Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-956mj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-17T23:37:16.542Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - Vessel Strikes and North Atlantic Right Whales

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2021

By
Caroline H. Fox  and
Christopher T. Taggart
Edited by
Stephen de Mora ,
Timothy Fileman  and
Thomas Vance
Stephen de Mora
Affiliation:
Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Timothy Fileman
Affiliation:
Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Thomas Vance
Affiliation:
Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Get access

Summary

Vessel strikes – collisions between ships and whales – occur throughout the world’s oceans (Figure 10.1) (Laist et al., 2001; Van Waerebeek et al., 2007). First reported in the late nineteenth century as ships reached speeds greater than 13–15 knots, lethal vessel strikes remained relatively infrequent until the mid-twentieth century (Laist et al., 2001). Since then, as the number, speed and size of vessels increased, reported vessel strikes have similarly grown (Figure 10.2) (Laist et al., 2001; Vanderlaan et al., 2009). Vessel strikes involving large whales have emerged as a global conservation concern, largely due to evidence that vessel traffic is increasing (Tournadre, 2014), vessel strikes are increasing (Laist et al., 2001; Vanderlaan et al., 2009), vessel strikes are hampering the recovery of certain endangered whale species (e.g., North Atlantic right whales; Knowlton & Kraus, 2001) and, where enacted, the success of mitigation efforts to reduce the threat of ship strikes may be mixed (e.g., Lagueux et al., 2011; Silber & Bettridge, 2012; Silber et al., 2012a, 2012b; Vanderlaan et al., 2008; van der Hoop et al., 2013).

Type
Chapter
Information
Environmental Impact of Ships , pp. 250 - 281
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aburto‐Oropeza, O., López‐Sagástegui, C., Moreno‐Báez, M. et al. 2018. Endangered species, ecosystem integrity, and human livelihoods. Conservation Letters. 11: e12358.Google Scholar
Aguilar, A. 1986. A review of old Basque whaling and its effect on the right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) of the North Atlantic. Report of the International Whaling Commission. 10: 191–199.Google Scholar
Aipanjiguly, S., Jacobson, S. K., Flamm, R. 2003 Conserving manatees: knowledge, attitudes, and intentions of boaters in Tampa Bay, Florida. Conservation Biology. 17: 1098–1105.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, M. F., Mussoline, S. E. 2011. A generalized baleen whale call detection and classification system. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 129(5): 2889–2902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumgartner, M. F., Mayo, C. M., Kenney, R. D. 2007. Enormous carnivores, microscopic food, and a restaurant that’s hard to find. In: Kraus, S. D., Rolland, R. M., eds., The Urban Whale. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 138–171.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, M. F., Fratantoni, D. M., Hurst, T. P. et al. 2013. Real-time reporting of baleen whale passive acoustic detections from ocean gliders. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 134: 1814–1823.Google Scholar
Boersma, K. F., Vinken, G. C., Tournadre, J. 2015. Ships going slow in reducing their NOx emissions: changes in 2005–2012 ship exhaust inferred from satellite measurements over Europe. Environmental Research Letters. 10(7): 074007.Google Scholar
Bonney, J. 2010. Built for speed. The Journal of Commerce Online. www.joc.com/maritime/built-speedGoogle Scholar
Bouwman, K. 2016. An analysis of Scotia–Fundy vessel users and what this means for the North Atlantic right whales. Master’s thesis, Dalhousie University.Google Scholar
Campbell-Malone, R., Barco, S. G., Daoust, P. Y. et al. 2008. Gross and histologic evidence of sharp and blunt trauma in North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) killed by vessels. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 39(1): 37–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canada Gazette. 2016. Canada Gazette Part 1. 150(20): 1424–1530.Google Scholar
Conn, P. B., Silber, G. K. 2013. Vessel speed restrictions reduce risk of collision-related mortality for North Atlantic right whales. Ecosphere. 4(4): 43.Google Scholar
Convertino, M., Valverde, L. 2018. Probabilistic analysis of the impact of vessel speed restrictions on navigational safety: accounting for the right whale rule. Journal of Navigation. 71(1): 65–82.Google Scholar
Corbett, J. J., Koehler, H. W. 2003. Updated emissions from ocean shipping. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 108(D20): 10.1029/2003JD003751.Google Scholar
Corkeron, P. 2017. North Atlantic right whales: species decline and life expectancy. North Atlantic Right Whale Consortium Meeting, Halifax, NS, 22 October 2017 (oral presentation).Google Scholar
Costidis, A. M., Berman, M., Cole, T. et al. 2013. Sharp trauma induced by vessel collisions with pinnipeds and cetaceans. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 103: 251–256.Google Scholar
Daoust, P.-Y., Couture, E. L., Wimmer, T., Bourque, L. 2017. Incident Report: North Atlantic right whale mortality event in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 2017. Saskatoon: Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Marine Animal Response Society, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada.Google Scholar
Davis, G. E., Baumgartner, M. F., Bonnell, J.M. et al. 2017. Long-term passive acoustic recordings track the changing distribution of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) from 2004 to 2014. Scientific Reports. 7(1): 13460.Google Scholar
de Stephanis, R., Urquiola, E. 2006. Collisions between Ships and Cetaceans in Spain. SC/58/BC5. Cambridge: International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee.Google Scholar
DFO. 2017a. Written notices to shipping – maritimes, M1409/17, issued on 12 July 2017. https://nis.ccg-gcc.gc.caGoogle Scholar
DFO. 2017b. Written notices to shipping – maritimes, M1970/17, issued on 22 September 2017. https://nis.ccg-gcc.gc.caGoogle Scholar
DFO. 2017c. North Atlantic right whale, a science based review of recovery actions for three at-risk whale populations. Fisheries and Oceans, Let’s Talk Whales. https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/40679652.pdfGoogle Scholar
DiMaio, V. J., DiMaio, D. 2001. Forensic Pathology: Practical Aspects of Criminal and Dorensic Investigation, 2nd edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Duff, J., Dean, H., Gazit, T., Taggart, C. T., Cavanagh, J. H. 2013. On the right way to right whale protections in the Gulf of Maine – case study. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy. 16: 229–265.Google Scholar
EMSA. 2015. The World Merchant Fleet in 2015, Statistics from Equasis. Lisbon: European Maritime Safety Agency.Google Scholar
Endresen, Ø., Sørgård, E., Sundet, J. K. et al. 2003. Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 108(D17): ACH 14-1-22.Google Scholar
Frisk, G. V. 2012. Noiseonomics: the relationship between ambient noise levels in the sea and global economic trends. Scientific Reports. 2: 437.Google Scholar
Gende, S. M., Hendrix, A. N., Harris, K. R. et al. 2011. A Bayesian approach for understanding the role of ship speed in whale–ship encounters. Ecological Applications. 21(6): 2232–2240.Google Scholar
Grieve, B. D., Hare, J. A., Saba, V. S. 2017. Projecting the effects of climate change on Calanus finmarchicus distribution within the US Northeast Continental Shelf. Scientific Reports. 7(1): 6264.Google Scholar
Hain, J. 1997. Detectability of right whales in Cape Cod Bay relative to NE EWS monitoring flights. In: Knowlton, A., Kraus, S., Meck, D., Mooney-Sues, M., eds., Shipping/Right Whale Workshop Report. Boston, MA: The New England Aquarium, pp. 113–118.Google Scholar
Hain, J. H., Ellis, S. L., Kenney, R. D., Slay, C. K. 1999. Sightability of right whales in coastal waters of the southeastern United States with implications for the aerial monitoring program. In: Garner, G. W., Amstrup, S. C., Laake, J. L., Manly, B. F. J., McDonald, L. L., Robertson, D. G., eds., Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, pp. 191–207.Google Scholar
Hain, J. H. W., Hampp, J. D., McKenney, S. A., Albert, J. A., Kenney, R. D. 2013. Swim speed, behavior, and movement of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in coastal waters of northeastern Florida, USA. PLoS ONE. 8(1): e54340.Google Scholar
Hamilton, P. K., Davis, G. E. 2017. Right whale distribution: historical perspectives and recent shifts. North Atlantic Right Whale Consortium Meeting, Halifax, NS, 22 October 2017 (oral presentation).Google Scholar
Hamilton, P. K., Marx, M. K., Kraus, S. D. 1998. Scarification Analysis of North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis) as a Method of Assessing Human Impacts. A Report Submitted to The Island Foundation, Marion MA. Boston, MA: The New England Aquarium.Google Scholar
Honma, Y., Chiba, A., Ushiki, T. 1997. Histological observations on a muscle mass from a large marine mammal struck by a jetfoil in the Sea of Japan. Fisheries Science. 63: 587–591.Google Scholar
IMO. 2006. Routeing of Ships, Ship Reporting and Related Matters, Amendments of the Traffic Separation Scheme ‘In the Approach to Boston, Massachusetts’. Submitted by the United States. Sub-committee of Safety of Navigation. 52nd Session, Agenda Item 3. NAV52/3/XX. London: International Maritime Organization.Google Scholar
IMO. 2008. Routeing of Ships, Ship Reporting and Related Matters, Amendments of the Traffic Separation Scheme ‘In the Approach to Boston, Massachusetts’. Submitted by the United States. Sub-committee of Safety of Navigation. 54th Session, Agenda Item 3. NAV54/3/XX. London: International Maritime Organization.Google Scholar
IMO. 2012. International Shipping Facts and Figures – Information Resources on Trade, Safety, Security, and Environment. London: International Maritime Organization, Maritime Knowledge Centre.Google Scholar
Jensen, A. S., Silber, G. K. 2003. Large Whale Ship Strike Database. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum. Silver Spring, MD: NMFS-OPR.Google Scholar
Klinck, H., Mellinger, D. K., Klinck, K. et al. 2012. Near-real-time acoustic monitoring of beaked whales and other cetaceans using a Seaglider™. PLoS ONE. 7: e36128.Google Scholar
Knowlton, A. R., Brown, M. W. 2007. Running the gauntlet: right whales and vessel strikes. In: Kraus, S. D., Rolland, R. M., eds., The Urban Whale. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 409-435.Google Scholar
Knowlton, A. R., Kraus, S. D. 2001. Mortality and serious injury of northern right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 2: 193–208.Google Scholar
Knowlton, A. R., Hamilton, P. K., Marx, M. K., Pettis, H. M., Kraus, S. D. 2012. Monitoring North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis entanglement rates: a 30 yr retrospective. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 466: 293–302.Google Scholar
Kot, B. W., Sears, R., Zbinden, D., Borda, E., Gordon, M. S. 2014. Rorqual whale (Balaenopteridae) surface lunge‐feeding behaviors: standardized classification, repertoire diversity, and evolutionary analyses. Marine Mammal Science. 30(4): 1335–1357.Google Scholar
Lagueux, K. M., Zani, M. A., Knowlton, A. R., Kraus, S. D., 2011. Response by vessel operators to protection measures for right whales Eubalaena glacialis in the southeast US calving ground. Endangered Species Research. 14(1): 69–77.Google Scholar
Laist, D. W., Knowlton, A. R., Mead, J. G., Collet, A. S., Podesta, M. 2001. Collisions between ships and whales. Marine Mammal Science. 17(1): 35–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laist, D. W., Knowlton, A. R., Pendleton, D. 2014. Effectiveness of mandatory vessel speed limits for protecting North Atlantic right whales. Endangered Species Research. 23(2): 133–147.Google Scholar
Mascia, M. B., Brosius, J. P., Dobson, T. A. et al. 2003. Conservation and the social sciences. Conservation Biology. 17(3): 649–650.Google Scholar
Mayo, C. A., Letcher, B. H., Scott, S. 2001. Zooplankton filtering efficiency of the baleen of a North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 3: 245–250.Google Scholar
McKenna, M. F., Calambokidis, J., Oleson, E. M., Laist, D. W., Goldbogen, J. A. 2015. Simultaneous tracking of blue whales and large ships demonstrates limited behavioral responses for avoiding collision. Endangered Species Research. 27: 219–232.Google Scholar
McLellan, W. A., Berman, M., Cole, T. et al. 2013. Blunt force trauma induced by vessel collisions with large whales. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 103: 245–251.Google Scholar
Melbourne, B. A., Hastings, A. 2008. Extinction risk depends strongly on factors contributing to stochasticity. Nature. 454: 100–103.Google Scholar
Merrick, R. L. 2005. Seasonal Management Areas to Reduce Ship Strikes of Northern Right Whales in the Gulf of Maine. Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document 05–19, 26. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, NOAA.Google Scholar
Merrick, R. L., Cole, T. V. N. 2007. Evaluation of Northern Right Whale Ship Strike Reduction Measures in the Great South Channel of Massachusetts. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE, 202. Woods Hole, MA: US Department of Commerce.Google Scholar
Meyer‐Gutbrod, E. L., Greene, C. H. 2017. Uncertain recovery of the North Atlantic right whale in a changing ocean. Global Change Biology. 1: 10.Google Scholar
Meyer-Gutbrod, E. L., Greene, C. H., Sullivan, P. J., Pershing, A. J. 2015. Climate-associated changes in prey availability drive reproductive dynamics of the North Atlantic right whale population. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 535: 243–258.Google Scholar
Mills, K. E., Pershing, A. J., Brown, C. J. et al. 2013. Fisheries management in a changing climate: lessons from the 2012 ocean heat wave in the northwest Atlantic. Oceanography. 26(2): 191–195.Google Scholar
Moore, M. J., McLellan, W. A., Daoust, P.-Y., Bonde, R. K., Knowlton, A. R. 2007. Right whale mortality: a message from the dead to the living. In: Kraus, S. D., Rolland, R. M., eds., The Urban Whale. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 358–379.Google Scholar
Mullen, K. A., Peterson, M. L., Todd, S. K. 2013. Has designating and protecting critical habitat had an impact on endangered North Atlantic right whale ship strike mortality? Marine Policy. 42: 293–304.Google Scholar
Neilson, J. L., Gabriele, C. M., Jensen, A. S., Jackson, K., Straley, J. M. 2012. Summary of reported whale–vessel collisions in Alaskan waters. Journal of Marine Biology. 2012: 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NOAA. 2008. Endangered fish and wildlife; final rule to implement speed restrictions to reduce the threat of ship collisions with North Atlantic right whales. Federal Register. 73: 60173–60191.Google Scholar
NOAA. 2013. Endangered fish and wildlife; final rule to remove the sunset provision of the final rule implementing vessel speed restrictions to reduce the threat of ship collisions with North Atlantic right whales. Federal Register. 78: 73726–73736.Google Scholar
NOAA. 2017. 2017 North Atlantic right whale unusual mortality event. www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-life-distress/2017-2020-north-atlantic-right-whale-unusual-mortality-eventGoogle Scholar
Nowacek, D. P., Johnson, M. P., Tyack, P. L. et al. 2001. Buoyant balaenids: the ups and downs of buoyancy in right whales. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 268: 1811–1816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowacek, D. P., Johnson, M. P., Tyack, P. L. 2004. North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) ignore ships but respond to alerting stimuli. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 271(1536): 227–231.Google Scholar
NMFS 2017. North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Gloucester, MA: National Marine Fisheries Service Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office.Google Scholar
Pace, R. M., Corkeron, P. J., Kraus, S. D. 2017. State–space mark–recapture estimates reveal a recent decline in abundance of North Atlantic right whales. Ecology and Evolution. 7: 8730–8741.Google Scholar
Parks, S. E., Warren, J. D., Stamiezkin, K. M., Mayo, C. A., Wiley, D. 2011. Dangerous dining: Surface foraging of right whales increases risk for vessel collisions. Biology Letters. 8: 1–4.Google Scholar
PWC. 2011. A Game Changer for the Shipping Industry? An analysis of the future impact of carbon regulations on environment and industry. An analysis prepared for the ongoing discussions in IMO and other international for a regarding future global regulations of carbon emissions. www.scribd.com/document/68027866/Shipping-GHG-PwC-FinalGoogle Scholar
Reeves, R. R., Smith, T. D., Josephson, E. A. 2007. Near-annihilation of a species: right whaling in the North Atlantic. In: Kraus, S. D., Rolland, R. M., eds., The Urban Whale. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 39–74.Google Scholar
Reimer, J., Gravel, C., Brown, M. W., Taggart, C. T. 2016. Mitigating vessel strikes: the problem of the peripatetic whales and the peripatetic fleet. Marine Policy. 68: 91–99.Google Scholar
Ressurreição, A., Gibbons, J., Kaiser, M. et al. 2012. Different cultures, different values: the role of cultural variation in public’s WTP for marine species conservation. Biological Conservation. 145(1): 148–159.Google Scholar
Reygondeau, G., Beaugrand, G. 2011. Future climate‐driven shifts in distribution of Calanus finmarchicus. Global Change Biology. 17(2): 756–766.Google Scholar
Ritter, F. 2012. Collisions of sailing vessels with cetaceans worldwide: first insights into a seemingly growing problem. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 12(1): 119–127.Google Scholar
Rolland, R. M., Parks, S. E., Hunt, K. E. et al. 2012. Evidence that ship noise increases stress in right whales. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 279(1737): 2363–2368.Google Scholar
Rolland, R. M., Schick, R. S., Pettis, H. M. et al. 2016. Health of North Atlantic right whales Eubalaena glacialis over three decades: from individual health to demographic and population health trends. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 542: 265–282.Google Scholar
Sawchuk, J. H., Beaudreau, A. H., Tonnes, D., Fluharty, D. 2015. Using stakeholder engagement to inform endangered species management and improve conservation. Marine Policy. 54: 98–107.Google Scholar
Silber, G. K., Bettridge, S. 2012. An Assessment of the Final Rule to Implement Vessel Speed Restrictions to Reduce the Threat of Vessel Collisions with North Atlantic Right Whales. US Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-48. Silver Spring, MD: NMFS-OPR.Google Scholar
Silber, G. K., Slutsky, J., Bettridge, S. 2010. Hydrodynamics of a ship/whale collision. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 391(1): 10–19.Google Scholar
Silber, G. K., Adams, J. D., Bettridge, S. 2012a. Vessel operator response to a voluntary measure for reducing collisions with whales. Endangered Species Research. 17(3): 245–254.Google Scholar
Silber, G. K., Vanderlaan, A. S., Arceredillo, A. T. et al. 2012b. The role of the International Maritime Organization in reducing vessel threat to whales: process, options, action and effectiveness. Marine Policy. 36(6): 1221–1233.Google Scholar
Silber, G. K., Adams, J. D., Fonnesbeck, C. J. 2014. Compliance with vessel speed restrictions to protect North Atlantic right whales. PeerJ. 2: 399.Google Scholar
Silber, G. K., Adams, J. D., Asaro, M. J. et al. 2015. The right whale mandatory ship reporting system: a retrospective. PeerJ. 3: 866.Google Scholar
Stankey, G. H., Shindler, B. 2006. Formation of social acceptability judgments and their implications for management of rare and little‐known species. Conservation Biology. 20(1): 28–37.Google Scholar
Taggart, C. T., Vanderlaan, A. S. M., Brown, M. W., McLeod, A., Fox, C. H. 2017. Reducing vessel-strike to large whales: science-driven policy, real-time whale-alerts to vessels, role and responsibilities of the shipping industry to make it happen. World Ocean Council, Sustainable Ocean Summit, Halifax, NS (oral presentation).Google Scholar
Tournadre, J. 2014. Anthropogenic pressure on the open ocean: the growth of ship traffic revealed by altimeter data analysis. Geophysical Research Letters. 41(22): 7924–7932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Transport Canada. 2017. News release: Transport Canada issues Gulf of St. Lawrence speed restriction fine. www.canada.ca/en/transport-canada/news/2017/09/transport_canadaissuesgulfofstlawrencespeedrestrictionfine.htmlGoogle Scholar
UNCTAD. 2016. Review of Maritime Transport. New York and Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.Google Scholar
van der Hoop, J. M., Vanderlaan, A. S., Taggart, C. T. 2012. Absolute probability estimates of lethal vessel strikes to North Atlantic right whales in Roseway Basin, Scotian Shelf. Ecological Applications. 22(7): 2021–2033.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Hoop, J. M., Moore, M. J., Barco, S. G. et al. 2013. Assessment of management to mitigate anthropogenic effects on large whales. Conservation Biology. 27(1): 121–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Waerebeek, K., Baker, A. N., Félix, F. et al. 2007. Vessel collisions with small cetaceans worldwide and with large whales in the Southern Hemisphere, an initial assessment. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals. 6(1): 43–69.Google Scholar
Vanderlaan, A. S., Taggart, C. T. 2007. Vessel collisions with whales: the probability of lethal injury based on vessel speed. Marine Mammal Science. 23(1): 144–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanderlaan, A. S., Taggart, C. T., Serdynska, A. R., Kenney, R. D., Brown, M. W. 2008. Reducing the risk of lethal encounters: vessels and right whales in the Bay of Fundy and on the Scotian Shelf. Endangered Species Research. 4: 283–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanderlaan, A. S., Corbett, J. J., Green, S. L. et al. 2009. Probability and mitigation of vessel encounters with North Atlantic right whales. Endangered Species Research. 6: 273–285.Google Scholar
Wang, C., Lyons, S. B., Corbett, J. J., Firestone, J., Corbett, J. J. 2007. Using ship speed and mass to describe potential collision severity with whales: an application of ship traffic, energy and environment model (STEEM). In: Compendium of Papers: Transportation Research Board 86th Annual Meeting. Newark, DE: University of Delaware, pp. 1–18.Google Scholar
Ward-Geiger, L. I., Silber, G. K., Baumstark, R. D., Pulfer, T. L. 2005. Characterization of ship traffic in right whale critical habitat. Coastal Management. 33(3): 263–278.Google Scholar
Wiley, D. N., Thompson, M., Pace, R. M., Levenson, J. 2011. Modeling speed restrictions to mitigate lethal collisions between ships and whales in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, USA. Biological Conservation. 144(9): 2377–2381.Google Scholar
Wiley, D. N., Mayo, C. A., Maloney, E. M., Moore, M. J. 2016. Vessel strike mitigation lessons from direct observations involving two collisions between noncommercial vessels and North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis). Marine Mammal Science. 32(4): 1501–1509.Google Scholar
Zappes, C. A., de Sá Alves, L. C. P., da Silva, C. V. et al. 2013. Accidents between artisanal fisheries and cetaceans on the Brazilian coast and Central Amazon: proposals for integrated management. Ocean and Coastal Management. 85: 46–57.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×