Chapter 4 - Sense-certainty and the “this-such”

Summary

Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit is knowledge's voyage of self-discovery. It begins with the mere appearance of knowledge – that is, what knowledge at first seems to be. But what knowledge at first seems to be is not congruent with its reality, even in its first appearance. The incongruence creates an instability that pushes knowledge on to other ways to take itself, stopping only when a conception of knowledge has been developed on which knowledge seems to be exactly what it is. My concern here is an examination of one of the opening arguments in the “Sense-Certainty” chapter of the Phenomenology, showing how the moves Hegel tracks in the “Sense-Certainty” chapter provide an important supplement to the analysis of perceptual knowledge provided by Wilfrid Sellars (1967).

To begin the story of knowledge's self-discovery, we need to be able to fix the beginning point: How does knowledge first appear? Hegel's answer assumes – an assumption to be justified in the course of his story – that knowledge is some form of relatedness between mind and world, and then asserts that knowledge first appears as an immediate and simple relation between mind and world. Given the direction of fit implicit in our pretheoretic concept of knowledge, this seems to require that the object must be simply what is and the subject must be receptive, the knowledge neither transforming the object nor adding anything new or additional.