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3 - Evaluating the impacts of carbonaceous aerosols on clouds and climate

from Part I - Climate system science

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 December 2010

By
Surabi Menon  and
Anthony D. Del Genio
Edited by
Michael E. Schlesinger ,
Haroon S. Kheshgi ,
Joel Smith ,
Francisco C. de la Chesnaye ,
John M. Reilly ,
Tom Wilson  and
Charles Kolstad
Surabi Menon
Affiliation:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Anthony D. Del Genio
Affiliation:
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies 2880 Broadway New York
Michael E. Schlesinger
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Haroon S. Kheshgi
Affiliation:
ExxonMobil Research and Engineering
Joel Smith
Affiliation:
Stratus Consulting Ltd, Boulder
Francisco C. de la Chesnaye
Affiliation:
US Environmental Protection Agency
John M. Reilly
Affiliation:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Tom Wilson
Affiliation:
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto
Charles Kolstad
Affiliation:
University of California, Santa Barbara
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Summary

Introduction

Any attempt to reconcile observed surface temperature changes within the past 150 years to changes simulated by climate models that include various atmospheric forcings is sensitive to the changes attributed to aerosols and aerosol–cloud–climate interactions, which are the main contributors that may well balance the positive forcings associated with greenhouse gases, absorbing aerosols, ozone related changes, etc. These aerosol effects on climate, from various modeling studies discussed in Menon (2004), range from + 0.8 to − 2.4 W/m2, with an implied value of − 1.0 W/m2 (range from − 0.5 to − 4.5 W/m2) for the aerosol indirect effects. Quantifying the contribution of aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions remains complicated for several reasons, some of which are related to aerosol distributions and some to the processes used to represent their effects on clouds. Aerosol effects on low-lying marine stratocumulus clouds that cover much of the Earth's surface (about 70%) have been the focus of most prior simulations of aerosol–cloud interaction effects. Since cumulus clouds (shallow and deep convective) are short-lived and cover about 15 to 20% of the Earth's surface, they are not usually considered as radiatively important. However, the large amount of latent heat released from convective towers, and corresponding changes in precipitation, especially in biomass regions owing to convective heating effects (Graf et al., 2004), suggest that these cloud systems, and aerosol effects on them, must be examined more closely.

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Human-Induced Climate Change
An Interdisciplinary Assessment
 , pp. 34 - 48
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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