Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Introduction
- PART I PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION
- PART II INFERTILITY EVALUATION AND TREATMENT
- PART III ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
- PART IV ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN FERTILITY AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
- 69 Stem Cell Research
- 70 Fertility Preservation in Female and Male Cancer Patients
- 71 Ethical Dilemmas in ART: Current Issues
- 72 Infertility Treatment in Perimenopausal Women: Ethical Considerations
- 73 Religious Perspectives of Ethical Issues in Inferility and ART
- 74 The Future of Assisted Reproduction
- Index
- Plate section
- References
73 - Religious Perspectives of Ethical Issues in Inferility and ART
from PART IV - ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN FERTILITY AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 August 2010
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Introduction
- PART I PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION
- PART II INFERTILITY EVALUATION AND TREATMENT
- PART III ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
- PART IV ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN FERTILITY AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
- 69 Stem Cell Research
- 70 Fertility Preservation in Female and Male Cancer Patients
- 71 Ethical Dilemmas in ART: Current Issues
- 72 Infertility Treatment in Perimenopausal Women: Ethical Considerations
- 73 Religious Perspectives of Ethical Issues in Inferility and ART
- 74 The Future of Assisted Reproduction
- Index
- Plate section
- References
Summary
This chapter was based upon the presentations of a symposium at the 59th American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) annual meeting in San Antonio October 2003. This was the ASRM/MEFS cultural exchange session and I was asked to put together presentations that represented the views of the main religions. The Jewish, Christian, and Islamic views were presented by Sherman Silber, Botros R. M. B. Rizk, Pier G. Crosignianni, and Gamal I Serour. This symposium was very stimulating and generated interesting discussions and published by the Middle East Fertility Society Journal in 2005, Volume (10), third issue. This chapter is produced with the permission of the journal with minor updating of my section. This led to another session at the ASRM 60th Annual Meeting in 2004 where presentations covered some more focused topics as stem cell and cord blood. Three presentations were given by Joe Leigh Simpson, Robert Casper, and Botros R. M. B. Rizk.
Religious Perspectives of Ethical Issues in ART. Middle East Fertility Society Journal 2005;10 (3): 185–204.
INFERTILITY, IVF AND JUDAISM
Different Branches of Judaism
For most Jews, Judaism is not well defined. There are three main branches to Judaism: “Orthodox,” “Conservative,” and “Reformed.” Only about 10% of Jews worldwide are Orthodox, and only Orthodox Judaism is quite well defined. Approximately 85 percent of Jews worldwide are “Reformed,” and these Jews are, for the most part, secular. About 5 percent of Jews are “Conservative,” which is a sort of a hybrid between Orthodox and Reformed Judaism.
Keywords
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Infertility and Assisted Reproduction , pp. 728 - 746Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2008
References
. Coptic Egypt, History and Guide. American University in Cairo Press. Cairo, Egypt. 1996.Google Scholar
. Christianity in the land of the Pharoahs. The Coptic Orthodox Church Routledge, London. 2002, pp. 1–11.Google Scholar
. . The Holy Family in Egypt. St. Mina Monastery, 1st Edition. St. Mina Press, Cairo, 2000. St. Mina Monastery.Google Scholar
His Holiness POPE Shenouda III. St. Mark, the Apostle, Saint and Martyr. 3rd Edition. Ambarouis, Cairo, Egypt, 1996.
. Coptic Christianity past and present. In: (Ed.) Christian Egypt Coptic Arts and Monuments Through Two Millennia. The Order of St. Benedict Collegeville, Minesota. pp. 8–20, 2002.Google Scholar
. The School of Alexandria, Before Origen. Coptic Theological College, Sydney, Australia, 1995, pp. 8–10.Google Scholar
. What is the Orthodox Church? A Brief Overview of Orthodoxy. Conciliar Press, Ben Lomond, CA, 1995.Google Scholar
HG Bishop Bishoy. Ecumenical Councils. The Institute of Coptic Studies, Theology Section. 2003, pp. 1–7.
, Introduction to the Coptic Orthodox Church, 1993. St. George's Coptic Orthodox Church, Alexandria, Egypt.Google Scholar
His Grace Bishop Gregorios. The Christian Opinion in In vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. Bisphoric of Higher theological Studies, Coptic Culture and Scientific Research Publications, Cairo, Egypt, 1988.
Serour G. Personal Communication.
HG Bishop Serapion. The View of the Coptic Orthodox Church on In Vitro Fertilization. Al-Kcraza, Cairo Egypt. 1998.
His Grace Bishop Moussa Current medical issues contraception, in vitro fertilization and cloning Youth Bisphorship, cairo, Egypt, 1997.
His Grace Bishop Moussa Challenges of the new century Youth Bisphoric, Cairo, Egypt, 2000.
. Preconception sex selection. American Society for Reproductive Medicine/Middle East Fertility Society Symposium. September, 1999. Middle East Fertility Society Journal, 4 (Suppl. 2):14–21.Google Scholar
. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: Cloning University of South Alabama. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Grand Rounds, Dec 17, 2004.Google Scholar
. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: Cloning. University of Alexandria. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology 19th Annual Meeting May 5, 2005, Alexandria, Egypt.Google Scholar
. Ethical considerations of assisted reproductive technologies: a Middle Eastern Perspective. Opinion. Middle East Fertile Soc J 2000;5:1:13–18.Google Scholar
Sura Al-Ra'd 13:38, Holy Quraan.
Sura Al-Nahl 16:27, Holy Quraan.
Sura Ai-Shura 42:49–50, Holy Quraan.
, , . Bioethics in medically assisted conception in The Muslim World. J Assisted Reprod and Genetics 1995;12:9:559–565.Google Scholar
.In vitro fertilization and test tube baby. Dar El Iftaa, Cairo, Egypt. 1980;1225:1:115:3213–3228.Google Scholar
. (ed). Some gynecological problems in the context of Islam. The International Islamic Center for Population Studies and Research. Cairo: Al Azhar University, 2000.Google Scholar
. Attitudes and cultural perspective on infertility and its alleviation in the Middle East Area. (ed.) Current Practices and Controversies in Assisted Reproduction. Report of WHO Meeting, WHO Geneva 2002, 41–49.Google Scholar
Sura Al Bakara 2:185, Holy Quaraan.
Hadilh Shareef. Reported by Abou Dawood.
Hadilh Shareef. Reported by Bukhary and Muslaam.
Sura Al Ahzab 32:4–5, Holy Quraan.
Proceedings of 7th Meeting of the Islamic Fikh Council in IVF & HT and AIH, Mecca (1984) Kuwait Siasa Daily Newspaper, March, 1984.
. Embryo research. Ethical implications in the Islamic World 2002. ISESCO, Rabat, Morocco.
. (ed.). Ethical guidelines for human reproduction research in the Muslim Worlds. The international Islamic Center for Population studies and Research. Cairo: Al Azhar University, 1992.Google Scholar
. (ed.). Ethical implications of the use of ART in the Muslim World. The International Islamic Center for Population Studies and Research. Cairo: Al Azhar University, 1997.Google Scholar
. (ed.). Ethical implications of the use of ART in the Muslim World: Update. The International Islamic Center for Population Studies and Research. Cairo: Al Azhar University, 2000.Google Scholar
Islamic organization of education, science and culture (ISECO). Ethical reflection of advanced genetic research. Qatar: Doha. February 1993.
, . Assisted reproduction developments in the Islamic World. International J Gynecol Obstet 2001;74:187–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
.Islamic Sharia and selective fetal reduction. Al Ahram Daily Newsletter, Cairo: Egypt, 1991.Google Scholar
. 2002. Medically assisted conception, dilemma of practice and research: Islamic views. (ed.). In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Bioethics in Human Reproduction Research in the Muslim World, IICPSR. 1992;234–242.Google Scholar
Sura E3 Hag 22:5, Holy Quraan.
Sura Al Mo'menon 23:14, Holy Quraan.
Hadith Shareef Reported by Bokhary and Muslim.
Sura Al-Nahl 58–59, Holy Quran.
Sura Al-Takwir: 8–9, Holy Quran.
. Transcultural issues in gender selection. , , (ed.). Recent Advances in Infertility and Reproductive Technology. International Federation of Fertility Societies (IFFS) 18th World Congress on Fertility and Sterility, Montreal 2004.Google Scholar
. Family Sex and Section. (ed.). Reproductive medicine in the twenty-first century. Proceedings of the 17th World Congress on Fertility and Sterility, Melbourne: Australia. The Parthenon publishing group 2002;97–106.Google Scholar
. Ethical guidelines for gender selection: are they needed? Proceeding in International Conference on Reproductive Disruptions Childlessness, Adoption and Other Reproductive Complexities, USA; University of Michigan, May 18–22, 2005.Google Scholar
, Gene therapy: the state of the art. Rabat, Morocco: Ethical Reflection of Advanced Genetic Research. In Islamic Educational. Scientific and Cultural Organization (ESESCO), Rabat, 2000.Google Scholar
, Discourse to those taking part in the 81st Congress of the Italian Society of Internal Medicine and he 82nd Congress of the Italian Society of Genera! Surgery, 27 October 1980: AAS 72 (1980) 1126.Google Scholar
, Discourse to the General Assembly of the Religious Perspectives in ART United Nations Organization, 4 October 1965: AAS 57 (1965) 878; Encyclical Populorum Progressio, 13: AAS 59 (1967) 263.Google Scholar
, Homily during the Mass closing the Holy Year,25 December 1975: AAS 68 (1976) 145; POPE JOHN PAUL II, Encyclical Dives in Misericordia, 30: AAS 72 (1980) 1224.Google Scholar
, Discourse to those taking part in the 35th General Assembly of the World Medical Association, 29 October 1983: AAS 76 (1984) 390.Google Scholar
Cf. Declaration Dignitatis Humanae, 2.
Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 22; POPE JOHN PAUL II, Encyclical Redemptor Hominis, 8: AAS71 (1979) 270–272.
Cf. Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 35.
Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 15; cf. also POPE PAUL VI, Encyclical Populorum Progressio, 20: AAS59 (1967) 267; POPE JOHN PAUL II, Encyclical Redemptor Hominis, 15: AAS71 (1979) 286–289; Apostolic Exhortation Familiaris Consortio, 8: AAS74 (1982) 89.
, Discourse to the members of the 35th General Assembly of the World Medical Association, 29 October 1983: AAS 76 (1984) 393.Google Scholar
, Apostolic Exhortation Familiaris Consortio, 11: AAS 74 (1982) 91–92; cf. also Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 50.Google Scholar
SACRED CONGREGATION FOR THE DOCTRINE OF THE FAITH, Declaration on Procured Abortion, 9, AAS66 (1974) 736–737.
, Discourse to those taking part in the 35th General Assembly of the World Medical Association, 29 October 1983: AAS 76 (1984) 390.Google Scholar
Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 24.
, Encyclical Humani Generis: AAS 42 (1950) 575: POPE PAUL VI, Professio Fidel: AAS 60 (1968) 436.Google Scholar
, Encyclical Mater et Magistra, III: AAS 53 (1961) 447; cf. POPE JOHN PAUL II, Discourse to priests participating in a seminar on “ResponsibJc Procrcation”, 17 September 1983, Insegnamcnti di Giovanni Paolo II, VI, 2 (1983) 562: “At the origin of each human person there is a creative act of God: no man comes into existence by chance: he is always the result of the creative love of God.”Google Scholar
Cf. Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 24.
, Discourse to the Saint Luke Medical~ Biological Union, 12 November 1944: Discorsi e Radiomessaggi VI (1944–1945) 191–192.Google Scholar
Cf. Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 50.
Cf. Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 51: “When it is a question of harmonizing married love with the responsible transmission of life, the moral character of one's behaviour does not depend only on the good intention and the evaluation of the motives: the objective criteria must be used, criteria drawn from the nature of the human person and human acts, criteria which respect the total meaning of mutual self-giving and human procreation in the context of true love.”
Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 51.
SACRED CONGREGATION FOR THE DOCTRINE OF THE FAITH, Declaration on Procured Abortion, 12–13: AAS66 (1974) 738.
, Discourse to participants in the Twenty-third National Congress or Italian Catholic Jurists, 9 December 1972: AAS 64 (1972) 777.Google Scholar
The obligation to avoid disproportionate risks involves an authentic respect for human beings and the uprightness of therapeutic intentions. It implies that the doctor “above all … must carefully evaluate the possible negative consequences which the necessary use of a particular exploratory technique may have upon the unborn child and avoid recourse to diagnostic procedures which do not offer sufficient guarantees of their honest purpose and substantial harmlessness. And if, as often happens in human choices, a degree of risk must be undertaken, he will take care to assure that it is justified by a truly urgent need for the diagnosis and by the importance of the results that can be achieved by it for the benefit of the unborn child himself” (POPE JOI-IN PAUL II, Discourse to Participants in the Pro-Life Movement Congress, 3 December 1982: lnsegnantenti di Giovanni Paolo II, V, 3 [1982] 1512). This clarification concerning “proportionate risk” is also to be kept in mind in the following sections of the present Instruction, whenever this term appears.
, Discourse to the Participants in the 35th General Assembly of the World Medical Association, 29 October 1983: AAS 76 (1984) 392.Google Scholar
, Address to a Meeting of. The Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 23 October 1982: AAS 75 (1983) 37: “I condemn, in the most explicit and formal way, experimental manipulations of the human embryo, since the human being, from conception to death, cannot be exploited for any purpose whatsoever.”Google Scholar
, Address to the Participants in the Convention of the Pro-Life Movement, 3 December 1982: Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, V, 3 (1982) 1511: “Any form of experimentation on the fetus that may damage its integrity or worsen its condition is unacceptable, except in the case of a final effort to save it from death.” SACRED CONGREGATION FOR THE DOCTRINE OF THE FAITH, Declaration on Euthanasia, 4: AAS 72(1980) 550: “In the absence of other sufficient remedies, it is permitted, with the patient's consent, to have recourse to the means provided by the most advanced medical techniques, even if these means are still at the experimental stage and are not without a certain risk.”Google Scholar
No one, before coming into existence, can claim a subjective right to begin to exist; nevertheless, it is legitimate to affirm the right of the child to have a fully human origin through conception in conformity with the personal nature of the human being. Life is a gift that must be bestowed in a manner worthy both of the subject receiving it and of the Religious perspectives ill ART MET'S subjects transmitting it. This statement is to be borne in mind also for what will be explained concerning artificial human procreation.
, Discourse to those taking part in the 35th General Assembly of the World Medical Association, 29 October 1983: AAS 76 (1984) 391.Google Scholar
Cf. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern world, Gaudium et Spes, 50.
, Discourse to those taking part in the 4th International Congress of Catholic Doctors, 29 September 1949: AAS 41 (1949) 559. According to the plan of the Creator, “A man leaves his father and his mother and cleaves to his wife, and they become one flesh” (Gen 2:24). The unity of marriage, bound to the order of creation, is a truth accessible to natural reason. The Church's Tradition and Magisterium frequently make reference to the Book of Genesis, both directly and through the passages of the New Testament that refer to it: Mt 19: 4–6; Mk: 10:5–8; Eph 5: 3 I. Cf. ATHENAGORAS, Legatio pro christianis, 33: PO 6, 965–967; ST CIIRYSOSTOM, In Matthaeum homiliae, LXII, 19, I: PG 58 597; ST LEO THE GREAT, Epist. ad Rusticum, 4: PI. 54, 1204; INNOCENT III, Epist Gaudemus in Domino: DS 778; COUNCIL OF LYONS II, IV Session: DS 860; COUNCIL OF TRENT, XXIV, Session: DS 1798. 1802; POPE LEO XIII, Encyclical Arcanum Divinae Sapientiae: ASS 12 (1879/80) 388–391; POPE PIUS XI, Encychcal Casti Connubii: AAS 22 (1930) 546–547; SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL, Gaudium et Spes, 48; POPE JOHN PAUL II, Apostolic Exhortationamiliaris Consortio, 19: AAS 74 (1982) 101–102; Code 0 Canon aw, Can. 1056.Google Scholar
, Discourse to those taking part in the 4th International Congress of Catholic Doctors, 29 September 1949: AAS 4 (1949) 560; Discourse to those taking part in the Congress of the Italian Catholic Union of Midwives, 29 October 1951: AAS 43 (1951) 850; Code of Canon Law, Can. 1134.Google Scholar
Loc. cit, ibid., 489.
, Discourse to those taking part in the Second Naples World Congress on Fertility and Human Sterility, 19 May 1956: AAS 48 (1956) 470.Google Scholar
Code of Canon Law, Can. 1061. According to this Canon, the conjugal act is that by which the marriage is consummated if the couple “have performed (it) between themselves in a human manner.”
Cf. Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 14.
, General Audience on 16 January 1980: Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo H, III, 1 (1980) 148–152.Google Scholar
, Discourse to those taking part in the 35th General Assembly of the World Medical Association, 29 October 1983: AAS 76 (1984) 393.Google Scholar
Cf. Pastoral Constitution Gaudium ct Spes, 51.
Cf. Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 50.
, Discourse to those taking part in the 4th International Congress of Catholic Doctors, 29 September 1949: AAS 41 (1949) 560: “It would be erroneous. to think that the possibility of resorting to this means (artificial fertilization) might render valid a marriage between persons unable to contract it because of the impedimentum impotentiae.”Google Scholar
A similar question was dealt with by POPE PAUL VI, Encyclical Humanae Vitae, 14: AAS60 (1968) 490–491.
Cf. supra: I, 1 ff.
Cf. Response of the Holy Office, 17 March 1897: DS 3323; POPE PIUS XII, Discourse to those taking part in the 4th International Congress of Catholic Doctors, 29 September 1949: AAS41 (1949) 560; Discourse to the Italian Catholic Union of Midwives, 29 October 1951: AAS43 (1951) 850; Discourse to those taking part in the Second Naples World Congress on Fertility and Human Sterility, 19 May 1956: AAS48 (1956) 471–473; Discourse to those taking part in the 7th International Congress of the International Society of Haematology, 12 September 1958: AAS50 (1958) 733; POPE JOHN XXIII, Encyclical Mater et Magistra, III: AAS53 (1961) 447.
, Discourse to the Italian Catholic Union of Midwives, 29 October 1951: AAS 43(1951) 850.Google Scholar
, Discourse to those taking part in the 4th International Congress of Catholic Doctors, 29 September 1949: AAS 41 (1949) 560.Google Scholar
SACRED CONGREGATION FOR THE DOCTRINE OF THE FAITH, Declaration on Certain Questions Concerning Sexual ethics, 9: AAS68 (1976) 86, which quotes the Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 51. Cf. Decree of the Holy Office, 2 August 1929: AAS21 (1929) 490; POPE PIUS XII, Discourse to those taking part in the 26th Congress of the Italian Society of Urology, 8 October 1953: AAS45 (1953) 678.
, Discourse to those taking part in the 4th International Congress of Catholic Doctors, 29 September 1949: AAS 41(1949) 560.Google Scholar
, Discourse to the taking part in the Second Naples World Congress on Fertility and Human Sterility, 19 May 1956: AAS 48 (1956) 471–473.Google Scholar
Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 50.
Cf. Declaration Dignitatis Humanae, 7.
Caed Joseph. Ratzinger (The actual Holy POPE), Instruction on respect for human life in its origin and on the dignity of procreation replies to certain questions of the day, Given at Rome, from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, February 22, 1987, the Feast or the Chair of St. Peter, the Apostle.