8 - Infrared Instrumentation

Summary

THE INFRARED WAVEBAND

The infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum spans a large range in wavelengths compared to that of normal visible light and it has not been easy to develop technologies which allow astronomers to study the infrared waveband. However, in the last 8 – 10 years there has been a tremendous growth in the field of infrared astronomy. This growth has been stimulated in part by the construction of infrared telescopes and by successful space missions, but the most important event has been the development of very sensitive imaging devices called infrared arrays. Before describing these detectors and their uses in instrumentation, it is useful to begin with a brief historical review of infrared astronomy and an explanation of the terminology of the subject.

Historical review: from Herschel to IRAS

Infrared astronomy had an early beginning when, in 1800, Sir William Herschel noted that a thermometer placed just beyond the red end of the optical spectrum of the Sun registered an increase in temperature due to the presence of invisible radiation which he called calorific rays. He even demonstrated that these rays were reflected and refracted like ordinary light. This discovery came 65 years before James Clerk Maxwell's theory on the existence of an entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation.

Despite that early start, and some additional development of infrared detectors by Edison, and later by Golay, no major breakthroughs in infrared astronomy occurred until the 1950s — the era of the transistor — when simple, photoelectric detectors made from semiconductor crystals became possible.