Appendix C - Superconductivity

Summary

The metal lead is a moderately good conductor at room temperature. Its resistivity, like that of other pure metals, varies approximately in proportion to the absolute temperature. As a lead wire is cooled to 15 K its resistance falls to about 1/20 of its value at room temperature, and the resistance continues to decrease as the temperature is lowered further. But as the temperature 7.22 K is passed, there occurs without forewarning a startling change: the electrical resistance of the lead wire vanishes! So small does it become that a current flowing in a closed ring of lead wire colder than 7.22 K—a current which would ordinarily die out in much less than a microsecond—will flow for years without measurably decreasing. That has been directly demonstrated. Other experiments indicate that such a current could persist for billions of years. One can hardly quibble with the flat statement that the resistivity is zero. Evidently something quite different from ordinary electrical conduction occurs in lead below 7.22 K. We call it superconductivity.

Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by the great Dutch low-temperature experimenter Kamerlingh Onnes. He observed it first in mercury, for which the critical temperature is 4.16 K. Since then dozens of pure metals and alloys have been found to become superconductors. Their individual critical temperatures range from a few hundredths of a degree up to the highest yet discovered, 23.2 K for a certain compound of niobium and germanium.