Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T12:18:27.745Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 10 - Cooperative Extension and Diversity

Supporting Children, Youth, and Families amid Demographic and Social Change

from Part III - Looking Ahead: Emerging Issues and Trends

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2024

By
Kieu Anh Do  and
Virginie Zoumenou
Edited by
Maria Rosario T. de Guzman  and
Holly Hatton
Maria Rosario T. de Guzman
Affiliation:
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Holly Hatton
Affiliation:
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Get access

Summary

The Cooperative Extension System plays a critical role in the tripartite mission of the land-grant university system – serving as a means of disseminating research findings generated in universities and research centers for the direct benefit of people of the community in which it is embedded. Rooted in agricultural education and initially focused on supporting well-being among residents of rural communities, Extension has evolved to address the needs among the country’s changing demographic. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of demographic changes that have had important implications for Extension programming; describe examples of federal, state, and regional initiatives that address new challenges and meet the needs of a rapidly diversifying audience base; as well as highlight current gaps and areas that need further attention. We end the chapter by proposing future directions in Extension programming to better address the needs of diverse populations.

Keywords

Extensiondiversitydemographic changesocial changecontemporary Extensionhistory and Extension
Type
Chapter
Information
Extension Education and the Social Sciences
Uplifting Children, Youth, Families, and Communities
 , pp. 205 - 223
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler-Baeder, F. (2002). Understanding stepfamilies: Family Life Education for community professionals. Journal of Extension, 40, 6IAW2.Google Scholar
Allen, W. R., & Jewell, J. O. (2002). A backward glance forward: Past, present, and future perspectives on historically Black colleges and universities. Review of Higher Education, 25, 241–261. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2002.0007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambler, M. (2005). Tribal colleges redefining success. Journal of American Indian Higher Education, 16, 8–11.Google Scholar
Ames, B., Smith, S., Holtrop, K., Blow, A., & Hamel, J., MacInnes, M., & Onaga, E. (2011). Meeting the needs of national guard and reserve families: The vital role of Extension. Journal of Extension, 49, 5FEA7.Google Scholar
Association of Public & Land-Grant Universities (APLGU). (2020). History of APLU. www.aplu.org/about-us/history-of-apluGoogle Scholar
Bain, J., Harden, N., & Heim, S. (2020). Decision-making tree for prioritizing racial equity in resource allocation. Journal of Extension, 58, v58–5tt2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behnke, A. O., Bohenhamer, A., McDonald, T., & Robledo, M. (2019). The impact of the Juntos program: A qualitative evaluation. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 41, 63–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/073998631882048Google Scholar
Behnke, A. O., & Kelly, C. (2011). Creating programs to help Latino youth thrive at school: The influence of Latino parent involvement program. Journal of Extension, 49, 1FEA7.Google Scholar
Behnke, A. O., Urieta, D. M., Duan, S., & Lewis, Z. (2020). Evaluation of Juntos 4-H: A wraparound program helping Latinx high schoolers succeed. Journal of Extension, 58, v58–2rb8.Google Scholar
Brewer, II, J. P., & Stock, P. V. (2016). Beyond Extension: Strengthening the Federally Recognized Tribal Extension Program (FRTEP). Journal of Agriculture, Food System, & Community Development, 6, 91–102. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2016.063.007Google Scholar
Children, Youth and Families At-Risk (CYFAR). (2018). 2017 annual report. National Institute of Food and Agriculture. https://nifa.usda.gov/resource/2017-cyfar-annual-reportGoogle Scholar
Children, Youth and Families At-Risk (CYFAR). (2020). 2018 annual report. National Institute of Food and Agriculture. https://nifa.usda.gov/resource/2018-cyfar-annual-reportGoogle Scholar
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). (2021). Part 3434 – Hispanic-serving agricultural colleges and universities certification process. National Archives and Records Administration. https://ecfr.federalregister.gov/current/title-7/subtitle-B/chapter-XXXIV/part-3434Google Scholar
Comer, M. M., Campbell, T., Edwards, K., & Hillison, J. (2006). Cooperative Extension and the 1890 land-grant institution: The real story. Journal of Extension, 44, 3FEA4.Google Scholar
Croft, G. H. (2019). The U.S. land-grant university system: An overview. Congressional Research Service Report R45897. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45897Google Scholar
Dee, T. S. (2004). Teachers, race, and student achievement in a randomized experiment. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 86, 195–210.Google Scholar
Deen, M. Y., Parker, L. A., Hill, L. G., Huskey, M., & Whitehall, A. P. (2014). Navigating difference: Development and implementation of a successful cultural competency training for Extension and outreach professionals. Journal of Extension, 52, 1FEA2.Google Scholar
Egalite, A. J., Kisida, B., & Winters, M. A. (2015). Representation in the classroom: The effect of own-race teachers on student achievement. Economics of Education Review, 45, 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2015.01.007Google Scholar
Elliott-Engel, J. (2018). State administrators’ perceptions of the environmental challenges of Cooperative Extension and the 4-H program and their resulting adaptive leadership behaviors. [Doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.Google Scholar
Erbstein, N., Moncloa, F., Olagundoye, S. S., & Diaz-Carrasco, C. (2017). Engaging Latino communities from the ground up: Three tools. Journal of Extension, 55, 4TOT3.Google Scholar
Esters, L. L., & Strayhorn, T. L. (2013). Demystifying the contributions of the public land-grant historically black colleges and universities: Voices of HBCU presidents. Negro Educational Review, 64, 119–134.Google Scholar
Evans, W. P., Sicafuse, L. L., & Killian, E. (2009). 4-H youth worker characteristics: Comparisons with workers from other youth-serving organizations. Journal of Extension, 47, 6RIB4.Google Scholar
Expanded Food and Nutrition Educational Program (EFNEP). (2018). 2017 Impacts: Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). National Institute of Food and Agriculture. https://nifa.usda.gov/resource/efnep-2020-national-reportsGoogle Scholar
Expanded Food and Nutrition Educational Program (EFNEP). (2021). 2020 Impacts: Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). National Institute of Food and Agriculture. https://nifa.usda.gov/resource/efnep-2020-national-reportsGoogle Scholar
Fields, N. I., & Nathaniel, K. C. (2015). Our role in and responsibility toward social justice. Journal of Extension, 53, v53-5comm2.Google Scholar
Gates, G. (2017, January 11). In U.S., more adults identifying as LGBT. Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/201731/lgbt-identification-rises.aspxGoogle Scholar
Gershenson, S., Holt, S. B., & Papageorge, N. W. (2016). Who believes in me? The effect of student-teacher demographic match on teacher expectations. Economics of Education Review, 52, 209–224. https://doi.org/10.17848/wp15-231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grissom, J. A., Kern, E. C., & Rodrigez, L. A. (2015). The “representative democracy” in education: Educator workforce diversity, policy outputs, and outcomes for disadvantaged students. Educational Researcher, 44, 185–192. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X15580102Google Scholar
Harder, A., Lamm, A., & Strong, R. (2009). An analysis of the priority needs of Cooperative Extension at the county level. Journal of Agricultural Education, 50, 11–21.Google Scholar
Harris, R. P., & Worthen, H. D. (2004). Working through the challenges: Struggle and resilience within the historically black land grant institutions. Education, 124, 447–455.Google Scholar
Hassel, C., O’Kelley, K., Gailfus, P., Brummel, A., Ramczyk, L., Wold, A., & Price, M. (2001). Woodlands Wisdom: Tribal colleges take action to improve community health across North America. Tribal College Journal, 13, 36–38.Google Scholar
Hiller, J. (2005). The National Extension Indian Reservation Program (EIRP). University of Arizona. https://cals.arizona.edu/landandpeople/spring2005/article3_l&p.pdfGoogle Scholar
Howard University School of Law. (n.d.). Jim Crow Era. Howard University. https://library.law.howard.edu/civilrightshistory/blackrights/jimcrowGoogle Scholar
Hughes, L. R. (1990). The future of the 1890’s. Journal of Extension, 28, 4FUTI.Google Scholar
Ingram, P. D. (2005). A snapshot of the Change Agent States of Diversity Project. Journal of Extension, 43, 1FEA5.Google Scholar
Ingram, P. D. (2006). A Change Agent States for Diversity Project: The catalyst team approach. Journal of Extension, 44, 5FEA1.Google Scholar
Iverson, S. V. (2008). Now is the time for change: Reframing diversity planning at land grant universities. Journal of Extension, 46, 1FEA3.Google Scholar
Johnson, K. (2021, October 6). New census reflects growing U.S. population diversity, with children in the forefront. University of New Hampshire, Carsey School of Public Health. https://carsey.unh.edu/publication/new-census-reflects-growing-US-population-diversityCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohut, A. (2019, September 20). From the archives: In ‘60s, Americans gave thumbs-up to immigration law that changed the nation. Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/09/20/in-1965-majority-of-americans-favored-immigration-and-nationality-act-2/Google Scholar
Lee, J. M., & Keys, S. W. (2013). Policy brief: Land-grant but unequal state one-to-one match funding for 1890 land-grant universities (Report No. 3000-PB1). Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities. www.aplu.org/library/land-grant-but-unequal-state-one-to-one-match-funding-for-1890-land-grant-universities/fileGoogle Scholar
Lichter, D. T., & Johnson, K. M. (2020). A demographic lifeline? Immigration and Hispanic population growth in rural America. Population Research & Policy Review, 39, 785–803.Google Scholar
Livingston, G. (2017). The rise of multiracial and multiethnic babies in the US. Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/06/the-rise-of-multiracia…Google Scholar
Livingston, G., & Brown, A. (2017). Intermarriage in the U.S. 50 years after Loving v. Virginia. Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2017/05/18/intermarriage-in-the-u-s-50-years-after-loving-v-virginia/Google Scholar
López-Cevallos, D. F., Young, A. W., Gomez-Diazgrandados, A., Reyes, Y., Garcia, J. R., Sherman, J., & Galaviz-Yap, G. (2020). Improving parental engagement for Latino youths’ educational success: Lessons from Juntos Oregon. Journal of Extension, 58, v58–4rb5.Google Scholar
Masci, D., Brown, A., & Kiley, J. (2019). Five facts about same-sex marriage. Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/24/same-sex-marriage/Google Scholar
Mayol-Garcia, Y., Gurrentz, B., & Kreider, R. M. (2021, April 22). Number, timing, and duration of marriages and divorces: 2016. United States Census Bureau. www.census.gov/library/publications/2021/demo/p70-167.htmlGoogle Scholar
McDowell, G. R. (2001). Land-grant universities and extension into the 21st century: Renegotiating or abandoning a social contract. Iowa State University Press.Google Scholar
Moncloa, F., Horrillo, S., Espinoza, D., & Hill, R. (2019). Embracing diversity and inclusion: An organizational change model to increase intercultural competence. Journal of Extension, 57, 6FEA1.Google Scholar
Murray, K., Trexler, C. J., & Cannon, C. E. B. (2020). Queering agricultural education research: Challenges and strategies for advancing inclusion. Journal of Agricultural Education, 61, 296–316. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2020.04296Google Scholar
National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). (2013). The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program policies. National Institute of Food and Agriculture. https://nifa.usda.gov/sites/default/files/program/EFNEP%20Program%20Policies%20(onscreen%20version).pdfGoogle Scholar
National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). (2021a). Federally-Recognized Tribes Extension Program (FRTEP). United States Department of Agriculture. https://nifa.usda.gov/program/federally-recognized-tribes-extension-grant-programGoogle Scholar
National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). (2021b). Hispanic-serving agricultural colleges and universities (HSACU). United States Department of Agriculture. https://nifa.usda.gov/hispanic-serving-agricultural-colleges-and-universities-hsacuGoogle Scholar
National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). (2021c). Children, Youth and Families at Risk (CYFAR). United States Department of Agriculture. https://nifa.usda.gov/program/children-youth-and-families-risk-cyfarGoogle Scholar
Parker, K. (2018). America is changing demographically. Here’s how your county compares. Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/05/22/america-is-changing-demographically-heres-how-your-county-compares/Google Scholar
Parker, K., Horowitz, J. M., Brown, A., Fry, R., Cohn, D., & Igielnik, R. (2018). What unites and divides urban, suburban and rural communities. Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2018/05/22/what-unites-and-divides-urban-suburban-and-rural-communities/Google Scholar
Peterson, D. J., Betts, S. C., & Richmond, L. S. (2002). Diversity in children, youth, and family programs: Cooperative Extension. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 94, 58–65.Google Scholar
Peterson, R. L., Grenwelge, C., Benz, M. R., Zhang, D., & Resch, J. A. (2012). Serving clientele with disabilities: An assessment of Texas FCS agents’ needs for implementing inclusive programs. Journal of Extension, 50, 6FEA7.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2015). Parenting in American: Outlook, worries, aspirations are strongly linked to financial situation. www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2015/12/2015-12-17_parenting-in-america_FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar
Phillips, J. L. (2003). A tribal college land grant perspective: Changing the conversation. Journal of American Indian Education, 42, 24–35.Google Scholar
Redding, C. (2019). A teacher like me: A review of the effect of student-teacher racial/ethnic matching on teacher perceptions of students and student academic and behavioral outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 89, 499–535. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654319853545Google Scholar
Reed, A. S., Swanson, L., & Schlutt, F. (2015). Timberline Manifesto: Seven concepts linking Extension and engagement. Journal of Extension, 53, 4COM1.Google Scholar
Regan, C., Swisher, M., Barnett, R., Luzar, J., & Mastrodicasa, J. (2007). Diversity training: A way to increase organizational support for sexual minority adolescents (FCS 2268). University of Florida IFAS Extension. https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/IR/00/00/23/30/00001/FY87500.pdfGoogle Scholar
Schauber, A. C., & Castania, K. (2001). Facing issues of diversity: Rebirthing the Extension Service. Journal of Extension, 39, 6COM2.Google Scholar
Slack, T., & Jensen, L. (2020). The changing demography of rural and small-town America. Population Research & Policy Review, 39, 775–783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-020-09608-5Google Scholar
Soule, K. E. (2017). Creating inclusive youth programs for LGBTQ+ communities. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 5, 103–125.Google Scholar
Southern Rural Development Center (SRDC). (n.d.). Coming together for racial understanding. http://srdc.msstate.edu/civildialogue/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Toldson, I. A. (2016). The funding gap between historically black colleges and universities and traditionally white institutions needs to be addressed. The Journal of Negro Education, 85, 97–100. https://doi.org/10.7709/jnegroeducation.85.2.0097Google Scholar
United States Census Bureau. (1930). Statistical abstract of the United States: 1930. www.census.gov/library/publications/1930/compendia/statab/52ed.htmlGoogle Scholar
United States Census Bureau. (2013). International migration is projected to become primary driver of U.S. population growth for first time in nearly two centuries. www.census.gov/newsroom/archives/2013-pr/cb13-89.htmlGoogle Scholar
United States Census Bureau. (2019a). Place of birth for the foreign-born population in the United States (ACSDT1Y2016.B05006). https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B05006&q=ACSDT1Y2016.B05006Google Scholar
United States Census Bureau. (2019b). U.S. Census Bureau releases CPS estimates of same-sex households. www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2019/same-sex-households.htmlGoogle Scholar
United States Census Bureau. (2021a). Quick facts: United States. www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219Google Scholar
United States Census Bureau. (2021b). U.S. and world population clock. www.census.gov/popclock/Google Scholar
Urban Institute. (2021). The U.S. population is aging. www.urban.org/policy-centers/cross-center-initiatives/program-retirement-policy/projects/data-warehouse/what-future-holds/us-population-agingGoogle Scholar
Walcott, E., Raison, B., Welborn, R., Pirog, R., Emery, M., Stout, M., Hendrix, L., & Ostrom, M. (2020). We (all) need to talk about race: Building extension’s capacity for dialogue and action. Journal of Extension, 58, v58-5comm1.Google Scholar
Warner, P., & Christenson, J. A. (1984, 2019). The Cooperative Extension Service: A national assessment. Routledge.Google Scholar
Weigel, D. J., & Myer, P. A. (1990). Homeless families: Extension’s role. Journal of Extension, 28, 1IAW3.Google Scholar
Weiss, A., & Mensch, L. (2020). Building diversity, equity, and inclusion capacity for extension educators across the United States. Michigan State University Center for Regional Food System.Google Scholar
Yelland, E. L., Benson, J. J., Litzelman, K., Gerstenecker, C. B., & Bartholomae, S. (2019). An analysis of aging-related needs and programming across the Extension North Central region. Journal of Extension, 57, 27.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×