Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T20:38:30.478Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

21 - Multicultural London English

from Part IV - Multilingualism: The Development of Urban Contact Varieties

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 October 2024

Susan Fox
Affiliation:
Universität Bern, Switzerland
Get access

Summary

This chapter presents an overview of Multicultural London English (MLE), the urban contact vernacular that has emerged in London in recent years. It starts with a discussion of how similar varieties have been reported across other European cities and have become known as multiethnolects, meaning that they are not restricted to any particular ethnic group but are available to anyone, including speakers from non-immigrant backgrounds. The chapter then focuses on the specific social and historical circumstances that have led to the emergence of MLE, from its beginnings in the 1980s to the present day. After presenting the linguistic characteristics of MLE, a discussion follows of the ways in which MLE has been perceived in the media and by users and non-users of MLE, and how attitudes towards the variety may influence its trajectory in the future. While there is some suggestion that the variety (or some variation thereof) may not be restricted to London, it is not clear whether MLE will stabilise to an everyday vernacular spoken in inner-city neighbourhoods and beyond or whether it will divide along social and ethnic lines. The chapter concludes with a discussion of new research being undertaken to answer some of these issues.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aarsæther, F. (2010). The use of multiethnic youth language in Oslo. In Quist, P. and Svendsen, B. A. (eds.), Multilingual Urban Scandinavia: New Linguistic Practices. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 111–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, Z. (2018). ‘I don’t know why man’s calling me family all of a sudden’: Address and reference terms in grime music. Language and Communication 60: 1127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agha, A. (2003). The social life of cultural value. Language & Communication 23(3): 231–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, G. (2001). Pragmatic Markers and Sociolinguistic Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Appel, R. (1999). Straattaal: De mengtaal van jongeren in Amsterdam. [Street talk: The mixed language of young people in Amsterdam.] Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 62: 3957.Google Scholar
Bauman, R. and Briggs, C. L. (1990). Poetics and performance as critical perspectives on language and social life. Annual Review of Anthropology 19: 5988.Google Scholar
Bodén, P. (2011). Adolescents’ pronunciation in multilingual Malmö, Gothenburg and Stockholm. In Källström, R. and Lindberg, I. (eds.), Young Urban Swedish: Variation and Change in Multilingual Settings. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg, pp. 3548.Google Scholar
Britain, D. and Fox, S. (2009). The regularisation of the hiatus resolution system in British English: A contact-induced ‘Vernacular Universal’? In Filppula, M., Klemola, J. and Paulasto, H. (eds.), Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond. New York: Routledge, pp. 177205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardoso, A., Levon, E., Sharma, D., Watt, D. and Ye, Y. (2019). Inter-speaker variation and the evaluation of British English accents in employment contexts. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Melbourne, 5–9 August 2019, pp. 1615–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheshire, J. (2013). Grammaticalisation in social context: The emergence of a new English pronoun. Journal of Sociolinguistics 17(5): 608–33.Google Scholar
Cheshire, J. and Fox, S. (2009). Was/were variation: A perspective from London. Language Variation and Change 21(1): 123.Google Scholar
Cheshire, J. and Fox, S. (2016). From sociolinguistic research to English language teaching. In Corrigan, K. P. and Mearns, A. (eds.), Creating and Digitizing Language Corpora. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 265–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheshire, J., Adger, D. and Fox, S. (2013). Relative who and the actuation problem. Lingua 126: 5177.Google Scholar
Cheshire, J., Hall, D. and Adger, D. (2017). Multicultural London English and social and educational policies. Languages, Society and Policy. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.9804.Google Scholar
Cheshire, J., Fox, S., Kerswill, P. and Torgersen, E. (fc. 2024). Multicultural London English. In Bolton, K. (ed.), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of World Englishes. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheshire, J., Kerswill, P., Fox, S. and Torgersen, E. (2011). Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15(2): 151–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clyne, M. (2000). Lingua franca and ethnolects in Europe and beyond. Sociolinguistica 14: 8389.Google Scholar
Drummond, R. (2017). (Mis)interpreting urban youth language: White kids sounding black? Journal of Youth Studies 20(5): 640–60.Google Scholar
Drummond, R. (2018). Maybe it’s a grime [t]ing: TH-stopping among urban British youth. Language in Society 47: 171–96.Google Scholar
Fox, S. (2012a). Varieties of English: Cockney. In Bergs, A. and Brinton, L. (eds.), Historical Linguistics of English (HSK 34.1). Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 2013–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, S. (2012b). Performed narrative: The pragmatic function of This Is + Speaker and other quotatives in London adolescent speech. In van Alphen, I. and Buchstaller, I. (eds.), Quotatives: Cross-Linguistic and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 231–57.Google Scholar
Fox, S. (2015). The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Fox, S. and Sharma, D. (2017). The language of London and Londoners. In Heinrich, P. and Smakman, D. (eds.), Urban Sociolinguistics: The City as a Linguistic Process and Experience. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 115–29.Google Scholar
Fox, S. and Torgersen, E. (2018). Language change and innovation in London: Multicultural London English. In Braber, N. and Jansen, S. (eds.), Sociolinguistics in England. London: Palgrave, pp. 189213.Google Scholar
Fox, S., Khan, A. and Torgersen, E. (2011). The emergence and diffusion of Multicultural London English. In Kern, F. and Selting, M. (eds.), Ethnic Styles of Speaking in European Metropolitan Areas. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1944.Google Scholar
Foulkes, P. and Docherty, G. (2000). Another chapter in the story of /r/: ‘Labiodental’ variants in British English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 9(4): 582–9.Google Scholar
Freywald, U., Mayr, K., Özçelik, T. and Wiese, H. (2011). Kiezdeutsch as a multiethnolect. In Kern, F. and Selting, M. (eds.), Ethnic Styles of Speaking in European Metropolitan Areas. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabrielatos, C., Torgersen, E., Hoffmann, S. and Fox, S. (2010). A corpus-based sociolinguistic study of indefinite article forms in London English. Journal of English Linguistics 38(4): 297334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gates, S. M. (2019). Language and Ethnicity in an East London Secondary School. Unpublished PhD thesis, Queen Mary University of London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, J. (2014). Multicultural London English: The new ‘youthspeak’. In Coleman, J. (ed.), Global English Slang: Methodologies and Perspectives. London: Routledge, pp. 6271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, D. (2020). The impersonal gets personal: A new pronoun in Multicultural London English. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 38: 117–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, R. (2006). New Ethnicities and Language Use. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewitt, R. (1986). White Talk, Black Talk. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewitt, R. (1990). Youth, race and language in contemporary Britain: Deconstructing ethnicity? In Chisholm, L., Büchner, P., Krüger, H.-H. and Brown, P. (eds.), Childhood, Youth and Social Change: A Comparative Perspective. London: The Falmer Press, pp. 185–96.Google Scholar
Ilbury, C. (2019). Beyond the Offline: Social Media and the Social Meaning of Variation in East London. Unpublished PhD thesis, Queen Mary University of London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilbury, C. (2023). The recontextualisation of Multicultural London English: Stylising the ‘roadman’. Language in Society, published online 11 April 2023. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404523000143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilbury, C. and Kerswill, P. (2023). How multiethnic is a multiethnolect? The recontextualisation of Multicultural London English. In Svendsen, B. and Jonsson, R. (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Language and Youth Culture. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerswill, P. (2003). Dialect levelling and geographical diffusion in British English. In Britain, D. and Cheshire, J. (eds.), Social Dialectology. In Honour of Peter Trudgill. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 223–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerswill, P. (2013). Identity, ethnicity and place: The construction of youth language in London. In Auer, P., Hilpert, M., Stukenbrock, A. and Szmrecsanyi, B. (eds.), Space in Language and Linguistics: Geographical, Interactional and Cognitive Perspectives. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 128–64.Google Scholar
Kerswill, P. (2014). The objectification of ‘Jafaican’: The discoursal embedding of Multicultural London English in the British media. In Androutsopoulos, J. (ed.), The Media and Sociolinguistic Change. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 428–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerswill, P. and Torgersen, E. (2021). Tracing the origins of an urban youth vernacular: Founder effects, frequency, and culture in the emergence of Multicultural London English. In Beaman, K., Buchstaller, I., Fox, S. and Walker, J. (eds.), Advancing Socio-Grammatical Variation and Change. In Honour of Jenny Cheshire. London: Routledge, pp. 249–76.Google Scholar
Kerswill, P., Cheshire, J., Fox, S. and Torgersen, E. (2008). Linguistic Innovators: The English of Adolescents in London. Final report submitted to the Economic and Social Research Council, February 2008.Google Scholar
Kircher, R. and Fox, S. (2019). Attitudes towards Multicultural London English: Implications for attitude theory and language planning. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 40(10): 847–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kircher, R. and Fox, S. (2021). Multicultural London English and its speakers: A corpus-informed discourse study of standard language ideology and social stereotypes. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 42(9): 792810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotsinas, U.-B. (1988). Immigrant children’s Swedish: A new variety? Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 9 (1&2): 129–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, W. (1972). Some principles of linguistic methodology. Language in Society 1: 97120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehtonen, H. (2011). Developing multiethnic youth language in Helsinki. Kern, In F. and Selting, M., Ethnic Styles of Speaking in European Metropolitan Areas. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 291318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, S. (2001). The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nortier, J. and Dorleijn, M. (2008). A Moroccan accent in Dutch: a sociocultural style restricted to the Moroccan community? International Journal of Bilingualism 12 (1&2): 125–42.Google Scholar
Oxbury, R. (2021). Multicultural London English in Ealing: Sociophonetic and Discourse-Pragmatic Variation in the Speech of Children and Adolescents. Unpublished PhD thesis, Queen Mary University of London.Google Scholar
Pichler, H. (2021). Grammaticalization and language contact in a discourse-pragmatic change in progress: The spread of innit in London English. Language in Society 50: 723–61.Google Scholar
Quist, P. (2008). Sociolinguistic approaches to multiethnolect: Language variety and stylistic practice. International Journal of Bilingualism 12: 4361.Google Scholar
Quist, P. (2010). The sociolinguistic study of youth and multilingual practices in Denmark: An overview. In Quist, P. and Svendsen, B. A. (eds.), Multilingual Urban Scandinavia: New Linguistic Practices. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, pp. 611.Google Scholar
Rampton, B. (2011). From ‘multi-ethnic adolescent heteroglossia’ to ‘contemporary urban vernaculars’. Language and Communication 31: 276–94.Google Scholar
Rosen, M. and Johns, L. (2013). Should schools ban slang from the classroom? Video debate. The Guardian, 9 December 2013. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/video/2013/dec/09/should-schools-ban-slang-video-debate, accessed 1 September 2023.Google Scholar
Svendsen, B. A. and Røyneland, U. (2008). Multiethnolectal facts and functions in Oslo, Norway. International Journal of Bilingualism 12: 6383.Google Scholar
Tollfree, L. (1999). South East London English: Discrete versus continuous modelling of consonantal reduction. In Foulkes, P. and Docherty, G. (eds.), Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Edward Arnold, pp. 163–84.Google Scholar
Torgersen, E. (2024). Cockney. In Bolton, K. (ed.), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of World Englishes. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Torgersen, E. and Kerswill, P. (2004). Internal and external motivation in phonetic change: Dialect levelling outcomes for an English vowel shift. Journal of Sociolinguistics 8: 2353.Google Scholar
Torgersen, E. and Szakay, A. (2012). An investigation of speech rhythm in London English. Lingua 122: 822–40.Google Scholar
Torgersen, E., Gabrielatos, C., Hoffmann, S. and Fox, S. (2011). A corpus-based study of pragmatic markers in London English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory. Special Issue: Corpus Linguistics and Sociolinguistic Inquiry 7(1): 93118.Google Scholar
Vertovec, S. (2007). Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies 30(6): 1024–54.Google Scholar
Wells, J. C. (1982). Accents of English. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wiese, H. (2009). Grammatical innovation in multiethnic urban Europe: New linguistic practices among adolescents. Lingua 119(5): 782806.Google Scholar
Williams, A. and Kerswill, P. (1999). Dialect levelling: Change and continuity in Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull. In Foulkes, P. and Docherty, G. (eds.), Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Edward Arnold, pp. 141–62.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×