11 - High-temperature superconductors

Summary

Background

In 1986 Bednorz and Müller [1] made the surprising discovery that the insulating, ceramic compound, La₂CuO₄, was superconducting at low temperature when suitably doped with divalent ions. In fact, all of the members of the class of copper oxides, La_2–xM_xCuO₄ (where M is Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺, or Ca²⁺ ions), were found to be superconducting for x in the range, 0.1 ≲ x ≲ 0.25. At optimal doping of x ≈ 0.15, the superconducting transition temperature, T_c, of La_2–xSr_xCuO₄ was about 38 K.

Since 1986 there has been an enormous scientific effort focused on copper oxides with similar structures. Over 18 000 research papers were published in four years following Bednorz and Müler's report. As work progressed around the world, new compounds were discovered with higher T_c's. In 1987 doped samples of YBa₂Cu₃O₇ (“YBCO”) were found to be superconducting at 92 K, thus becoming the first superconductors with T_c higher than the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77 K). Recent studies [2] on mercuric cuprates report T_c in excess of 165 K.

A very brief list of some of the most studied high-temperature superconductors (HTSC) and their transition temperatures is given in Table 11.1. In column two “alias” refers to the frequently used name of the undoped, “parent” composition. For example, Tl1223 refers to: one Tl, two Ba, two Ca, and three Cu atoms. The tetragonal structure for the La₂CuO₄, is shown in Fig. 11.1(a).