1 - Introduction

Summary

In their foreign policies states have historically, in the main, sought directly to protect only their own interests. During the last thirty years or so, various administrations have formally declared that in their foreign policy formulation, acting either individually or collectively, they will take account of human rights, good governance and democracy, among other values. The European Union's current constitutive treaties expressly refer, for example, to the objectives of promoting and protecting human rights and democracy in third states. The Council, Presidency, the European Parliament, various Commissioners and the Commission have all on numerous occasions declared their desire to achieve those objectives and the methodology to be used in their pursuance.

Foreign policies which promote certain ‘ethical’ values and principles have often been theoretically analysed by International Relations scholars. This work is of interest and value but ‘ethical foreign policies’ also involve many questions of domestic and international law. Law is, therefore, as important a tool as International Relations in the analysis of such policies. This book analyses the European Union's efforts to this end in legal terms, to understand how and on what basis action (if any) is taken and how effective it has been or is likely to be. This study will focus on the European Union's relations with a number of primarily developing states. As a legal analysis of the European Union's ‘ethical foreign policies’ and practice, this study does not attempt to engage itself in the International Relations debates, although it does refer to them where necessary.