Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T16:18:44.432Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Emotional Mirroring Promotes Social Bonding and Social Habits

An Insight from Laughter

from Part 1 - The Sensorimotor Embodiment of Habits

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 November 2020

By
Fausto Caruana
Edited by
Fausto Caruana  and
Italo Testa
Fausto Caruana
Affiliation:
Institute of Neuroscience (Parma), Italian National Research Council
Italo Testa
Affiliation:
Università degli Studi, Parma
Get access

Summary

In the first part of the chapter, I review evidence showing that the same centers controlling laughter are also involved in generating the affective aspect accompanying laughter, in line with pragmatists’ theories of emotion. Subsequently, I discuss new data showing that these centers can be activated by the passive observation of others’ laughter, hence a “mirror mechanism” for laughter. Inspired by James’ assumption that “the whole function of thinking is but one step in the production of habits of action”, I argue that this mechanism boosts two distinct sets of “habits of actions”, at different timescales. First, laughter mirroring underpins behavioral phenomena such as facial mimicry and laughter contagion that, in turn, play a crucial social function in boosting social bonding. Second, the consequences of laughter mirroring impact on social customs, traditions, and habits which, in turn, impacts on individual brains and emotions – in line with theories on the social genesis of self, advanced by all classic pragmatists.

Keywords

mirror neuronsemotional contagionneurosciencesimulation theoryWilliam James
Type
Chapter
Information
Habits
Pragmatist Approaches from Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory
 , pp. 79 - 99
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adolphs, Ralph. 2017. “How Should Neuroscience Study Emotions? By Distinguishing Emotion States, Concepts, and Experiences.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 12 (1): 24–31. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsw153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adolphs, Ralph, Tranel, Daniel, Damasio, Hanna, and Damasio, Antonio. 1994. “Impaired Recognition of Emotion in Facial Expressions Following Bilateral Damage to the Human Amygdala.” Nature 372 (6507): 669–72. doi: 10.1038/372669a0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arroyo, Santiago, Lesser, Ronald P., Gordon, Barry, Uematsu, Sumio, Hart, John, Schwerdt, Pamela, Andreasson, Kati, and Fisher, Robert S.. 1993. “Mirth, Laughter and Gelastic Seizures.” Brain 116 (4): 757–80. doi: 10.1093/brain/116.4.757.Google Scholar
Avenanti, Alessio, Candidi, Matteo, and Urgesi, Cosimo. 2013. “Vicarious Motor Activation during Action Perception: Beyond Correlational Evidence.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7: 185. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baggio, Guido. 2015. “Sympathy and Empathy. G. H. Mead and the Pragmatist Basis of (Neuro)Economics.” In Pragmatism and Embodied Cognitive Science. Edited by Madzia, Roman and Jung, Matthias, 183–208. Berlin: De Gruyter & Co.Google Scholar
Baggio, Guido. 2016. La Mente Bio-Sociale. Filosofia e Psicologia in G. H. Mead. Pisa: ETS.Google Scholar
Barrett, Lisa Feldman. 2017. How Emotions Are Made. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Bijanki, Kelly R., Manns, Joseph R., Inman, Cory S., Choi, Ki Sueng, Harati, Sahar, Pedersen, Nigel P., Drane, Daniel L., et al. 2019. “Cingulum Stimulation Enhances Positive Affect and Anxiolysis to Facilitate Awake Craniotomy.” Journal of Clinical Investigation 129 (3): 1152–66. doi: 10.1172/JCI120110.Google Scholar
Bonini, Luca. 2017. “The Extended Mirror Neuron Network: Anatomy, Origin, and Functions.” The Neuroscientist 23 (1): 56–67. doi:10.1177/1073858415626400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonini, Luca, Rozzi, Stefano, Serventi, Francesca Ugolotti, Simone, Luciano, Ferrari, Pier F., and Fogassi, Leonardo. 2010. “Ventral Premotor and Inferior Parietal Cortices Make Distinct Contribution to Action Organization and Intention Understanding.” Cerebral Cortex 20 (6): 1372–85. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp200.Google Scholar
Bonini, Luca, Maranesi, Monica, Livi, Alessandro, Fogassi, Leonardo, and Rizzolatti, Giacomo. 2014. “Space-Dependent Representation of Objects and Other's Action in Monkey Ventral Premotor Grasping Neurons.” Journal of Neuroscience 34 (11): 4108–19. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4187-13.2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caggiano, Vittorio, Fogassi, Leonardo, Rizzolatti, Giacomo, Thier, Peter, and Casile, Antonino. 2009. “Mirror Neurons Differentially Encode the Peripersonal and Extrapersonal Space of Monkeys.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 324 (5925): 403–6. doi: 10.1126/science.1166818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calder, A. J., Keane, J., Manes, F., Antoun, N., and Young, A. W.. 2000. “Impaired Recognition and Experience of Disgust Following Brain Injury.” Nature Neuroscience 3 (11): 1077–8. doi: 10.1038/80586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caruana, Fausto. 2017a. “Laughter as a Neurochemical Mechanism Aimed at Reinforcing Social Bonds: Integrating Evidence from Opioidergic Activity and Brain Stimulation.” Journal of Neuroscience 37 (36). doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1589-17.2017.Google Scholar
Caruana, Fausto. 2017b. “What Is Missing in the ‘Basic Emotion vs. Constructionist’ Debate? Pragmatist Insights into the Radical Translation from the Emotional Brain.” Pragmatist Today 8 (1): 87–103.Google Scholar
Caruana, Fausto. 2019. “The Integration of Emotional Expression and Experience: A Pragmatist Review of Recent Evidence from Brain Stimulation.” Emotion Review 11 (1): 27–38. doi: 10.1177/1754073917723461.Google Scholar
Caruana, Fausto, Jezzini, Ahmad, Sbriscia-Fioretti, Beatrice, Rizzolatti, Giacomo, and Gallese, Vittorio. 2011. “Emotional and Social Behaviors Elicited by Electrical Stimulation of the Insula in the Macaque Monkey.” Current Biology 21 (3): 195–9. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.12.042.Google Scholar
Caruana, Fausto, Avanzini, Pietro, Gozzo, Francesca, Francione, Stefano, Cardinale, Francesco, and Rizzolatti, Giacomo. 2015. “Mirth and Laughter Elicited by Electrical Stimulation of the Human Anterior Cingulate Cortex.” Cortex 71: 323–31. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.07.024.Google Scholar
Caruana, Fausto, Gozzo, Francesca, Pelliccia, Veronica, Cossu, Massimo, and Avanzini, Pietro. 2016. “Smile and Laughter Elicited by Electrical Stimulation of the Frontal Operculum.” Neuropsychologia 89: 364–70. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.001.Google Scholar
Caruana, Fausto, Avanzini, Pietro, Gozzo, Francesca, Pelliccia, Veronica, Casaceli, Giuseppe, and Rizzolatti, Giacomo. 2017. “A Mirror Mechanism for Smiling in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex.” Emotion 17 (2). doi: 10.1037/emo0000237.Google Scholar
Caruana, Fausto, Gerbella, Marzio, Avanzini, Pietro, Gozzo, Francesca, Pelliccia, Veronica, Mai, Roberto, Abdollahi, Rouhollah O., et al. 2018. “Motor and Emotional Behaviours Elicited by Electrical Stimulation of the Human Cingulate Cortex.” Brain 141 (10): 3035–51. doi: 10.1093/brain/awy219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caruana, Fausto, Avanzini, Pietro, Pelliccia, Veronica, Mariani, Valeria, Zauli, Flavia, Sartori, Ivana, Del Vecchio, Maria, Russo, Giorgio Lo, and Rizzolatti, Giacomo. 2020. “Mirroring Other's Laughter. Cingulate, Opercular and Temporal Contributions to Laughter Expression and Observation.” Cortex 128: 35–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casile, Antonino, Caggiano, Vittorio, and Ferrari, Pier Francesco. 2011. “The Mirror Neuron System: A Fresh View.” The Neuroscientist 17 (5): 524–38. doi: 10.1177/1073858410392239.Google Scholar
Celeghin, Alessia, Diano, Matteo, Bagnis, Arianna, Viola, Marco, and Tamietto, Marco. 2017. “Basic Emotions in Human Neuroscience: Neuroimaging and Beyond.” Frontiers in Psychology 8 (August): 1432. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01432.Google Scholar
Chakrabarti, Bhismadev, Bullmore, Edward, and Baron-Cohen, Simon. 2006. “Empathizing with Basic Emotions: Common and Discrete Neural Substrates.” Social Neuroscience 1 (3–4). doi: 10.1080/17470910601041317.Google Scholar
Chartrand, T. L., and Bargh, J. A.. 1999. “The Chameleon Effect: The Perception–Behavior Link and Social Interaction.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (6): 893–910.Google Scholar
Chartrand, Tanya L., and Lakin, Jessica L.. 2013. “The Antecedents and Consequences of Human Behavioral Mimicry.” Annual Review of Psychology 64 (1): 285–308. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143754.Google Scholar
Colombetti, Giovanna. 2014. The Feeling Body: Affective Science Meets the Enactive Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Crivelli, Carlos, and Fridlund, Alan J.. 2018. “Facial Displays Are Tools for Social Influence.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.006.Google Scholar
Darwin, Charles. 1872. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. London: John Murray. doi: 10.1037/10001-000.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. 2017. From Bacteria to Bach and Back: The Evolution of Minds. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Dewey, John. 1971. “The Theory of Emotion. (I) Emotional Attitudes.” In The Early Works of John Dewey, 1882–1898, vol. 4: 1893–1894, Essays, The Study of Ethics. Edited by Boydston, Jo Ann, 152–69. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Dewey, John. 1983. “Human Nature and Conduct.” In The Middle Works of John Dewey, 1899–1924, vol. 14: 1922, Human Nature and Conduct. Edited by Boydston, Jo Ann, 1–226. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Dimberg, U. 1982. “Facial Reactions to Facial Expressions.” Psychophysiology 19 (6): 643–7.Google Scholar
di Pellegrino, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., and Rizzolatti, G.. 1992. “Understanding Motor Events: A Neurophysiological Study.” Experimental Brain Research 91 (1): 176–80.Google Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. M. 2012. “Bridging the Bonding Gap: The Transition from Primates to Humans.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 367 (1597): 1837–46.Google Scholar
Ekman, Paul. 2016. “What Scientists Who Study Emotion Agree About.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 11 (1): 31–4. doi: 10.1177/1745691615596992.Google Scholar
Fernández-Baca Vaca, Guadalupe, Lüders, Hans O., Basha, Maysaa Merhi, and Miller, Jonathan P.. 2011. “Mirth and Laughter Elicited during Brain Stimulation.” Epileptic Disorders: International Epilepsy Journal with Videotape 13 (4): 435–40. doi: 10.1684/epd.2011.0480.Google Scholar
Fogassi, Leonardo, Ferrari, Pier Francesco, Gesierich, Benno, Rozzi, Stefano, Chersi, Fabian, and Rizzolatti, Giacomo. 2005. “Parietal Lobe: From Action Organization to Intention Understanding.” Science (New York) 308 (5722): 662–7. doi: 10.1126/science.1106138.Google Scholar
Fried, I., Wilson, C. L., MacDonald, K. A., and Behnke, E. J.. 1998. “Electric Current Stimulates Laughter.” Nature 391 (6668): 650. doi: 10.1038/35536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frijda, N. H. 1987. The Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fusar-Poli, Paolo, Placentino, Anna, Carletti, Francesco, Landi, Paola, Allen, Paul, Surguladze, Simon, Benedetti, Francesco, et al. 2009. “Functional Atlas of Emotional Faces Processing: A Voxel-Based Meta-Analysis of 105 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies.” Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN 34 (6): 418–32.Google Scholar
Gallagher, Shaun. 2007a. “Logical and Phenomenological Arguments against Simulation Theory.” In Folk Psychology Re-assessed. Edited by Hutto, Daniel and Ratcliffe, Matthew, 63–78. Berlin: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5558-4_4.Google Scholar
Gallagher, Shaun. 2007b. “Simulation Trouble.” Social Neuroscience 2 (3–4): 353–65. doi: 10.1080/17470910601183549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallagher, Shaun, and Hutto, Daniel D.. 2008. “Understanding Others through Primary Interaction and Narrative Practice.” In Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research. Edited by Zlatev, J., Racine, T. P., Sinha, C., and Itkonen, E., 17–38. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/celcr.12.04gal.Google Scholar
Gallagher, Shaun, and Zahavi, Dan. 2012. The Phenomenological Mind. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2001. “The ‘Shared Manifold’ Hypothesis.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 8 (5): 33–50.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2016. “Finding the Body in the Brain. From Simulation Theory to Embodied Simulation.” In Goldman and His Critics, 297–317. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. doi: 10.1002/9781118609378.ch14.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio, and Caruana, Fausto. 2016. “Embodied Simulation: Beyond the Expression/Experience Dualism of Emotions.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20 (6): 397–8.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio, and Sinigaglia, Corrado. 2011. “What Is so Special about Embodied Simulation?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15 (11): 512–9. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.09.003.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio, Fadiga, Luciano, Fogassi, Leonardo, and Rizzolatti, Giacomo. 1996. “Action Recognition in the Premotor Cortex.” Brain 119: 593–609.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio, Keysers, Christian, and Rizzolatti, Giacomo. 2004. “A Unifying View of the Basis of Social Cognition.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (9): 396–403. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrison, Jim. 2003. “Dewey's Theory of Emotions: The Unity of Thought and Emotion in Naturalistic Functional ‘Co-ordination’ of Behavior.” Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 39 (3): 405–43.Google Scholar
Gerbella, Marzio, Caruana, Fausto, and Rizzolatti, Giacomo. 2019. “Pathways for Smiling, Disgust and Fear Recognition in Blindsight Patients.” Neuropsychologia 128 (May): 6–13. doi: 10.1016/J.NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA.2017.08.028.Google Scholar
Gibson, William S., Cho, Shinho, Abulseoud, Osama A., Gorny, Krzysztof R., Felmlee, Joel P., Welker, Kirk M., Klassen, Bryan T., Min, Hoon-Ki, and Lee, Kendall H.. 2016. “The Impact of Mirth-Inducing Ventral Striatal Deep Brain Stimulation on Functional and Effective Connectivity.” Cerebral Cortex 27 (3): 2183–94. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhw074.Google Scholar
Goldman, Alvin I. 2006. Simulating Minds. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/0195138929.001.0001.Google Scholar
Goldman, Alvin I. 2011. “Two Routes to Empathy: Insights from Cognitive Neuroscience.” In Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives. Edited by Coplan, A. and Goldie, P.. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539956.001.0001.Google Scholar
Goldman, Alvin I. 2012. “A Moderate Approach to Embodied Cognitive Science.” Review of Philosophy and Psychology 3 (1): 71–88. doi: 10.1007/s13164-012-0089-0.Google Scholar
Goldman, Alvin I. 2013. “The Bodily Formats Approach to Embodied Cognition.” In Current Controversies in Philosophy of Mind. Edited by Kriegel, Uriah, 91–108. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Goldman, Alvin, and de Vignemont, Frederique. 2009. “Is Social Cognition Embodied?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13 (4): 154–9. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.01.007.Google Scholar
Goldman, Alvin I., and Sripada, Chandra Sekhar. 2005. “Simulationist Models of Face-Based Emotion Recognition.” Cognition 94 (3): 193–213. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2004.01.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guillory, Sean A., and Bujarski, Krzysztof A.. 2014. “Exploring Emotions Using Invasive Methods: Review of 60 Years of Human Intracranial Electrophysiology.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9 (12): 1880–9. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsu002.Google Scholar
Haq, Ihtsham U., Foote, Kelly D., Goodman, Wayne G., Wu, Samuel S., Sudhyadhom, Atchar, Ricciuti, Nicola, Siddiqui, Mustafa S., et al. 2011. “Smile and Laughter Induction and Intraoperative Predictors of Response to Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder.” NeuroImage 54 Suppl 1 (January): S247–55. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.009.Google Scholar
Hennenlotter, Andreas, Schroeder, Ulrike, Erhard, Peter, Castrop, Florian, Haslinger, Bernhard, Stoecker, Daniela, Lange, Klaus W., and Ceballos-Baumann, Andres O.. 2005. “A Common Neural Basis for Receptive and Expressive Communication of Pleasant Facial Affect.” NeuroImage 26 (2): 581–91. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.01.057.Google Scholar
Hutto, Daniel D. 2012. “Truly Enactive Emotion.” Emotion Review 4 (2): 176–81. doi: 10.1177/1754073911430134.Google Scholar
Iacoboni, Marco. 2011. “Within Each Other: Neural Mechanisms for Empathy in the Primate Brain.” In Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives. Edited by Coplan, Amy and Goldie, Peter, 45–57. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539956.001.0001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, William. 1890. The Principles of Psychology. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
James, William. 1897. The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy. New York: Longmans.Google Scholar
James, William. 1898. Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results. Berkeley, CA: The University Press.Google Scholar
Jezzini, Ahmad, Caruana, Fausto, Stoianov, Ivilin, Gallese, Vittorio, and Rizzolatti, Giacomo. 2012. “Functional Organization of the Insula and Inner Perisylvian Regions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (25): 10077–82. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1200143109.Google Scholar
Jezzini, Ahmad, Rozzi, Stefano, Borra, Elena, Gallese, Vittorio, Caruana, Fausto, and Gerbella, Marzio. 2015. “A Shared Neural Network for Emotional Expression and Perception: An Anatomical Study in the Macaque Monkey.” Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 9: 243.Google Scholar
Keltner, Dacher, Sauter, Disa, Tracy, Jessica, and Cowen, Alan. 2019. “Emotional Expression: Advances in Basic Emotion Theory.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 43: 133–60. doi: 10.1007/s10919-019-00293-3.Google Scholar
Keysers, Christian, Kaas, Jon H., and Gazzola, Valeria. 2010. “Somatosensation in Social Perception.” Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 11 (6): 417–28. doi: 10.1038/nrn2833.Google Scholar
Killgore, William D. S., and Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A.. 2004. “Activation of the Amygdala and Anterior Cingulate during Nonconscious Processing of Sad versus Happy Faces.” NeuroImage 21 (4): 1215–23. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.033.Google Scholar
Krack, P., Kumar, R., Ardouin, C., Dowsey, P. L., McVicker, J. M., Benabid, A. L., and Pollak, P.. 2001. “Mirthful Laughter Induced by Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation.” Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 16 (5): 867–75.Google Scholar
Kragel, Philip A., and LaBar, Kevin S.. 2016. “Decoding the Nature of Emotion in the Brain.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20 (6): 444–55. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.011.Google Scholar
Krolak-Salmon, Pierre, Hénaff, Marie-Anne, Vighetto, Alain, Bauchet, Françoise, Bertrand, Olivier, Mauguière, François, and Isnard, Jean. 2006. “Experiencing and Detecting Happiness in Humans: The Role of the Supplementary Motor Area.” Annals of Neurology 59 (1): 196–9. doi: 10.1002/ana.20706.Google Scholar
Kuzniecky, R., Guthrie, B., Mountz, J., Bebin, M., Faught, E., Gilliam, F., and Liu, H. G.. 1997. “Intrinsic Epileptogenesis of Hypothalamic Hamartomas in Gelastic Epilepsy.” Annals of Neurology 42 (1): 60–7. doi: 10.1002/ana.410420111.Google Scholar
Lauterbach, Edward C., Cummings, Jeffrey L., and Kuppuswamy, Preetha Sharone. 2013. “Toward a More Precise, Clinically-Informed Pathophysiology of Pathological Laughing and Crying.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 37 (8): 1893–916.Google Scholar
Lindquist, Kristen A., Wager, Tor D., Kober, Hedy, Bliss-Moreau, Eliza, and Barrett, Lisa Feldman. 2012. “The Brain Basis of Emotion: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35 (3): 121–43. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X11000446.Google Scholar
Määttänen, Pentti. 2015. Mind in Action. Vol. 18. Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics. Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-17623-9.Google Scholar
Manninen, Sandra, Tuominen, Lauri, Dunbar, Robin I., Karjalainen, Tomi, Hirvonen, Jussi, Arponen, Eveliina, Hari, Riitta, Jääskeläinen, Iiro P., Sams, Mikko, and Nummenmaa, Lauri. 2017. “Social Laughter Triggers Endogenous Opioid Release in Humans.” Journal of Neuroscience 37 (25): 6125–31.Google Scholar
Martin, Jared, Rychlowska, Magdalena, Wood, Adrienne, and Niedenthal, Paula. 2017. “Smiles as Multipurpose Social Signals.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 21 (11): 864–77. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.08.007.Google Scholar
Matsunaga, Masahiro, Kawamichi, Hiroaki, Koike, Takahiko, Yoshihara, Kazufumi, Yoshida, Yumiko, Takahashi, Haruka K., Nakagawa, Eri, and Sadato, Norihiro. 2016. “Structural and Functional Associations of the Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex with Subjective Happiness.” NeuroImage 134 (July): 132–41. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.020.Google Scholar
McGettigan, C., Walsh, E., Jessop, R., Agnew, Z. K., Sauter, D. A., Warren, J. E., and Scott, S. K.. 2015. “Individual Differences in Laughter Perception Reveal Roles for Mentalizing and Sensorimotor Systems in the Evaluation of Emotional Authenticity.” Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991) 25 (1): 246–57. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht227.Google Scholar
Mead, George H. 1895. “A Theory of Emotions from the Physiological Standpoint.” Psychological Review 2: 162–4.Google Scholar
Mead, George H. 1934. Mind, Self, and Society. Edited by Morris, Charles W.. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mead, George H. 2001. “The Social Character of Instinct.” In Essays in Social Psychology. Edited by Degaan, M. J., 4–5. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Menary, Richard. This Volume. “Growing Minds. Pragmatic Habits and Enculturation.” In Habits. Pragmatist Approaches from Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory. Edited by Caruana, Fausto and Testa, Italo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Michael, John, Sandberg, Kristian, Skewes, Joshua, Wolf, Thomas, Blicher, Jakob, Overgaard, Morten, and Frith, Chris D.. 2014. “Continuous Theta-Burst Stimulation Demonstrates a Causal Role of Premotor Homunculus in Action Understanding.” Psychological Science 25 (4): 963–72. doi: 10.1177/0956797613520608.Google Scholar
Morreall, J. 1987. The Philosophy of Laughter and Humor. Edited by Morreall, J.. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, Eric E., McClure, Erin B., Monk, Christopher S., Zarahn, Eric, Leibenluft, Ellen, Pine, Daniel S., and Ernst, Monique. 2003. “Developmental Differences in Neuronal Engagement during Implicit Encoding of Emotional Faces: An Event-Related fMRI Study.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 44 (7): 1015–24.Google Scholar
Niedenthal, Paula M., Mermillod, Martial, Maringer, Marcus, and Hess, Ursula. 2010. “The Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) Model: Embodied Simulation and the Meaning of Facial Expression.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 (6): 433–80.Google Scholar
Niedenthal, Paula M., Rychlowska, Magdalena, and Wood, Adrienne. 2017. “Feelings and Contexts: Socioecological Influences on the Nonverbal Expression of Emotion.” Current Opinion in Psychology 17 (October): 170–5. doi: 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2017.07.025.Google Scholar
Niedenthal, Paula M., Rychlowska, Magdalena, Wood, Adrienne, and Zhao, Fangyun. 2018. “Heterogeneity of Long-History Migration Predicts Smiling, Laughter and Positive Emotion across the Globe and within the United States.” PLoS ONE 13 (8): e0197651.Google Scholar
Norscia, Ivan, and Palagi, Elisabetta. 2011. “Yawn Contagion and Empathy in Homo sapiens.” PLoS One 6 (12): e28472. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palagi, Elisabetta, Leone, Alessia, Mancini, Giuseppe, and Ferrari, Pier Francesco. 2009. “Contagious Yawning in Gelada Baboons as a Possible Expression of Empathy.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (46): 19262–7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0910891106.Google Scholar
Palagi, Elisabetta, Celeghin, Alessia, Tamietto, Marco, Winkielman, Piotr, and Norscia, Ivan. 2020. “The Neuroethology of Spontaneous Mimicry and Emotional Contagion in Human and Non-Human Animals.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 111: 149–65. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.020.Google Scholar
Panksepp, Jaak. 2007. “Neurologizing the Psychology of Affects: How Appraisal-Based Constructivism and Basic Emotion Theory Can Coexist.” Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science 2 (3): 281–96. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00045.x.Google Scholar
Papagno, Costanza, Pisoni, Alberto, Mattavelli, Giulia, Casarotti, Alessandra, Comi, Alessandro, Fumagalli, Francesca, Vernice, Mirta, Fava, Enrica, Riva, Marco, and Bello, Lorenzo. 2016. “Specific Disgust Processing in the Left Insula: New Evidence from Direct Electrical Stimulation.” Neuropsychologia 84 (April): 29–35. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.036.Google Scholar
Paukner, Annika, Suomi, Stephen J., Visalberghi, Elisabetta, and Ferrari, Pier F.. 2009. “Capuchin Monkeys Display Affiliation toward Humans Who Imitate Them.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 325 (5942): 880–3. doi: 10.1126/science.1176269.Google Scholar
Pillay, Srinivasan S., Rogowska, Jadwiga, Gruber, Staci A., Simpson, Norah, and Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A.. 2007. “Recognition of Happy Facial Affect in Panic Disorder: An fMRI Study.” Journal of Anxiety Disorders 21 (3): 381–93.Google Scholar
Prinz, Wolfgang. 2012. Open Minds: The Social Making of Agency and Intentionality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Prinz, Wolfgang. 2017. “Modeling Self on Others: An Import Theory of Subjectivity and Selfhood.” Consciousness and Cognition 49 (March): 347–62. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.01.020.Google Scholar
Proust, Joëlle. 2016. “The Evolution of Primate Communication and Metacommunication.” Mind & Language 31 (2): 177–203. doi: 10.1111/mila.12100.Google Scholar
Provine, Robert R. 2000. Laughter: A Scientific Investigation. London: Viking.Google Scholar
Provine, Robert R. 2016. “Laughter as a Scientific Problem: An Adventure in Sidewalk Neuroscience.” Journal of Comparative Neurology 524 (8): 1532–9.Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, Giacomo, and Caruana, Fausto. 2017. “Some Considerations on de Waal and Preston Review.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 18 (12). doi: 10.1038/nrn.2017.139.Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, Giacomo, and Fogassi, Leonardo. 2014. “The Mirror Mechanism: Recent Findings and Perspectives.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369 (1644): 20130420. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0420.Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, Giacomo, and Sinigaglia, Corrado. 2016. “The Mirror Mechanism: A Basic Principle of Brain Function.” Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. doi: 10.1038/nrn.2016.135.Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, Giacomo, Fadiga, Luciano, Gallese, Vittorio, and Fogassi, Leonardo. 1996. “Premotor Cortex and the Recognition of Motor Actions.” Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research 3 (2): 131–41.Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, Giacomo, Cattaneo, Luigi, Fabbri-Destro, Maddalena, and Rozzi, Stefano. 2014. “Cortical Mechanisms Underlying the Organization of Goal-Directed Actions and Mirror Neuron-Based Action Understanding.” Physiological Reviews 94 (2): 655–706. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2013.Google Scholar
Rochat, Magali J., Caruana, Fausto, Jezzini, Ahmad, Escola, Ludovic, Intskirveli, Irakli, Grammont, Frank, Gallese, Vittorio, Rizzolatti, Giacomo, and Umiltà, Maria Alessandra. 2010. “Responses of Mirror Neurons in Area F5 to Hand and Tool Grasping Observation.” Experimental Brain Research 204 (4). doi: 10.1007/s00221-010-2329-9.Google Scholar
Rychlowska, Magdalena, Miyamoto, Yuri, Matsumoto, David, Hess, Ursula, Gilboa-Schechtman, Eva, Kamble, Shanmukh, Muluk, Hamdi, Masuda, Takahiko, and Niedenthal, Paula Marie. 2015. “Heterogeneity of Long-History Migration Explains Cultural Differences in Reports of Emotional Expressivity and the Functions of Smiles.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (19): E2429–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rychlowska, Magdalena, Jack, Rachael E., Garrod, Oliver G. B., Schyns, Philippe G., Martin, Jared D., and Niedenthal, Paula M.. 2017. “Functional Smiles: Tools for Love, Sympathy, and War.” Psychological Science 28 (9): 1259–70. doi: 10.1177/0956797617706082.Google Scholar
Rymarczyk, Krystyna, Żurawski, Łukasz, Jankowiak-Siuda, Kamila, and Szatkowska, Iwona. 2018. “Neural Correlates of Facial Mimicry: Simultaneous Measurements of EMG and BOLD Responses during Perception of Dynamic Compared to Static Facial Expressions.” Frontiers in Psychology 9 (February). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00052.Google Scholar
Satow, T., Usui, K., Matsuhashi, M., Yamamoto, J., Begum, T., Shibasaki, H., Ikeda, A., Mikuni, N., Miyamoto, S., and Hashimoto, N.. 2003. “Mirth and Laughter Arising from Human Temporal Cortex.” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 74 (7): 1004–5.Google Scholar
Scarantino, Andrea, and Griffiths, Paul. 2011. “Don't Give Up on Basic Emotions.” Emotion Review 3 (4): 444–54.Google Scholar
Schmitt, J. J., Janszky, J., Woermann, F., Tuxhorn, I., and Ebner, A.. 2006. “Laughter and the Mesial and Lateral Premotor Cortex.” Epilepsy & Behavior 8 (4): 773–5. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.03.003.Google Scholar
Sperli, Francesca, Spinelli, Laurent, Pollo, Claudio, and Seeck, Margitta. 2006. “Contralateral Smile and Laughter, but No Mirth, Induced by Electrical Stimulation of the Cingulate Cortex.” Epilepsia 47 (2): 440–3. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00442.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sprengelmeyer, R., Young, A. W., Schroeder, U., Grossenbacher, P. G., Federlein, J., Büttner, T., and Przuntek, H.. 1999. “Knowing No Fear.” Proceedings. Biological Sciences 266 (1437): 2451–6. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1999.0945.Google Scholar
Szameitat, Diana P., Kreifelts, Benjamin, Alter, Kai, Szameitat, André J., Sterr, Annette, Grodd, Wolfgang, and Wildgruber, Dirk. 2010. “It Is Not Always Tickling: Distinct Cerebral Responses during Perception of Different Laughter Types.” NeuroImage 53 (4): 1264–71. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.028.Google Scholar
Touroutoglou, Alexandra, Hollenbeck, Mark, Dickerson, Bradford C., and Barrett, Lisa Feldman. 2012. “Dissociable Large-Scale Networks Anchored in the Right Anterior Insula Subserve Affective Experience and Attention.” NeuroImage 60 (4): 1947–58. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.012.Google Scholar
Ward, Lloyd Gordon, and Throop, Robert. 1989. “The Dewey–Mead Analysis of Emotions.” The Social Science Journal 26 (4): 465–79. doi: 10.1016/0362-3319(89)90009-8.Google Scholar
Wood, Adrienne, and Niedenthal, Paula. 2018. “Developing a Social Functional Account of Laughter.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 12 (4): e12383. doi: 10.1111/spc3.12383.Google Scholar
Wood, Adrienne, Rychlowska, Magdalena, Korb, Sebastian, and Niedenthal, Paula. 2016a. “Fashioning the Face: Sensorimotor Simulation Contributes to Facial Expression Recognition.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20 (3): 227–40. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.12.010.Google Scholar
Wood, Adrienne, Rychlowska, Magdalena, and Niedenthal, Paula M.. 2016b. “Heterogeneity of Long-History Migration Predicts Emotion Recognition Accuracy.” Emotion 16 (4): 413–20. doi: 10.1037/emo0000137.Google Scholar
Yamao, Yukihiro, Matsumoto, Riki, Kunieda, Takeharu, Shibata, Sumiya, Shimotake, Akihiro, Kikuchi, Takayuki, Satow, Takeshi, et al. 2015. “Neural Correlates of Mirth and Laughter: A Direct Electrical Cortical Stimulation Study.” Cortex: A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior 66 (May): 134–40. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.11.008.Google Scholar
Zahavi, Dan. 2012. “Empathy and Mirroring: Husserl and Gallese.” In Life, Subjectivity and Art. Edited by Breeur, R. and Melle, U., 217–54. Dordrecht: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-2211-8_9.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×