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6 - Mutualisms

from Part III - Species interactions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

Peter W. Price
Affiliation:
Northern Arizona University
Robert F. Denno
Affiliation:
University of Maryland, College Park
Micky D. Eubanks
Affiliation:
Texas A & M University
Deborah L. Finke
Affiliation:
University of Missouri, Columbia
Ian Kaplan
Affiliation:
Purdue University, Indiana
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Summary

Mutualism is the association of two species, which is beneficial to both: a plus–plus relationship (see also Bronstein et al. 2006). Such species may live in close association through much of their lives, in which case the relationship qualifies as symbiotic mutualism. Some would argue that symbiosis involves the physiological integration between partners, but this criterion is not employed in most of the ecological literature. Examples include the many cases of microbial symbionts of insects, as in termites and their protozoan and bacterial associates. But mutualisms need not be symbiotic, with each species living a life of its own, as with plants and pollinators while, nevertheless, providing services to the other species. Mutualists may be obligate: a necessary association required for the survival and reproduction of a species, as with termites and microbial associates. They may be facultative – beneficial, but not essential for survival and reproduction. An interesting case of a facultative mutualism is the link between stick insects and ants in Australia, in which eggs of phasmids are dropped from the tree canopy to the ground. The capitula on the eggs are attractive to ants, which carry eggs into their nests and to greater protection against natural enemies (Hughes and Westoby 1992). In Costa Rica ants disperse eggs, but do not carry them deep into the nest (Windsor et al. 1996).

We will explore the rich array of mutualistic interactions, recognizing the evolutionary opportunities generated by reciprocal beneficial associations, and the many forms of mutualism involving insects. Then we will enter into the subject of the inevitable costs and benefits of these associations, and cheating the system. Mutualistic relationships have resulted in major adaptive radiations, which we explore with several examples, and then move on to approaches to modeling and how beneficial relationships may become complex and central to community organization, as well as in the practice of agriculture.

Type
Chapter
Information
Insect Ecology
Behavior, Populations and Communities
, pp. 224 - 267
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

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References

Bronstein, J. L. Alarcón, R. Geber, M. 2006 The evolution of plant-insect mutualisms New. Phytol 172 412 Google Scholar
Losey, J. E. Vaughan, M. 2006 The economic value of ecological services provided by insects Bioscience 56 311 Google Scholar
Rico-Gray, V. Oliveira, P. S. 2007 The Ecology and Evolution of Ant-Plant Interactions Chicago University of Chicago Press
Vega, F. R. Blackwell, M. 2005 Insect-Fungal Associations: Ecology and Evolution Oxford Oxford University Press
Wäckers, F. L. van Rijn, P. C. J. Bruin, J. 2005 Plant-provided Food for Carnivorous Insects: A Protective Mutualism and its Applications Cambridge Cambridge University Press

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