the Name of Justice: Striving for the Rule of Law in China. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
He, X. 2009. Administrative law as a mechanism for political control in contemporary China. In Balme, S. and Dowdle, M., eds., Building Constitutionalism in China. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 143–61.Google Scholar
He, X. 2012. The party’s leadership as a living constitution in China. Hong Kong Law Journal 42, 73–93.Google Scholar
Heilmann, S. 2008. From local experiments to national policy: the origins of China’s distinctive policy process. The China Journal 59, 1–30.Google Scholar
Hoffman, S. 2017. Programming China: The Communist Party’s Autonomic Approach to Managing State Security. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Nottingham.Google Scholar
Hu, Yaobang. 1979. Lilun gongzuo wuxu hui yinyan (Introduction at the conference on theory work principles), issued 18 January. Translation available from: http://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/1979/01/18/introduction-at-the-conference-on-theory-work-principles/.Google Scholar
Hua, Shiping. 2013. Shen Jiaben and the late Qing legal reform (1901–1911). East Asia 30(2), 121–38.Google Scholar
Huang, Songyu. 2001. Xianfa sifahua ji qi yiyi (Judicialisation of the constitution and its significance). Renmin fayuabao (People’s Court Daily), 13 August.Google Scholar
Kellogg, T. 2009. The death of constitutional litigation in China? China Brief 9 (7). Available from: https://jamestown.org/program/the-death-of-constitutional-litigation-in-china/.Google Scholar
Kuhn, P. A. 2002. Origins of the Modern Chinese State. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Knight, N. 2007. Rethinking Mao: Explorations in Mao Zedong’s Thought. Lanham: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Kolakowski, L. 2005. Main Currents of Marxism: The Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Law Society of China. 2005. Guanyu jinyibu fanrong faxue yanjiu de yijian (Opinions concerning further letting legal research flourish), issued 11 August. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2005/08/11/china-law-society-opinions-concerning-further-letting-legal-research-flourish/.Google Scholar
Li, L. 2010. Rights consciousness and rules consciousness in contemporary China. The China Journal 64, 47–68.Google Scholar
Lieberthal, K. 2010. Reflections on the evolution of the China field in political science. In Carlson, A. et al., eds., Contemporary Chinese Politics: New Sources, Methods, and Field Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 266–78.Google Scholar
Mao, Zedong. 1937a. Shijian lun (On practice). Translation available from: www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-1/mswv1_16.htm.Google Scholar
Mao, Zedong. 1937b. Maodun lun (On contradictions). Translation available from: www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-1/mswv1_17.htm.Google Scholar
Mao, Zedong. 1938. Zhongguo Gongchandang zai minzu zhanzheng de diwei (The role of the Chinese Communist Party in the national war). Translation available from: www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-2/mswv2_10.htm.Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). 2017. Wangluo kongjian guoji hezuo zhanlüe (Strategy for international cooperation in cyberspace), issued 1 March. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2017/03/01/international-strategy-of-cooperation-on-cyberspace/.Google Scholar
Miller, A. 2017. Xi Jinping and the party’s ‘guiding ideology’. China Leadership Monitor 54. Available from: www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm54am.pdf.Google Scholar
Minzner, C. F. 2011. China’s turn against law. The American Journal of Comparative Law 59(4), 935–84.Google Scholar
Nathan, A. J. 1976. Peking Politics: 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
National People’s Congress (NPC). 2012. Zhonghua renmin gongheguo laonianren quanyi baozhang fa (Law to protect the rights and interests of the elderly of the People’s Republic of China), issued 28 December.Google Scholar
National Philosophy and Social Science Planning Office. 2011. Guojia zhexue shehui kexue yanjiu ’shi’er wu’ guihua (National ‘12th five-year plan’ for philosophy and social science research), issued 3 June 2011. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2011/06/03/national-12th-five-year-plan-for-philosophy-and-social-science-research/.Google Scholar
O’Brien, K. J. and Li, L. 2004. Suing the local state: administrative litigation in rural China. The China Journal 51, 75–96.Google Scholar
Pan, Wei. 2003. Toward a consultative rule of law regime in China. Journal of Contemporary China 12(34), 3–43.Google Scholar
Patapan, H. and Wang, Y. 2017. The hidden ruler: Wang Huning and the making of contemporary China. Journal of Contemporary China 27(101), 47–60.Google Scholar
Peerenboom, R. 2002. China’s Long March toward Rule of Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pei, Minxin. 1997. Citizens v. mandarins: administrative litigation in China. The China Quarterly 152, 832–62.Google Scholar
Peking Review. 1966. Long live the great proletarian cultural revolution. Peking Review 25(9), 7–13.Google Scholar
Peng, Z. 1982. Fazhan shehuizhuyi minzhu jianquan shehuizhuyi fazhi (Develop socialist democracy, complete the socialist rule of law), issued 22 July. Translation available from: http://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/1982/07/22/develop-socialist-democracy-complete-the-socialist-rule-of-law/ [27 October 2019].Google Scholar
Pieke, F. N. 2009. The Good Communist: Elite Training and State Building in Today’s China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pieke, F. N. 2012. The communist party and social management in China. China Information 26(2), 149–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platt, S. R. 2012. Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Qin, J. Y. 2007. Trade, investment and beyond: the impact of WTO accession on China’s legal system. The China Quarterly 191, 720–41.Google Scholar
Qiushi. 2013. Yike ye buneng fangsong he xiaoruo yishixingtai gongzuo – renzhen xuexi guanche quanguo xuanchuan sixiang guongzuo huiyi jingshen (We cannot slacken or weaken in ideological work even for one moment – earnestly study and implement the spirit of the national propaganda and ideology work conference). Qiushi 2013/17. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2013/09/01/we-cannot-slacken-or-weaken-in-ideological-work-even-for-one-moment-earnestly-study-and-implement-the-spirit-of-the-national-propaganda-and-ideology-work-conference/.Google Scholar
Qiushi, . 2014. Yishixingtai gongzuo yao jinjin zhuazai shoushang (Ideology work must be grasped tightly). Qiushi 2014/05. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2014/04/05/ideology-work-must-be-grasped-tightly/.Google Scholar
Rankin, M. B. 1997. State and society in early republican politics, 1912–18. The China Quarterly 150, 260–81.Google Scholar
Rudden, B. 1978. Law and ideology in the Soviet Union. Current Legal Problems 31(1), 189–205.Google Scholar
Saich, T. 1995. Writing or rewriting history? the construction of the Maoist resolution on party history. In Saich, T. and van de Ven, Hans, eds., New Perspectives on the Chinese Communist Revolution. New York: M. E. Sharpe: 299–338.Google Scholar
Schell, O. and Delury, J. 2013. Wealth and Power: China’s Long March to the Twenty-First Century. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Schoenhals, M. 1986. Original contradictions – on the unrevised text of Mao Zedong’s ‘on the correct handling of contradictions among the people’. The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 16, 99–112.Google Scholar
Schoenhals, M. 1991. The 1978 truth criterion controversy. The China Quarterly 126, 243–68.Google Scholar
Schoenhals, M. 1992. Doing Things with Words in Chinese Politics: Five Studies. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, D. 2008a. Training China’s political elite: the party school system. The China Quarterly 196, 827–44.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, D. 2008b. China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, D. 2015. The coming Chinese crackup. Wall Street Journal, 6 March. Available from: www.wsj.com/articles/the-coming-chinese-crack-up-1425659198.Google Scholar
Shapiro, S. J. 2006. What is the internal point of view? Fordham Law Review 75, 1157–70.Google Scholar
Sharman, L. 1968. Sun Yat-sen: His Life and Its Meaning, a Critical Biography. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Shue, V. 1990. The Reach of the State: Sketches of the Chinese Body Politic. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, E. 2018. The rule of law doctrine of the politburo. The China Journal 79(1), 40–61.Google Scholar
Standing Committee. 2011. Shiyi jie quanguo renda si ci huiyi shang zuo de changweihui gongzuo baogao (Standing committee work report at the 4th session of the 11th national people’s congress), issued 11 March. Available from: www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/syxw/2011-03/11/content_1641626.htm.Google Scholar
Sun, Yan. 1995. The Chinese Reassessment of Socialism, 1976–1992. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sun, Y. 1999. John Dewey in China: yesterday and today. Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 35(1), 69–88.Google Scholar
Sun, Yat-sen. 1924. Jianguo dagang (Fundamentals of national reconstruction). Speech at the first national congress of the Chinese nationalist party, issued 21 January. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/1924/04/12/fundamentals-of-national-reconstruction/.Google Scholar
Supreme People’s Court (SPC). 2015. Guanyu quanmin shenhua renmin fayuan gaige de yijian (Opinions concerning comprehensively deepening people’s court reforms), issued 4 February.Google Scholar
Svensson, M. 2002. Debating Human Rights in China: A Conceptual and Political History. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Ter Haar, B. J. 2009. Het hemels mandaat: de geschiedenis van het Chinese keizerrijk. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
Tsai, W.-H., and Dean, N. 2013. The CCP’s learning system: thought unification and regime adaptation. The China Journal 69, 87–107.Google Scholar
Turner, K. G., Feinerman, J. V. and Guy, R. K., eds. 2015. The Limits of the Rule of Law in China. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Von Senger, H. 2000. Ideology and law-making. Law-Making in the People’s Republic of China. Den Haag: Kluwer, pp. 41–54.Google Scholar
Wang, G. 1980. Power, rights and duties in Chinese history. The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 3, 1–26.Google Scholar
WTO. 2009. DS362: China – measures affecting the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights’. Report of the panel, issued 26 January. Available from: www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/362r_e.pdf.Google Scholar
Xi, Jinping. 2012. Zai ‘fuxing zhi lu’ zhanlan de jianghua (Speech at the exhibition ‘road to rejuvenation’). Issued 29 November. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/speech-at-the-road-to-rejuvenation/.Google Scholar
Xi, Jinping. 2017. Zai zhongguo gongchandang di shijiu ci quanguo daibiao dahui shang de baogao (Report at the 19th national representative congress of the Chinese communist party), issued 18 October. Available from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1028/c64094–29613660.html.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2008. Zuigao Renmin Fayuan: jianchi ’sange zhishang’ tuijin fayuan gongzuo kexue fazhan (Supreme People’s Court: persist in the ’three supremes’ to move forward the scientific development of court work). Xinhuawang (Xinhuanet), 30 October. Available from: http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1026/8260115.html.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2015. Xi Jinping zai zhonggong zhongyang zhengzhiju di’ershi ci jiti xuexi shi qiangdiao jianchi yunyong bianzheng weiwuzhuyi shijieguan fangfalun tigao jiejue woguo gaige fazhan jiben wenti benling (Xi Jinping stresses at 20th politburo collective study session to uphold the use of the worldview and methodology of dialectical materialism to enhance skills to resolve basic issues in our country’s reform and development). Xinhuawang (Xinhuanet), 24 January. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-01/24/c_127416715.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2017. Zhou Qiang: Yao ganyu xiang xifang cuowu sichao liangjian (Zhou Qiang: we must dare to draw the sword against western erroneous thinking trends). Zhongguo xinwen wang (Chinese News online), 14 January. Available from: www.chinanews.com/gn/2017/01-14/8124300.shtml.Google Scholar
Zhang, N. 2013. On the changes in the Chinese legal system for implementing WTO laws. In Jichun, S., ed., Renmin Chinese Law Review: Selected Papers of the Jurist, Vol. 1. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 72–92.Google Scholar
Zhongguo Gongchandang. 1945. Zhongguo gongchandang dangzhang (1945 ban) (Constitution of the Communist Party of China [1945 version]), issued on 11 June 1945. Available from: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/中国共产党党章_(1945年) [25 September 2019].Google Scholar
Zhongguo Gongchandang. 2017. Zhongguo gongchandang zhangcheng (2017 ban) (Charter of the Communist Party of China [2017 version]), issued on 24 October 2017. Available from: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/中国共产党章程_(2017年).Google Scholar
Zhonghua Minguo. 1931. Zhonghua Minguo xunzheng shiqi yuefa (Provisional constitution of the Republic of China for the period of political tutelage), issued 12 May. Translation available from: http://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/1931/05/12/provisional-constitution-of-the-republic-of-china-for-the-period-of-political-tutelage/.Google Scholar
Zhonghua Minguo. 1946. Zhonghua Minguo Xianfa (Constitution of the Republic of China), issued 25 December. Translation available from: http://china.usc.edu/constitution-republic-china-1946.Google Scholar
Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo. 1982. Zhonghua renmin gongheguo xianfa [Constitution of the People’s Republic of China], issued 4 December. Available from: www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/06/content_4421.htm.Google Scholar
References
Althusser, L. 1971. Ideology and ideological state apparatuses: notes towards an investigation. In Brewster, Ben, trans., L. Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. New York: Monthly Review Press, 127–86. Available from: www.marxists.org/reference/archive/althusser/1970/ideology.htm.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M. M. Bakhtin, Emerson, Caryl and Holquist, Michael, trans., Austin and London: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Barmé, G. R. 2015. History for the masses. In Unger, Jonathan, ed., Using the Past to Serve the Present: Historiography and Politics in Contemporary China, London and New York: East Gate Book, Routledge, pp. 260–86.Google Scholar
Batke, J. 2019. Where did the one million figure for detentions in Xinjiang’s camps come from? China File, 8 January. Available from: www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/features/where-did-one-million-figure-detentions-xinjiangs-camps-come.Google Scholar
Birtles, B. 2018. China’s president Xi Jinping is pushing a marxist revival – but how communist is it really? ABC News, 4 May. Available from: www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-04/china-xi-jinping-is-pushing-a-marxist-revival/9724720.Google Scholar
Brophy, D. 2019. China’s uyghur repression. Jacobin, 31 May. Available from: www.jacobinmag.com/2018/05/xinjiang-uyghur-china-repression-surveillance-islamophobia.Google Scholar
Brown, K. 2012. The communist party of China and ideology. China: An International Journal 10(2), 52–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CCP Central Organisation Department, CCP Central Publicity Department, CCP Committee of the Ministry of Education. 2013. Zhonggong 16 tiao yijian jiaqiang gaoxiao qingnian jiaoshi sixiang zhengzhi gongzuo (Sixteen suggestions of the Chinese communist party on strengthening ideological and political work among young teachers in higher education). People.cn, 28 May. Available from: http://edu.people.com.cn/n/2013/0528/c1053–21643996.html.Google Scholar
CCP Central Committee General Office and Administrative Office of the State Council, PRC. 2015. Opinions on strengthening and improving propaganda and ideological work in higher education under new circumstances. English translation at China Copyright and Media, 19 January, updated 15 February. Available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2015/01/19/opinions-concerning-further-strengthening-and-improving-propaganda-and-ideology-work-in-higher-education-under-new-circumstances/. (The original text, Guanyu jinyinbu jiaqiang he gaijin xin xingshi xia gaoxiao xuanchuan sixiang gongzuo de yijian, published on Xinhuanet, 19 January 2015, is no longer available).Google Scholar
Davies, G. 2017. The language of discipline. In Golley, J., Jaivin, L., and Tomba, L., eds., China Story Yearbook 2016: Control. Canberra: ANU Press, pp. 110–29.Google Scholar
de Man, P. 1986. The Resistance to Theory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Deng, X. 1982. Opening speech at the twelfth national congress of the communist party of China, 1 September. Available from: http://en.people.cn/dengxp/vol3/text/c1010.html.Google Scholar
Ding, X. 2017. Law according to the Chinese communist party: constitutionalism and socialist rule of law. Modern China, 43(2), 321–52.Google Scholar
Fan Wen. 2017. Xi Jinping xishiqi Zhongguo tese shehuizhuyi sixiang de lilun chuangxin (The theoretical innovativeness of xi jinping thought for the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics). Renmin wang, 1 December. Available from: http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1201/c40531–29680097.html.Google Scholar
Flathman, R. 1994. Liberalism and the suspect enterprise of political institutionalization: the case of the rule of law. Nomos 36, 297–327.Google Scholar
Grace, C. 2017. China’s Xi Jinping consolidates power with new ideology, BBC News, 20 October. Available from: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-41677062.Google Scholar
Jiang, S. 2010. Written and unwritten constitutions: a new approach to the study of constitutional government in China. Modern China 36(1), 12–46.Google Scholar
Jiang, S. 2018. Philosophy and history: interpreting the ‘Xi Jinping era’ through xi’s report to the nineteenth national congress of the CCP. David Ownby, trans. The China Story, 11 May. Available from: www.thechinastory.org/cot/jiang-shigong-on-philosophy-and-history-interpreting-the-xi-jinping-era-through-xis-report-to-the-nineteenth-national-congress-of-the-ccp/.Google Scholar
Joseph, W. A. 2014. Ideology and China’s political development. In Joseph, W. A., ed., Politics in China: An Introduction. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 149–191.Google Scholar
Klages, M. 2017. Literary Theory: The Complete Guide. London and New York: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Li, Zhao. 2017. Xi Jinping de ‘youji tongyi’: ni bu dongde bianzheng zhexue (Xi Jinping’s ‘organic unification’: a dialectical materialist philosophy that you don’t know about). Duowei xinwen, (DW News), 22 October. Available from: http://news.dwnews.com/china/news/2017-10-22/60018878_all.html.Google Scholar
Menand, L. 1996. The limits of academic freedom. In Menand, Louis, ed. The Future of Academic Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 3–20.Google Scholar
Miller, J. H. 2016. Reading Paul de Man while falling into cyberspace in the twilight of the anthropocene idols. In Cohen, T., Colebrook, C. and Miller, J. Hillis, eds., Twilight of the Anthropocene Idols. London: Open Humanities Press, pp. 176–194.Google Scholar
Qiu Shi. 2013a. Geming lixiang gao yu tian – xuexi Xi Jinping tongzhi guanyu jianding lixiang xinnian de zhongyao lunshu (Our Revolutionary ideals are higher than heaven: study comrade Xi Jinping’s important discussion of the need for making our ideals and faith sturdy). Qiushi (Seeking Truth), No. 21, 1 November. Available from: www.qstheory.cn/zxdk/2013/201321/201310/t20131030_284176.htm.Google Scholar
Qiu Shi. 2013b. Geming lixiang gao yu tian (Our revolutionary ideals are higher than heaven). Qiushi (Seeking Truth), No. 21, 1 November. Available from: www.qstheory.cn/zxdk/2013/201321/201310/t20131030_284176.htm.Google Scholar
Sorace, C. 2017. Shaken Authority: China’s Communist Party and the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Stewart, C. 2004. The rule of law and the tinkerbell effect: theoretical considerations, criticisms and justifications for the rule of law. Macquarie Law Journal 4, 135–64. Available from: www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MqLawJl/2004/7.html.Google Scholar
Sypnowich, C. 2014. Law and ideology. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 24 October. Available from: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/law-ideology/.Google Scholar
Tomba, L. 2014. The Government Next Door: Neighborhood Politics in Urban China. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Trevaskes, S. 2018. A law unto itself: Chinese communist party leadership and yifa zhiguo in the Xi era. Modern China 44(4), 347–73.Google Scholar
Vanderklippe, N. 2017. With a new app, China claps until their fingertips ache for president Xi Jinping. The Globe and Mail, 19 October. Available from: www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/with-a-new-app-china-claps-until-their-fingertips-ache-for-president-xi-jin-ping/article36662036/.Google Scholar
Waldron, J. 2016. The rule of law. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 22 June. Available from: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rule-of-law/.Google Scholar
Wang, Jiayu. 2017. Representations of the Chinese communist party’s political ideologies in president Xi Jinping’s discourse. Discourse & Society 28(4), 413–35.Google Scholar
Wasserstrom, J. 2018. From the little red book to the big white one. The Times Literary Supplement, 15 May. Available from: www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/public/little-red-book-big-white-one/.Google Scholar
Wendt, A. 1992. Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics. International Organization 46(2), 391–425.Google Scholar
Xi, Jinping. 2012. Jinjin weirao jianchi he fazhan Zhongguo tese shehuizhuyi, xuexi xuanchuan guanche dang de shiba da jingshen (Firmly surround, uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics: study and propagate the all-encompassing spirit of the eighteenth party congress). Xinhua she (Xinhua News Agency), 17 November. Available from: www.gov.cn/ldhd/2012-11/19/content_2269332.htm.Google Scholar
Xi, Jinping. 2015. Jiakuai jianshe shehuizhuyi fazhi guojia (Accelerating the establishment of a socialist-rule-of-law nation). Qiushi (Seeking Truth), 5 January. Available from: http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2015/0105/c83846–26323829.html.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2013. Full text of constitution of communist party of China. News of the Communist Party of China, 29 March. Available from: http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/206972/206981/8188065.html.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2017. Full text of resolution on amendment to CPC constitution. Xinhua News, 24 October. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-10/24/c_136702726.htm.Google Scholar
Yurchak, A. 2005. Everything Was Forever, until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
References
Cao, D. 2001. ‘Fazhi vs/and/or rule of law?’ International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 14, 223–47.Google Scholar
CCP 2013. CCP central committee general office communiqué on the current state of the ideological sphere. 22 April. Available from: www.chinafile.com/document-9-chinafile-translation.Google Scholar
CCP. 2014. CCP central committee decision concerning some major questions in comprehensively moving ruling the country according to law forward. 28 October 2014. Available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2014/10/28/ccp-central-committee-decision-concerning-some-major-questions-in-comprehensively-moving-governing-the-country-according-to-the-law-forward/.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. 2003. ‘Puzzling observations on Chinese law – when is a riddle just a mistake?’ In Hsu, C. S., ed., Understanding China’s Legal System: Essays in Honor of Jerome A. Cohen. New York: New York University, pp. 93–121.Google Scholar
Dyzenhaus, D. 2012. Constitutionalism in an old key: legality and constituent power. Global Constitutionalism 229–60.Google Scholar
Dyzenhaus, D. 2015. The concept of the rule-of-law state in Carl Schmitt’s verfassungslehre. In Meierhenrich, J. and Simons, O., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fewsmith, J. 2003. The sixteenth national party congress: the succession that didn’t happen. The China Quarterly 173 (1), 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitae, Humanae, Encyclical Letter of Paul VI of 25 July, 1968, Part II – ‘Doctrinal Principles’.Google Scholar
Jiang, Zemin. 1997. Work report to the 15th national congress of the communist party of China, issued 12 September. Available from: www.bjreview.com.cn/document/txt/2011-03/25/content_363499.htm.Google Scholar
Jiang, Zemin. 2002. Work report to the 16th national congress of the communist party of China, issued 18 November. Available from: www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/3698_665962/t18872.shtml.Google Scholar
Lasser, M. 2004. Judicial Deliberations – A Comparative Analysis of Judicial Transparency and Legitimacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Legge, J. 1971. Confucian Analects, The Great Learning, and The Doctrine of the Mean. London: Dover Publications.Google Scholar
Li, Buyun. 2003. Guanyu Fazhi yu Fazhi de Qubie, Cong Fazhi dao Fazhi Ershinian Gai Yizi. Fali Tansuo (Jurisprudential Explorations). Changsha: Hunan Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Fuller, L. 1949. Pashukanis and Vyshinsky: a study in the development of Marxian legal theory. Michigan Law Review 47, 1157–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubman, S. 1999. Bird in a Cage: Legal Reform in China after Mao. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, H. L. 2004. Hu Jintao and the party politburo. China Leadership Monitor 9. Available from: http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/clm9_lm.pdf.Google Scholar
Miller, A. 2004. Party Politburo processes under Hu Jintao. China Leadership Monitor 11. Available from: www.hoover.org/research/party-politburo-processes-under-hu-jintao.Google Scholar
Miller, A. 2015. Politburo processes under Xi. China Leadership Monitor 47. Available from: www.hoover.org/research/politburo-processes-under-xi-jinping.Google Scholar
Miller, A. L. 2006. More already on Politburo procedures under Hu Jintao. China Leadership Monitor 17. Available from: www.hoover.org/research/more-already-politburo-procedures-under-hu-jintao.Google Scholar
Nathan, A. 1976. Peking Politics, 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Nathan, A. 2015. Beijing bull, the bogus China model. The National Interest, 22 October. Available from: https://nationalinterest.org/feature/beijing-bull-the-bogus-china-model-14107.Google Scholar
Osakwe, C. 1985. The four images of soviet law: a philosophical analysis of the soviet legal system. Texas International Law Journal 21, 1–37.Google Scholar
Osakwe, C. 1987. The greening of socialist law as an academic discipline, Tulane Law Review 61(6), 1257–78.Google Scholar
Peerenboom, R. 2002. China’s Long March toward Rule of Law Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peerenboom, R. 2015. Fly high the banner of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics! Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 7, 49–74.Google Scholar
Potter, P. 1999. The Chinese legal system: continuing commitment to the primacy of state power. The China Quarterly 159, 673–83.Google Scholar
Potter, P. 2003. From Leninist Discipline to Socialist Legalism: Peng Zhen on Law and Political Authority in the PRC. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Quigley, J., The Soviet Union as a state under the rule of law: an overview. Cornell International Law Journal 23, 205.Google Scholar
Renmin Ribao. 2004. Hu Jintao zai zhonggong zhongyang dishierci jiti xuexi shi qiangdiao: yifa zhiguo, yifa zhizheng (At the 12th politburo study session, Hu Jintao emphasises: govern the country and the executive according to law). Renmin ribao (People’s Daily), 28 April.Google Scholar
Renmin Ribao. 2013. Xi Jingping zhuchi zhonggong zhongyang zhengzhiju disici jiti xuexi (Xi Jinping chairs the fourth politburo collective study session). Renmin ribao (People’s Daily), 25 February.Google Scholar
Renmin Ribao. 2016. Jianchi yifa zhiguo he yide zhiguo xiang jihe, tuijin guojia zhili tixi he zhili nengli xiandaihua (Xi Jinping: persist in combining governing the country according to law, and according to morals, push forward the modernisation of the system of national governance, and of our national governing capacity). Renmin ribao (People’s Daily), 11 December.Google Scholar
Rudden, B. 1978. Law and ideology in the Soviet Union. Current Legal Problems 31(1), 189–205.Google Scholar
Schoenhals, M. 1992. Doing Things with Words in Chinese Politics: Five Studies. London and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Schurmann, F. 1986. Ideology and Organization in Communist China. London and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Smith, E. 2018. The rule of law doctrine of the politburo. The China Journal 79, 40–61.Google Scholar
Smith, E. 2019. The rule of law in party documents. China Law and Society Review 4, 41–69.Google Scholar
Stalnaker, R. 2014. In Perry, A., ed., The internal aspect of social rules. 35 OJLS 283 at note 14.Google Scholar
Tay, A. and Kamenka, E. 1970. The life and afterlife of a bolshevik jurist. Problems of Communism 19, 72–9.Google Scholar
Tsai, W.-H. and Kao, P.-H. 2013. Secret codes of political propaganda: the unknown system of writing teams. The China Quarterly 214, 394–410.Google Scholar
Xi, Jinping. 2013. Address to the second plenary meeting of the central discipline and inspection commission of the eighteenth central committee. Xinhua, 22 January.Google Scholar
Xi, Zhong. 1998. Dui liangxing weixian de fansi (Reflections on benign violations of the constitution. Pinyin (Legal Science Review ) 6, 26–33.Google Scholar
Xiao, K.-C. 1979. A History of Chinese Political Thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2002, Jiaqiang lingdao ganbu xuexi. Tigao zhizheng xingguo benling (Strengthen study among leading cadres, enhance our capacity for governance and national revival), 26 December.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2011. Wu Bangguo ‘Qi queli’ yu ‘wu bu’ gao miaoshu zhongguo tese zhengzhi wenming (Wu Bangguo: The ‘seven establishes’ and ‘five nos’ describe a political culture with Chinese characteristics), 11 March.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2015. Xi Jinping: yi tigao sifa gongxinli wei genben chidu. jianding buyi shenhua sifa tizhi gaige (Xi Jinping: We must resolutely engage in profound reform of the judicial system, making higher public confidence in the judiciary the yardstick), 25 March.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2015. Xi Jinping: jiaqiang fubai changlian fagui zhidu jianshe, rang fagui zhidu de liliang chongfen shifang (Xi Jinping: strengthen the system of anti-corruption laws and regulations, fully release the power of law and regulation), 27 June.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2017. Zui fao fa Zhou Qiang: Yao ganyu xiang xifang ‘sifaduli’ deng cuowu sichao liangjian (SPC’s Zhou Qiang: We must dare to draw out weapon against erroneous western ideas like judicial independence), 14 January.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2018. Xi Jinping zai zhonggong zhongyang zhengzhiju di shiyici jiti xuexi shi qiangdiao: Chixu shenhua guojia jiancha tizhi gaige tuijin fanfubai gongzuo fazhihua guifanhua (At the eleventh politburo study session Xi Jinping emphasises: persist in profound reform of the supervision system, push forward the subjection of anti-corruption work to law and to norms), 14 December.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2019. Xi Jinping zai zhongyang zhengzhiju di shiqici jiti xuexi shi qiangdiao jixu yanzhe dang he renmin kaipi de zhengque daolv qianjin, buduan tuijin guojia zhili tixi he zhili nengli xiandaihua (At the 17th politburo collective study session, Xi Jinping emphasizes: carry on along the road of the party and the people, push forward the modernisation of our governance system and governing capacity), 24 September.Google Scholar
Xu, Xianming. 2014. Jianchi he fazhan dang jia zuo zhu de hao zhidu (Uphold and develop a good system: the people as masters of their own affairs). Qiushi (Seeking Truth) 19.Google Scholar
References
Bodde, D. and Morris, C. 1967. Law in Imperial China: Exemplified by 190 Ch’ing Dynasty Cases Translated from the Hsing-an Hui-lan with Historical, Social and Juridical Commentaries. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
China Law Translate. 2014. CCP central committee decision concerning several major issues in comprehensively advancing governance according to law. Available from: www.chinalawtranslate.com/fourth-plenum-decision/?lang=en.Google Scholar
Ch’ü, T.-T. 2011. Law and Society in Traditional China. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Court.gov.cn. 2015. Zuigao renmin fayuan guanyu zai renmin fayuan gongzuo zhong peiyang he jianxing shehui zhuyi hexin jiazhi de ruogan yijian (The SPC’s Opinions on cultivating and practising Socialist Core Values at People’s Courts). Available from: www.court.gov.cn/fabu-xiangqing-15791.html.Google Scholar
Cpcnews.cn. 2015. Xi Jinping lun fazhi: ‘Dang da haishi fa da’ shi wei mingti, shi zhengzhi xianjing (Xi Jinping on rule of law: ‘What has more power? the party or the law’ is a pseudo-proposition and a political trap). Available from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/xuexi/n/2015/0511/c385475–26978527.html.Google Scholar
Ding, X. 2017. Law according to the Chinese communist party: constitutionalism and socialist rule of law. Modern China 43(3), 322–52.Google Scholar
Fewsmith, J. 2005. CCP launches campaign to maintain the advanced nature of Party members. China Leadership Monitor 13. Available from: http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/clm13_jf.pdf.Google Scholar
Gan, N. 2017. Xi Jinping thought – the Communist Party’s tighter grip on China in 16 characters. South China Morning Post. 25 October. Available from: www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2116836/xi-jinping-thought-communist-partys-tighter-grip-china.Google Scholar
Ji, Weidong. 2014. Zhongguo de chuantong falu siwei moshi (Patterns of Chinese traditional legal thought). Zhongguo Falu Pinglun (China Law Review) 1, 119–26.Google Scholar
Jiang, Shigong. 2015. Dangzhang yu xianfa: duoyuan yiti fazhi gongheguo de jiangou (Party constitution and the constitution: building a rule of law republic based on a unity of multiple notions of law). Beijing Cultural Review 4, 18–29.Google Scholar
Li, Lin. 2005. Lifa Lilun yu Zhidu (Legislative Theory and the System). Beijing: Zhongguo fazhi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Li, Lin. 2007. Dali hongyang ‘liangfa shanzhi’ de fazhi jingshen (Vigorously carrying out the rule of law spirit of ‘benevolent laws and good governance’). Fazhibao (Legal Daily), 31 August, p. 3.Google Scholar
Li, Ling. 2015. ‘Rule of law’ in a party-state – a conceptual interpretive framework of the constitutional reality of China. Asian Journal of Law and Society 2(1), 93–113.Google Scholar
Li, Qi. 2009. Jiang Zemin ‘yide zhiguo’ sixiang wenxian jiedu (Interpretation of documents on Jiang Zemin’s ‘governing the nation by moral virtue’ thought). Renminwang (People’s Daily online). n.d. Available from: http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/138903/138911/8734557.html.Google Scholar
Lin, D. 2017a. Civilising Citizens in Post-Mao China: Understanding the Rhetoric of Suzhi. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lin, D. 2017b. High justice versus low justice: the legacy of Confucian and Legalist notions of justice. In Sapio, F., Trevaskes, S., Biddulph, S., and Nesossi, E., eds., Justice: The China Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 67–91.Google Scholar
Lin, D. 2018. The CCP’s exploitation of Confucianism and Legalism. In Lam, W. W., ed., Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Communist Party. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 47–71.Google Scholar
Lin, D. and Trevaskes, S. 2019. Creating a virtuous leviathan: the party, law, and socialist core values. Asian Journal of Law and Society 6(1), 41–66.Google Scholar
Liu, Zuoxiang. 1998. Falu yu daode: zhongguo fazhi Jincheng zhong de nanjie zhiti – dui falu yu daode guanxi de zai zhuiwen he zai sikao (Law and morality: China’s rule of law predicament – re-questioning and re-thinking the relationship between law and morality). Fazhi yu Shehui Fazhan (Law-based Governance and Social Development) 1, 1–9.Google Scholar
Nesossi, E. and Trevaskes, S. 2018. Procedural justice and the fair trial in contemporary Chinese criminal justice. Governance and Public Policy in China 2 (1–2), 1–92.Google Scholar
People’s News Online. 2013. Zhonggong zhongyang bangongting yinfa: guanyu peiyang he jianxing shehui zhuyi hexin jiazhiguan de yijian (CCP central committee issues ‘opinions on cultivating and practising socialist core values’). Renminwang (People’s News Online). Available from: http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/1224/c1001–23925470.html.Google Scholar
People’s News Online 2016. Xi Jinping zhuchi zhongyang zhengzhiju di 37 ci jiti xuexi (Xi Jinping chairs the 37th collective study session of the politburo). Renminwang (People’s News Online). Available from: http://js.people.com.cn/n2/2016/1211/c359574–29444923.html.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 2018. Zhonggong zhongyang yinfa: shehui zhuyi hexin jiazhiguan rongru fazhi jianshe lifa xiufa guihua (The CCP central committee issues plan to integrate socialist core values into rule of law construction and legislation and revision of the law). Renmin ribao (People’s Daily), 8 May. Available from: http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2018-05/08/nw.D110000renmrb_20180508_3–01.htm.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, J. 2017. State, society and the justice debate in contemporary China. In Sapio, F., Trevaskes, S., Biddulph, S. and Nesossi, E., eds., Justice: The China Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 26–66.Google Scholar
Seeking Truth. 2017. Yong tiede jilü congyan zhidang (Using iron discipline to govern the party). Available from: www.qstheory.cn/CPC/2017-03/15/c_1120630273.htm.Google Scholar
Shen, Deyong. 2017. Jianchi yifa zhiguo he yide zhiguo xiang jiehe (Adhere to the integration of governing the country according to law and rule by moral virtues). Sina News, 20 April. Available from: http://news.sina.com.cn/sf/news/fzrd/2017-04-20/doc-ifyepsch1884020.shtml.Google Scholar
Smith, E. 2018. The rule of law doctrine of the Poliburo. The China Journal 79, 40–61.Google Scholar
State Council. 2019. Guowuyuan bangongting guanyu jiakuai tuijin shehui xinyong tixi jianshe goujian yi xinyong wei jichu dexinxing jianguan jizhi de zhidao yijian, guobanfa 2019, 35 hao (The general office of the state council on accelerating the construction of social credit system: guiding opinions on building a new credit-based regulatory mechanism). State Office, issued 2019, No. 35. Available from: www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2019-07/16/content_5410120.htm.Google Scholar
Sun, Li. 2002. Dezhi yu fazhi de zhengdangxing fenxi – jianji zhongguo ji dongya fawenhua chuantong zhi jiansheng (An analysis of the validity of rule by moral virtue and rule by law – also an examination of legal cultural traditions of China and East Asia). Zhongguo Shehui Kexue (Social Sciences in China) 6, 95–105.Google Scholar
Trevaskes, S. 2018. A law unto itself: Chinese communist party leadership and yifa zhiguo in the Xi era. Modern China 44 (4), 347–73.Google Scholar
Wang, Qishan. 2014. Wang Qishan zai zhongyang jiwei sici quanhui shang fabiao jianghua (quanwen) (Wang Qishan speaks at the fourth plenary session of the central commission for discipline inspection (full text). Available from: www.chinanews.com/gn/2014/10-25/6716945.shtml.Google Scholar
Wang, Su, et al. 2018. Liangfa: shixian shanzhi de qianti (Benevolent laws: a precondition for good governance), Guangming ribao (Guangming Daily), 1 February. Available from: http://epaper.gmw.cn/gmrb/html/2015-02/01/nw.D110000gmrb_20150201_1-07.htm.Google Scholar
Xi, Jinping. 2015. Jiakuai jianshe shehui zhuyi fazhi guojia (Accelerating the process of constructing a socialist nation of the rule of law). Qiushi (Seeking Truth), 1 January. Available from: www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2015-01/01/c_1113810966.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua Net. 2016. Zhonggong zhongyang bangongting guowuyuan bangongting yinfa: guanyu jinyibu ba shehui zhuyi hexin jiazhiguan rongru fazhi jianshe de zhidao yijian (CCP central committee and state council issuing ‘guiding opinions on further integrating socialist core values into the construction of rule of law’). Xinhua (Xinhua News), 15 November. Available from: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016-12/25/c_1120183974.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua Net. 2018. Li ‘xin’ chu ‘bi’ Xi Jinping zonglun xinxing zhengdang zhidu (Establishing the new and eradicating the demerits: Xi Jinping on the new-style political party system). Xinhua (Xinhua News), 10 March. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-03/05/c_1122491671.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua News Agency. 2014. Xi Jinping: Gudai zhuzhang lifa hezhi dezhu xingfu (Xi Jinping: ancient China supports governing through a combination of propriety and law and granting moral rules primacy over penal codes). Xinhua (Xinhua News), 13 October. Available from: http://theory.gmw.cn/2014-10/13/content_13524336.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua News Agency. 2018a. Zhongyang youguan bumen fuzeren jiu: ‘shehui zhuyi hexin jiazhiguan rongru fazhi jianshe lifa xiufa guihua’da jizhe wen’ (Responsible officials of relevant departments of the party central committee answer journalists’ questions on plans to integrate socialist core values into the construction of rule of law, legislation and revision of laws). Xinhua (Xinhua News), 7 May. Available from: www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-05/07/content_5288884.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua News Agency. 2018b. Xi Jinping: qieshi guanche luoshi xin shidai dang de zuzhi luxian quandang nuli ba dang jianshe de gengjia jianqiang youli (Xi Jinping: effectively implementing the Party’s organisational path for the new era; the entire party working hard to make the party stronger and more powerful). Xinhua. (Xinhua News), 4 July. Available from: www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-07/04/content_5303550.htm.Google Scholar
Xu, Xianming. 2017a. Xu Xianming: Jianchi yifa zhiguo he yide zhiguo xiang jiehe (Adhering to an integration of governing the country according to law and governing the country by moral virtue). Qiushi (Seeking Truth), 16 March. Available from: http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0316/c40531–29149761.html.Google Scholar
Xu, Yingyan. 2017b. Zuigaojian: ba shehui zhuyi hexin jiazhiguan rongru sifa ban’an quan guocheng (SPP: integrating socialist core values into the entire judicial and case handling procedures). Jiancha ribao (Procuratorate Daily), 26 April. Available from: www.spp.gov.cn/tt/201704/t20170426_188986.shtml.Google Scholar
Zhang, Fan. 2016. Fa an tianxia de run renxin – fade jiehe kaiqi guojia zhili xin jingjie (Law brings order and morals nurture the heart – opening up a new realm of governance with law–morality amalgam). China Social Sciences Newspaper, 16 December, 1.Google Scholar
Zhang, Wenxian. 2016. Xi Jinping fazhi sixiang yanjiu (zhong) – Xi Jinping fazhi sixiang de yiban lilun (On Xi Jinping’s rule of law thought (2) – General theories of Xi Jinping’s rule of law thought). Law and Social Development 3, 5–37.Google Scholar
Zhang, Xiaojun. 2019. The historical track of internal regulations of the communist party of China ruled by law. China Legal Science 7(3), 3–30.Google Scholar
Zhao, Dingxin. 2015. The Confucian–Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar