Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T15:13:27.584Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

44 - Luteal Phase Support in Assisted Reproduction

from PART III - ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 August 2010

By
Luciano G. Nardo  and
Tarek A. Gelbaya
Edited by
Botros R. M. B. Rizk ,
Juan A. Garcia-Velasco ,
Hassan N. Sallam  and
Antonis Makrigiannakis
Botros R. M. B. Rizk
Affiliation:
University of South Alabama
Juan A. Garcia-Velasco
Affiliation:
Rey Juan Carlos University School of Medicine,
Hassan N. Sallam
Affiliation:
University of Alexandria School of Medicine
Antonis Makrigiannakis
Affiliation:
University of Crete
Get access

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Despite numerous developments in assisted reproduction, the implantation rate of good-quality embryos remains low. Over the years, implantation failure has been questioned for many cases of unsuccessful in vitro fertilization (IVF) with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).

Implantation is the end result of complex molecular cross-talks between the hormonally primed uterus and the blastocyst. Failure to synchronize the component processes involved in these interactions results in unsuccessful implantation. During the implantation window (day 19 to day 24 of the menstrual cycle), the endometrium undergoes precise morphological changes under the control of the sex steroid hormones – estrogen and progesterone (P). During the secretory phase, the endometrial glands display enhanced secretory activity, the endometrium becomes more vascular and edematous, and pinopodes (bulky pedunculated extrusions of the luminal epithelial cell membrane) develop on the luminal surface of the epithelium. Although these changes are useful predictors of the outcome of pregnancy, the molecular mechanisms underlying them are unknown. Of the many aspects of the synchronization process, the role of steroid hormones is indeed the best understood.

In order to improve implantation rates, a variety of therapeutic strategies have been proposed, including immunologic testing and treatment, blastocyst transfer, assisted hatching, embryo coculture, preimplantation genetic screening for aneuploidy, and embryo donation. Nevertheless, the inadequacy of luteal phase remains a cause of implantation failure in some of the patients undergoing assisted reproductive techniques (ART).

Keywords

assisted reproductioncontrolled ovarian stimulationembryo transfergonadotropin-releasing hormone agonistsluteal phase supportpregnancyin vitro fertilization
Type
Chapter
Information
Infertility and Assisted Reproduction , pp. 395 - 406
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aarskog, D (1979) Maternal progestins as a possible cause of hypospadias. N Engl J Med 300:75–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abate, A, Perino, M, Abate, FG, Brigandi, A, Costabile, L, Manti, F (1999) Intramuscular versus vaginal administration of progesterone for luteal phase support after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. A comparative study. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 26:203–6.Google Scholar
Albano, C, Grimbizis, G, Smitz, J, et al. (1998) The luteal phase of nonsupplemented cycles after ovarian superovulation with human menopausal gonadotropin and the gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist Cetrorelix. Fertil Steril 70:357–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albano, C, Smitz, J, Tournaye, H, et al. (1999) Luteal phase and clinical outcome after human menopausal gonadotrophin/gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist treatment for ovarian stimulation in in-vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. Hum Reprod 14:1426–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Shawaf, T, Yang, D, Al-Magid, Y, Seaton, A, Iketubosin, F, Craft, I (1993) Ultrasonic monitoring during replacement of frozen-thawed embryos in natural and hormone replacement cycles. Hum Reprod 8:2068–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Araujo, E, Bernardini, L, Frederick, JL, Asch, RH, Balmaceda, JP (1994) Prospective randomized comparison of human chorionic gonadotropin versus intramuscular progesterone for luteal-phase support in assisted reproduction. J Assist Reprod Genet 11:74–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Artini, PG, Volpe, A, Angioni, S, et al. (1995) A comparative, randomized study of three different progesterone support of the luteal phase following IVF/ET program. J Endocrinol Invest 18:51–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balasch, J, Fabregues, F, Ordi, J, et al. (1996) Further data favouring the hypothesis of the uterine first-pass effect of the vaginally administered micronized progesterone. Gynecol Endocrinol 10:421–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balasch, J, Jove, I, Marquez, M, Vanrell, JA (1991) Hormonal and histological evaluation of the luteal phase after combined GnRH agonist/gonadotropin treatment for superovulation in IVF or GIFT. Hum Reprod 6:914–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckers, NGM, Laven, JS, Eijkemans, MJC, Fauser, BC (2000) Follicular and luteal phase characteristics following early cessation of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist during ovarian stimulation for in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 15:43–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beckers, NGM, Macklon, NS, Eijkemans, MJC, et al. (2002) Comparison of the nonsupplemented luteal phase characteristics after recombinant (r)HCG, rLH or GnRH agonist for oocyte maturation in IVF. Hum Reprod 17 (Suppl. 1):55.Google Scholar
Beckers, NG, Macklon, NS, Eijkemans, MJ, et al. (2003) Non-supplemented luteal phase characteristics after the administration of recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin, recombinant luteinizing hormone, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist to induce final oocyte maturation in in vitro fertilization patients after ovarian stimulation with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone and GnRH antagonist cotreatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4186–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjuresten, K, Hreinsson, J, Hovatta, O (2005) Can pregnancy rate outcome be improved with vaginal progesterone as luteal phase support in frozen embryo replacement normal cycle. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 84:500–13.Google Scholar
Bourgain, C, Devroey, P, waesberghe, L, et al. (1990) Effects of natural progesterone on the morphology of the endometrium in patients with primary ovarian failure. Hum Reprod 5: 537–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buvat, J, Marcolin, G, Guittard, C, et al. (1990) Luteal support after luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist for in vitro fertilization: superiority of human chorionic gonadotrophin over oral progesterone. Fertil Steril 53:490–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspo, AI, Pulkkinen, MO, Rutter, B, et al. (1972) The significance of the human corpus luteum in pregnancy maintenance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 112:1061–7.Google Scholar
Check, JH, O'Shaughnessy, A, Lurie, D, Fisher, C, Adelson, HG (1995) Evaluation of the mechanisms for higher pregnancy rates in donor oocyte recipients by comparison of fresh with frozen embryo transfer pregnancy rates in a shared oocyte programme. Hum Reprod 10:3022–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Check, JH, Rankin, A, Teichman, M (1986) The risk of fetal anomalies as a result of progesterone therapy during pregnancy. Fertil Steril 45:575–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chez, RA (1978) Proceedings of the symposium “Progesterone, progestins and fetal development”. Fertil Steril 30:16–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, BC, Polgar, K, Xiao, L, Hill, JA (2000) Progesterone inhibits in-vitro embryotoxic Th1 cytokine production to trophoblast in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod 15:46–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicinelli, E, Borraccino, V, Petruzzi, D, et al. (1996) Pharmacokinetics and endometrial effects of the vaginal administration of micronized progesterone in an oil-based solution to postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 65:860–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claman, P, Domingo, M, Leader, A (1992) Luteal phase support for in-vitro fertilization using gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogue before ovarian stimulation: a prospective randomized study of human chorionic gonadotrophin versus intramuscular progesterone. Hum Reprod 7:487–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costabile, L, Gerli, S, Manna, C, et al. (2001) A prospective randomized study comparing intramuscular progesterone and 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer cycles. Fertil Steril 76:394–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coutifaris, C, Myers, ER, Guzick, DS, et al. (2004) Histological dating of timed endometrial biopsy tissue is not related to fertility status. Fertil Steril 82:1264–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Critchley, H, Buckley, CH, Anderson, D (1990) Experience with ‘physiological’ steroid replacement regimen for the establishment of a receptive endometrium in women with premature ovarian failure. BJOG 97:804–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daya, S, Gunby, J (2004) Luteal phase support in assisted reproduction cycles. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD004830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ziegler, D, Bergeron, C, Cornel, C, et al. (1992) Effects of luteal estradiol on the secretory transformation of human endometrium and plasma gonadotropins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:322–31.Google ScholarPubMed
Dehou, MF, Lejeune, B, Arijs, C, et al. (1987) Endometrial morphology in stimulated in vitro fertilization cycles and after steroid replacement therapy in cases of primary ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 48:995–1000.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devreker, F, Govaerts, I, Bertrand, E, et al. (1996) The long acting gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogues impaired the implantation rate. Fertil Steril 65:122–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devroey, P, Palermo, G, Bourgain, C, et al. (1989) Progesterone administration in patients with absent ovaries. Int J Fertil 34:188–93.Google ScholarPubMed
Dominguez, F, Galan, A, Martin, JJ, Remohi, J, Pellicer, A, Simon, C (2003) Hormonal and embryonic regulation of chemokine receptors CXCR1, CXCR4, CCR5 and CCR2B in the human endometrium and the human blastocyst. Mol Hum Reprod 9:189–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, RG, Steptoe, P (1980) Establishing full-term human pregnancies using cleavage embryos grown in vitro. BJOG 87:737–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elter, K, Nelson, LR (2001) Use of third generation gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonists in in vitro fertilization–embryo transfer: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 56:576–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Toukhy, T, Taylor, A, Khalaf, Y, et al. (2004) Pituitary suppression in ultrasound-monitored frozen embryo replacement cycles. A randomized study. Hum Reprod 19:874–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanchin, R, Ziegler, D, Bergeron, C, et al. (1997) Transvaginal administration of progesterone. Obstet Gynecol 90:396–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fanchin, R, Righini, C, Ziegler, D, et al. (2001) Effects of vaginal progesterone administration on uterine contractility at the time of embryo transfer. Fertil Steril 75:1136–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farhi, J, Weissman, A, Steinfeld, Z, Shorer, M, Nahum, H, Levran, D (2000) Estradiol supplementation during the luteal phase may improve the pregnancy rate in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycles. Fertil Steril 73:761–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fatemi, HM, Kolibianakis, EM, Camus, M, et al. (2006) Addition of estradiol to progesterone for luteal supplementation in patients stimulated with GnRH antagonist/rFSH for IVF: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod 21:2628–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedler, S, Raziel, A, Schachter, M, Strassburger, D, Bukovsky, I, Ron-El, R (1999) Luteal support with micronized progesterone following in-vitro fertilization using a down-regulation protocol with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist: a comparative study between vaginal and oral administration. Hum Reprod 14:1944–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fujimoto, A, Osuga, Y, Fujiwara, T, et al. (2002) Human chorionic gonadotrophin combined with progesterone for luteal support improves pregnancy rate in patients with low late-midluteal estradiol levels in IVF cycles. J Assist Reprod Genet 19:550–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geber, S, Moreira, ACF, Paula, S, Veado, B, Sampaio, MAC (2004) Comparison between two different preparations of vaginal progesterone for luteal phase support in assisted reproduction treatment. Hum Reprod 19 (Suppl. 1):i111.Google Scholar
Gelbaya, TA, Nardo, LG, Hunter, HR, et al. (2006) Cryopreserved-thawed embryo transfer in natural or down regulated hormonally controlled cycles: a retrospective study. Fertil Steril 85:603–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geusa, S, Causio, F, Marinaccio, M, Stanziano, A, Sarcina, E (2001) Luteal phase support with progesterone in IVF/ET cycles: a prospective, randomized study comparing vaginal and intramuscular administration. Hum Reprod 16:145 (P-111).Google Scholar
Golan, A, Herman, A, Soffer, Y, et al. (1993) Human chorionic gonadotrophin is a better luteal support than progesterone in ultrashort gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist/menotrophin in vitro fertilization cycles. Hum Reprod 8:1372–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Good, RG, Moyer, DL (1968) Estrogen-progesterone relationships in the development of secretory endometrium. Fertil Steril 19:37–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gorkemli, H, Ak, D, Akyurek, C, Aktan, M, Duman, S (2004) Comparison of pregnancy outcomes of progesterone or progesterone + estradiol for luteal phase support in ICSI-ET cycles. Gynecol Obstet Invest 58:140–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herman, A, Raziel, A, Strassburger, D, et al. (1996) The benefits of mid-luteal addition of human chorionic gonadotrophin in in-vitro fertilization using a down-regulation protocol and luteal support with progesterone. Hum Reprod 11:1552–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, EG, Fedorkow, DM, Daya, S, Sagle, MA, Koppel, P, Collins, JA (1992) The routine use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists prior to in vitro fertilization and gamete intrafallopian transfer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertil Steril 58:888–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, JN, Cedrin-Durnerin, I, Bstandig, B, et al. (2006) Administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist during the luteal phase of the GnRH-antagonist IVF cycles. Hum Reprod 21 (Suppl. 1):O–007.Google Scholar
Hutchins-Williams, KA, Decherney, AH, Lavy, G, et al. (1990) Luteal rescue in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Fertil Steril 53:495–501.Google Scholar
Jones, GS (1991) Luteal phase defect: a review of pathophysiology. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 3:641–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, GS (1949) Some newer aspects of the management of infertility. J Am Med Assoc 141:1123–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalinaka, J, Szekeres-Bartho, J (2005) The impact of dydrogesterone supplementation on hormonal profile and progesterone-induced blocking factor concentrations in women with threatened abortion. Am J Reprod Immunol 53:166–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimzey, LM, Gumowski, J, Merriam, GR, et al. (1991) Absorption of micronized progesterone from a nonliquefying vaginal cream. Fertil Steril 56:995–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saucedo-de Llata, E, Batiza, V, Arenas, L, et al. (2003) Progesterone for luteal support: randomized, prospective trial comparing vaginal and i.m. administration. Hum Reprod 18:130(382).Google Scholar
Lass, A, Peat, D, Avery, S, Brinsden, B (1998) Histological evaluation of endometrium on the day of oocyte retrieval after gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist follicle stimulating hormone ovulation induction for in vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 13:3203–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, H, Watson, N (2000) Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of Crinone 8% administered vaginally versus Prometrium administered orally in postmenopauasal women. Fertil Steril 73:516–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewin, A, Benshushan, A, Mezker, E, et al. (1994) The role of estrogen support during the luteal phase of in vitro fertilization-embryo transplant cycles: a comparative study between progesterone alone and estrogen and progesterone support. Fertil Steril 62:121–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, TC, Dockery, P, Rogers, AW, Cooke, ID (1989) How precise is histological dating of endometrium using the standard dating criteria?Fertil Steril 51:759–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Licciardi, FL, Kwiatkowski, A, Noyes, NL, Berkeley, AS, Krey, LL, Grifo, JA (1999) Oral versus intramuscular progesterone for in vitro fertilization: a prospective randomized study. Fertil Steril 71:614–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loh, SK, Leong, NK (1999) Factors affecting success in an embryo cryopreservation program. Ann Acad Med Singapore 28:260–5.Google Scholar
Ludwig, M, Finas, A, Katalinic, A, et al. (2001) Prospective, randomized study to evaluate the success rates using hCG, vaginal progesterone or a combination of both for luteal phase support. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 80:574–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ludwig, M, Schwartz, P, Babahan, B, et al. (2002) Luteal phase support using either Crinone 8% or Utrogest: results of a prospective, randomized study. Eur J Obstet Gynaecol 103:48–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lutjen, PJ, Leeton, JF, Findlay, JK (1985) Oocyte and embryo donation in IVF programmes. Clin Obstet Gynaecol 12:799–813.Google ScholarPubMed
Lukaszuk, K, Liss, J, Lukaszuk, M, Maj, B (2005) Optimization of estradiol supplementation during the luteal phase improves the pregnancy rate in women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycles. Fertil Steril 83:1372–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez, F, Coroleu, B, Parera, N, et al. (2000) Human chorionic gonadotropin and intravaginal natural progesterone are equally effective for luteal phase support in IVF. Gynecol Endocrinol 14:316–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maxon, W, Hargrove, J (1985) Bioavailability of oral micronized progesterone. Fertil Steril 44:622–6.Google Scholar
Miles, R, Paulson, R, Lobo, R, et al. (1994) Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue levels of progesterone after administration by intramuscular and vaginal routes: a comparative study. Fertil Steril 62:485–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mochtar, MH, Hogerzeil, HV, Mol, BW (1996) Progesterone alone versus progesterone combined with HCG as luteal support in GnRHa/HMG induced IVF cycles: a randomized clinical trial. Hum Reprod 11:1602–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mochtar, MH, Wely, MV, Veen, FV (2006) Timing luteal phase support in GNRH agonist down-regulated IVF/embryo transfer cycles. Hum Reprod 21:905–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myers, ER, Silva, S, Barnhart, K, et al. (2004) Interobserver and intraobserver variability in the histological dating of the endometrium in fertile and infertile women. Fertil Steril 82:1278–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nahoul, K, Dehennin, L, Jondent, M, et al. (1993) Profiles of plasma estrogens, progesterone and their metabolites after oral or vaginal administration of estradiol or progesterone. Maturitas 16:185–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nardo, LG, Sallam, HN (2006) Progesterone supplementation to prevent recurrent miscarriage and to reduce implantation failure in assisted reproduction cycles. Reprod Biomed Online 13:47–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Navot, D, Laufer, N, Kopolovic, J, et al. (1986) Artificially induced endometrial cycles and establishment of pregnancies in the absence of ovaries. N Engl J Med 314:806–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Navot, D, Scott, RT, Droesch, K, Veeck, LL, Liu, HC, Rosenwaks, Z (1991) The window of embryo transfer and the efficiency of human conception in vitro. Fertil Steril 55:114–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, SC, Gilman-Sachs, A, Thaker, P, et al. (2002) Expression of intracellular Th1 and Th2 cytokines in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion, implantation failure after IVF/ET or normal pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 48:77–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, EHY, Miao, B, Cheung, W, Ho, PC (2003) A randomised comparison of side effects and patient inconvenience of two vaginal progesterone formulations used for luteal support in in vitro fertilisation cycles. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 111:50–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nikas, G, Develioglu, OH, Toner, JP, Jones, HW Jr (1999) Endometrial pinopode indicate a shift in the window of receptivity in IVF cycles. Hum Reprod 14:787–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nosarka, S, Kruger, T, Siebert, I, et al. (2005) Luteal phase support in in vitro fertilization: metaanalysis of randomized trials. Gynecol Obstet Invest 60:67–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noyes, RW, Hertig, AT, Rock, J (1950) Dating the endometrial biopsy. Fertil Steril 1:3–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyboe Andersen, A, Popovic-Todorovic, B, Schmidt, KT, et al. (2002) Progesterone supplementation during early gestations after IVF or ICSI has no effect on the delivery rates: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod 17:357–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paulson, RJ, Sauer, MV, Lobo, RA (1990) Embryo implantation after human in vitro fertilization: importance of endometrial receptivity. Fertil Steril 53:870–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pellicer, A, Matallin, P, Miro, F, et al. (1989) Progesterone versus dydrogesterone as replacement therapy in women with premature ovarian failure. Hum Reprod 4:777–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penarrubia, J, Balasch, J, Fabregues, F, et al. (1998) Human chorionic gonadotrophin luteal support overcomes luteal phase inadequacy after gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist-induced ovulation in gonadotrophin stimulated cycles. Hum Reprod 13:3315–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piccinni, MP, Giudizi, MG, Biagiotti, R, et al. (1995) Progesterone favours the development of human T helper cells producing Th2-type cytokines and promotes both IL-4 production and membrane CD30 expression in established T cell clones. J Immunol 155:128–33.Google Scholar
Pirard, C, Donnez, J, Loumaye, E (2005) GnRH agonist as novel luteal support: results of a randomised, parallel group, feasibility study using intranasal administration of buserelin. Hum Reprod 20:1798–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirard, C, Donnez, J, Loumaye, E (2006) GnRH agonist as luteal phase support in assisted reproduction technique cycles: results of a pilot study. Hum Reprod 21:1894–900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, TF, Scott, JR (2005) Evidence-based care of recurrent miscarriage. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 19:85–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pouly, JL, Bassil, S, Frydman, R, et al. (1996) Luteal support after in-vitro fertilization: Crinone 8%, a sustained release vaginal progesterone gel, versus Utrogestan, an oral micronized progesterone. Hum Reprod 11:2085–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prapas, Y, Parapas, N, Jones, EE, et al. (1998) The window for embryo transfer in oocyte donation cycles depends on the duration of progesterone therapy. Hum Reprod 13:720–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prietl, G, Diedrich, K, ven, HH, Luckhaus, J, Krebs, D (1992) The effect of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate/oestradiol valerate on the development and outcome of early pregnancies following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: a prospective and randomised controlled trial. Hum Reprod 7:1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritts, E, Atwood, A (2002) Luteal phase support in infertility treatment: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials. Hum Reprod 17:2287–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raghupathy, R, Al Mutawa, E, Makhseed, M, et al. (2005) Modulation of cytokine production by dydrogesterone in lymphocytes from women with recurrent miscarriage. BJOG 112:1096–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raghupathy, R, Makhseed, M, Azizieh, F, et al. (2000) Cytokine production by maternal lymphocytes during normal human pregnancy and in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Hum Reprod 15:713–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ragni, G, Vegetti, W, Baroni, E, et al. (2001) Comparison of luteal phase profile in gonadotrophin stimulated cycles with or without a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist. Hum Reprod 16:2258–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Remohi, J, Gutierrez, A, Cano, F, et al. (1995) Long oestradiol replacement in an oocyte donation programme. Hum Reprod 10:1387–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revesz, C, Chappel, CI, Caudry, R (1960) Masculinization of female fetuses in the rat by progestational compounds. Endocrinology 66:140–4.Google Scholar
Rock, J, Colston Wentz, A, Cole, K, et al. (1985) Fetal malformation following progesterone therapy during pregnancy: a preliminary report. Fertil Steril 44:17–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenwaks, Z (1987) Donor eggs: their application in modern reproductive technologies. Fertil Steril 47:895–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenwaks, Z, Veeck, LL, Liu, HC (1986) Pregnancy following transfer of in vitro fertilized donated oocytes. Fertil Steril 45:417–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salat-Baroux, J, Cornet, D, Alvarez, S, et al. (1988) Pregnancies after replacement of frozen thawed embryos in a donation program. Fertil Steril 49:817–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sauer, MV, Stein, AL, Paulson, RJ, et al. (1991) Endometrial responses to various hormone replacement regimens in ovarian failure patients preparing for embryo donation. Int J Gynecol Obstet 35:61–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, KT, Ziebe, S, Popovic, B, Lindhard, A, Loft, A, Andersen, AN (2001) Progesterone supplementation during early gestation after IVF has no effect on the delivery rates. Fertil Steril 75:337–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, P, Ludwig, M, Babahan, B, et al. (2000) Luteal phase support using either progesterone gel (Crinone 8%®) or progesterone suppositories (Utrogest®): results of a prospective randomized study. Hum Reprod 15:43–4.Google Scholar
Scott, R, Navot, D, Liu, H-C, Rosenwaks, Z (1991) A human in vivo model for the luteoplacental shift. Fertil Steril 56:481–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simon, A, Hurwitz, A, Pharhat, M, Revel, A, Zentner, BS, Laufer, N (1999) A flexible protocol for artificial preparation of the endometrium without prior gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist suppression in women with functioning ovaries undergoing frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles. Fertil Steril 71:609–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simon, C, Cano, F, Valbuena, D, Remohi, J, Pellicer, A (1995) Clinical evidence for a detrimental effect on uterine receptivity of high serum oestradiol concentrations in high and normal responder patients. Hum Reprod 10:2432–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smitz, J, Bourgain, C, Waesberghe, L, Camus, M, Devroey, P, Steirteghem, A (1993) A prospective randomized study on estradiol valerate supplementation in addition to intravaginal micronized progesterone in buserelin and HMG induced superovulation. Hum Reprod 8:40–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smitz, J, Devroey, P, Faguer, B, et al. (1992) A prospective randomized comparison of intramuscular or intravaginal natural progesterone as a luteal phase and early pregnancy supplement. Hum Reprod 7:168–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sohn, SH, Penzias, AS, Emmi, AM, et al. (1999) Administration of progesterone before oocyte retrieval negatively affects the implantation rate. Fertil Steril 71:11–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soliman, S, Daya, S, Collins, J, Hughes, EG (1994) The role of luteal support in infertility treatments: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Fertil Steril 61:1068–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steingold, KA, Matt, DW, Ziegler, D, et al. (1991) Comparison of transdermal to oral estradiol administration on hormonal and hepatic parameters in women with premature ovarian failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:275–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stovall, DW, Voorhis, BJ, Sparks, AE, Adams, LM, Syrop, CH (1998) Selective early elimination of luteal support in assisted reproduction cycles using a gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist during ovarian stimulation. Fertil Steril 70:1056–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strauss, JR, Gurpide, E (1991) The endometrium: regulation and dysfunction. In: Yen, SSC, Jaffe, RB, editors. Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Management. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 309–56.Google Scholar
Strehler, E, Abt, M, el-Danasouri, I, Sterzik, K (1999) Transvaginal administration of micronized progesterone does not differ to progesterone gel application in the efficacy of luteal phase support in IVF cycles. In: Abstract Book. 11th World Congress on In Vitro Fertilization and Human Reproductive Genetics, 9–14 May 1999, Sydney, Australia, 287.Google Scholar
Sumita, S, Sofat, S Sr. (2003) Intramuscular versus intravaginal progesterone as luteal phase and early pregnancy support in patients undergoing IVF-ET. Fertil Steril 80:S134–5 (P-44).Google Scholar
Szekeres-Bartho, J, Par, G, Dombay, GY, et al. (1997) The anti-abortive effect of PIBF in mice is manifested by modulating NK activity. Cell Immunol 177:194–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szekeres-Bartho, J, Wegman, TG (1996) A progesterone-dependant immunomodulatory protein alters the Th1/Th2 balance. J Reprod Immunol 31:81–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tavaniotou, A, Albano, C, Smitz, J, Devroey, P (2001) Comparison of LH concentrations in the early and mid-luteal phase in IVF cycles after treatment with HMG alone or in association with the GnRH antagonist Cetrorelix. Hum Reprod 16:663–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tay, PY, Lenton, EA (2003) Inhibition of progesterone secretion by oestradiol administered in the luteal phase of assisted conception cycles. Med J Malaysia 58:187–95.Google ScholarPubMed
Tesarik, J, Hazout, A, Mendoza, C (2004) Enhancement of embryo developmental potential by a single administration of GnRH agonist at the time of implantation. Hum Reprod 19:1176–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tesarik, J, Hazout, A, Mendoza-Tesarik, R, Mendoza, N, Mendoza, C (2006) Beneficial effect of luteal-phase GnRH agonist administration on embryo implantation after ICSI in both GnRH agonist- and antagonist-treated ovarian stimulation cycles. Hum Reprod 21:2572–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ubaldi, F, Bourgain, C, Tournaye, H, et al. (1997) Endometrial evaluation by aspiration biopsy on the day of oocyte retrieval in the embryo transfer cycles in patients with serum progesterone rise during the follicular phase. Fertil Steril 67: 521–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vande Wiele, RL, Bogumil, J, Dyrenfurth, I, et al. (1970) Mechanisms regulating the menstrual cycle in women. Recent Prog Horm Res 26:63–103.Google ScholarPubMed
Wentz, AC (1980) Endometrial biopsy in the evaluation of infertility. Fertil Steril 33:121–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkins, L (1960) Masculinization of female fetus due to use of orally given progestins. JAMA 172:1028–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, SG, Oehninger, S, Gibbons, WE, et al. (2001) Delaying the initiation of progesterone supplementation results in decreased pregnancy rates after in vitro fertilization: a randomized prospective study. Fertil Steril 76:1140–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, KP, Guibert, J, Weitzen, S, Davy, C, Fauque, P, Olivennes, F (2006) Artificial versus stimulated cycles for endometrial preparation prior to frozen-thawed embryo transfer. Reprod Biomed Online 13:321–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Younis, JS, Mordel, N, Lewin, A, et al. (1992) Artificial endometrial preparation for oocyte donation: the effects of estrogen stimulation on clinical outcome. J Assist Reprod Genet 9:222–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Younis, S, Ezra, Y, Sherman, Y, Simon, A, Schencker, G, Laufer, N (1994) The effect of estradiol depletion during the luteal phase on endometrium development. Fertil Steril 62:103–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zegers-Hochschild, F, Balmaceda, JP, Fabres, C, et al. (2000) Prospective randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of a vaginal ring releasing progesterone for IVF and oocyte donation. Hum Reprod 15:2093–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×