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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2022

Catherine Cox  and
Hilary Marland
Catherine Cox
Affiliation:
University College Dublin
Hilary Marland
Affiliation:
University of Warwick

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Type
Chapter
Information
Disorder Contained
Mental Breakdown and the Modern Prison in England and Ireland, 1840 – 1900
 , pp. 294 - 304
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022
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Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

acquittal on grounds of insanity, 154, 156, 161, 167, 173
Act for Consolidating and Amending the Law Relating to Prisons in Ireland (1826). See Prisons (Ireland) Act (1826)
Act for the Better Care and Maintenance of Lunatics, Being Paupers or Criminals in England. See County Asylum (Wynn’s) Act (1808)
Act for the Formation, Regulation and Government of Convict Prisons (1854). See Convict Prisons (Ireland) Act (1854)
alienists. See psychiatry
archival and official sources, 3–7, 27–28, 108–109, 207, 231–232, 235, 256
assessing lunacy, 205, 237
expert witnesses, 4, 151, 167–174, 198
judges, 167
prison medical officers, 52–54, 168–174, 212, 241, 251
psychiatrists, 167, 228–232
removal to ‘specialist’ facilities, 139–141, 174
Association for the Improvement of Prisons and Prison Discipline in Ireland, 5, 25, 34
Association of Gaol Surgeons (Ireland), 105, 114
asylums
asylum design. See prison and asylum design
Broadmoor Asylum. See Broadmoor Asylum
county and district asylums, 11, 156–159, 180–182, 222–224; see also County Asylum (Wynn’s) Act (1808); Irish Lunatic Asylums for the Poor Act (1817); Lunacy (Ireland) Act (1821)
Dundrum Criminal Lunatic Asylum. See Dundrum Criminal Lunatic Asylum
perceived benefits
early release, 224
milder discipline, 204, 222
relative ease of escape, 222–224
private asylums, 11–12, 159
public asylums, 3, 11, 81, 162, 179–182, 205, 222–224
voluntary asylums, 11–12
Auburn Penitentiary (USA), 32
authority and decision-making, 4, 28–29, 60–62, 152, 251–252
asylum doctors, 192
boards of superintendence, 251
local magistrates, 175–177, 182
prison chaplains, 42–43, 51–52, 54–55, 61, 76, 214
prison medical officers, 52–54, 62–64, 80–81, 192, 251
Baker, Henry
transportation and mental health, 46
Baker, Dr John, 240
Lombrosian theories, rejection of, 145
Belfast House of Correction, 17, 39
separate confinement, 28
Bentham, Jeremy
criminal mind, 26
panopticon, 14, 32, 35
Bethlem Hospital, 12, 46–47, 121
conditions, 159
removals to, 161, 213, 224
specialist facilities, 154–156, 160–162
Better Government of Convict Prisons Act (1850), 61
Birmingham Borough Gaol
excessive punishment, 114
implementation of separate confinement, 49, 51, 61
Blaker, Dr E.S.
real or feigned insanity, 233–234
boards of superintendence, 13, 18, 38
authority and decision-making, 251
prison rules and regulations, 62, 104
‘born criminal’ theory, 85, 144–146
Bourke, Charles F., 18, 79, 98, 139, 245
‘breaking out’
female prisoners, 127–129, 218–219
British Medical Journal
insane convicts, 149
isolation of prison doctors, 260
prison conditions, 260
psychiatric techniques, role in prisons, 260
Broadmoor Asylum, 12, 142, 178
conditions, 229
escapes, 223
insane convicts, 164–166, 182
Queen’s Pleasure patients, 163
real or feigned insanity, 225
Bucknill, Dr John Charles, 160–161, 168, 175, 194, 226–228
Burt, Rev. John, 23–24, 49, 215
Campbell, Dr John, 120–121, 125, 137, 210
dietary punishments, 131
habitual criminals, 135–136
individualised assessment, 240
positivism, 85
real or feigned insanity, 230, 233, 237–238, 240
separate confinement, 123–125
Carnarvon Committee (1863), 78, 88, 90
hard labour, 91–95
recommendations, 89–90, 92–93, 95, 100
uniformity of prison punishments, 92, 96
Central Criminal Lunatic Asylum (Ireland) Act (1845), 162
centralisation of penal policy, 13–14, 79–80, 234
Chesterton, George Laval, 33, 70, 92
children and juveniles, 11, 30, 41, 100, 126, 144–145
Clonmel Borstal, 251
Evangelical Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline and the Reformation of Juvenile Offenders, 5, 34
Parkhurst Prison, 41, 121
suicide and suicide attempts, 49
classification of mental illness. See taxonomy of mental conditions
Clay, Rev. John, 1, 30–31, 33, 49
Clay, Rev. W.L., 1, 95
Clerkenwell House of Detention, 64
suicide or suicide attempts, 72, 173
Coldbath Fields House of Correction
female convicts, 70, 92
silent system, 33
Collie, Sir John
malingering, 207
colonial nature of Irish convict system, 4, 8, 13
Commission on Criminal Lunacy (1882), 141–142
Committee of Inquiry into Doubtful Cases of Insanity Amongst Convicts in Ireland (1904), 250
confinement. See separate confinement
Conolly, Dr John, 168, 171, 228
Convict Prison Directorate (Ireland), 18
Convict Prisons (Ireland) Act (1854), 63
Cooter, Roger
feigning insanity, 211–212
corporal punishment, 92, 112, 115–116, 131, 248
Corry Connellan, J., 78, 90
county and district asylums, 11, 180–182
escapes, 222–224
County Asylum (Wynn’s) Act (1808), 155
Crawford, William
separate system, 24, 34, 36–37, 40–41, 43
crime, degeneracy and mental unfitness, relationship between, 2–3, 9, 52–53, 57–59, 87, 136
‘criminal lunatics’
confinement, 179–183
custody of, 154–156, 158–167, 169–170
lunatic criminals distinguished, 161, 192
criminal lunatic asylums
escapes, 222; see also Broadmoor Asylum; Dundrum Criminal Lunatic Asylum
Criminal Lunatics Act (1800), 142–143, 154
Criminal Lunatics Act (1884), 142–143, 181
criminals becoming insane during sentences, 163
transfer of, 155–158, 165, 178; see also previous instances of mental breakdown
criminology theory, 87
‘born criminal’ theory, 85
rejection of, 144–146
positivism, 86
Crofton, Sir Walter, 4, 66–68, 78
centralisation and uniformity, 79
real or feigned insanity, 210
cruelty and abuse of power by prison officials, 49, 82–83, 114–116
proselytism, 31, 52
Dangerous Lunatic Act (1838), 156
‘dangerous lunatics’, 156, 180
Davie, Neil, 9, 87, 136
Davitt, Michael, 5, 7, 235, 248
deinstitutionalisation
England, 257
Ireland, 257–258
Departmental Committee on Prisons Report. See Gladstone Report (1895)
depression, 16, 33, 43–45, 72, 76, 117, 146–147, 216
deterrence-based approach, 17–18, 20, 116
Dickens, Charles, 2, 7, 33, 36
diet, dietary punishment and food allowances, 82, 89, 100, 113–131
policy recommendations, 95–98
prison medical officers’ discretionary power, 99
Directors of Convict Prisons (England), 18, 88, 149, 163
Directors of Convict Prisons (Ireland), 4, 66, 102, 216
drunkenness, 115
female prisoners, 71, 73, 107, 185, 189, 218
habitual offenders, 135
Ireland, 19
du Cane, Sir Edmund, 18, 180, 243
centralisation and uniformity, 79, 98, 103
diet, dietary punishment and food allowances, 98–99
Dublin Model Prison (Mountjoy). See Mountjoy Convict Prison (Dublin)
Dundrum Criminal Lunatic Asylum, 12, 56, 69, 166–167
escapes, 222
real or feigned insanity, 225, 239
duration of separation, 24, 37, 40–41, 52, 64, 67, 75, 88
Eastern State Penitentiary (Philadelphia) (USA), 14, 32–34, 36, 43, 48; see also Pennsylvania system
epilepsy, 46, 51, 113, 118, 140, 144, 146, 149, 193–194, 218
escape
asylums, 222–224
removals between the prison and asylum, 204
Evangelical Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline and the Reformation of Juvenile Offenders, 5, 34
exacerbation of mental despair and illness, 2–3, 28, 84, 131
excessive religious teachings, 43; see also proselytism
expert (medical) witnesses, 4, 173, 198
doctors, 151
assessing lunacy, 167–174
psychiatrists, 168
failure of separate system, 75
early experiments, 34–36, 88, 243
Pentonville, 45–48, 102
Falkiner, Frederick Richard, 95, 107, 134, 187
feigned insanity, 22, 28, 44–45, 147, 150, 191, 201, 203–204
assessment, 210–211, 239–242
cruelty and forced confessions, 234–237
observation cells, 229–231
detecting feigning, 203–204, 231–233, 250
observation cells, 229–231
prevalence of feigning, 206
prisoner agency, 204–205
prisons, 207–209
separate system
assessment, 212–222
female prisoners, 218–219
Liverpool Borough Gaol, 217–218
Mountjoy Prison, 215–217
Pentonville Model Prison, 213–215
suicide attempts, 219–220
uncertainty in assessing authenticity, 205–206, 226–229, 232–233
female prisoners, 6, 8
‘breaking out’, 127–129, 218–219
Brixton Prison, 69
drunkenness, 70, 73, 107, 185, 189, 218
feigning and malingering, 218–219
Grangegorman Female Penitentiary, 72
Liverpool Borough Gaol, 70, 106
mental capacity to withstand punishments, 131–133
Millbank, 70–71
Mountjoy Female Prison, 69–72
prostitution, 73, 106, 185, 187, 189
recidivism, 34–74
refuges, 71–72, 110–111
separate confinement, 28, 48, 69–73
treadwheel, 92
Field, Rev. John, 48–49
Fielding Blandford, Dr George, 200, 222
Fielding, Henry, 26
fitness to plead, 154, 172
fitness to undergo punishment, 104, 111–113, 124
Fitzpatrick, Sir Jeremiah, 25
medical and scientific principles, 30
prison conditions, 26, 29
Fletcher, Susan Willis, 184, 221
Forsythe, Bill (William James), 13
Foucault, Michel, 4
Fry, Elizabeth, 25, 46
Garland, David, 4
general paralysis of the insane (GPI), 189–191
General Prisons (Ireland) Act (1877), 79, 81, 181
General Prisons Board (Ireland), 18, 79, 104, 110
confinement of insane prisoners, 151, 199
diet, dietary punishment and food allowances, 99–100, 115
Medical Inspector to the General Prisons Board, 105
medical releases, 120
prison conditions, 245, 249
real or feigned insanity, 239
suicide attempts, 105–106, 119
Gladstone Report (1895), 3, 146, 201
corporal punishment, 116, 248
impact, 245, 250–251, 253–254
Irish prisons, 248
mental disorder amongst prisoners
prison medical officers’ workload, 246
prisons producing mental disorder, 79, 116, 246–247
professional collaboration, 198
training in lunacy, 200
witnesses
former prisoners, 248
prison medical officers, 246–248
Gordon, Mary, 7
Gover, Dr Robert M., 82, 125, 150, 198
female prisoners, 129
imbecility, 141, 143
medical discharges, 120
prison medical officers’ workload, 246
real or feigned insanity, 203–204, 230, 240
Grand Juries, 18, 39, 79
implementation of separation, 38
Grangegorman Convict Depot, 56–57
Grangegorman Female Penitentiary, 62, 66, 69, 72, 157–158
Great Famine (1845-52), 12, 16, 19, 40, 53, 60, 66, 107–108, 193
Grey, Sir George, 57–58
Gunn, Dr John, 258–259
Guy, Dr William Augustus, 82
psychiatric categories, 144
separate confinement, 142–144
habitual criminals. See recidivism
Habitual Criminals Acts (1869), 79, 134; see also Prevention of Crimes Act (1871)
Hanway, Jonas, 26, 29, 32
Harcourt, Sir William, 182–183, 195
hard labour, 91–95, 115
capacity to withstand, 109–110
first convictions, 108–109
public work prisons, 124–125
Hatchell, Dr George, 194, 223, 228
Henriques, Ursula, 27
hereditary predisposition to insanity, 49, 53, 124, 129, 144, 146–148
Hitchins, Henry Martin, 15, 51–57
female prisoners, 66, 70
Hood, Dr Charles, 159–161, 177
Hopkins, Tighe, 244
House of Lords Select Committee on Prison Discipline in England. See Carnarvon Committee (1863)
Howard Association, 5, 146, 174, 197, 244, 249
Howard, John, 25–26
prison conditions for insane, 26
Humanitarian League, 244
Ignatieff, Michael, 4, 13, 27
implementation of separate confinement
Belfast House of Correction, 28
insanitary conditions, 26, 32, 103, 245
insanity plea, 151–152, 167–174, 182
insanity rates, 3, 14, 33, 47, 86, 146, 175, 199–200, 262
Pentonville, 65
responsibility, 6, 149, 249
separate system, 27–28, 36, 75–76
institutions of confinement
asylums, 9–13, 21
prisons, 8–9
workhouses, 10, 12–13, 21
Irish and English prison systems compared, 4–5
Irish Lunatic Asylums for the Poor Act (1817), 156
Irish Penal Reform Trust, 262
Irish Poor Law Act (1838), 12
Irish prisoners in England, 187–189, 245
irritability as a category of mental disorder, 45, 102–103, 122, 126–127, 191
Jebb, Sir Joshua, 40, 65, 88, 163
female prisoners, 69
Justices of the Peace, 79, 157
Kelly, Dr Jeremiah, 83, 113, 137, 216
Kimberley Commission (1878), 117, 248
detention periods, 120
prison officer cruelty, 244
real or feigned insanity, 230, 235
separation of weak-minded prisoners, 122
Kingsmill, Rev. Joseph, 15, 43, 47, 214
labour
Ireland, 31
oakum picking, 67, 89, 92–93, 95, 108–109, 137, 140
treadwheel exercise, 30–31, 92–95, 100–101, 108–109, 115, 236, 251; see also hard labour
Lancaster Asylum, 186, 189
Lancet, 155
accommodating the insane in prisons, 151
hard labour, 92
malingering, 207, 209, 231
Laurie, Peter, 37, 47, 49, 75
legitimate punishment of prisoners, 1, 24–27, 29
Leicester Gaol
excessive punishment, 114
implementation of separate confinement, 16, 49, 51
Lentaigne, John, 78, 221
Liverpool Borough Prison, 186
female prisoners, 6, 70
Implementation of separation confinement, 28
real or feigned insanity, 217–218
transfer of mentally ill prisoners, 256
local magistrates, 13, 65, 68
authority and decision-making, 4, 64, 83, 175–177
transfer of mentally ill prisoners, 155, 157, 173, 181–182, 229
local prisons, 13–14, 246–247
conditions, 77–78, 93, 103–104
diet, dietary punishment and food allocation, 96–98
feigned insanity, 207, 216
General Prisons (Ireland) Act (1877), 181
hard labour, 93–95, 98, 101
management, 18, 37, 63, 79, 104–105, 181, 245, 251
medical management of mental disorder, 139–141, 150, 152, 166, 178, 185
suicide attempts, 119
mortality rates, 195
prison population, 19, 107–108, 146, 165, 199
prison surgeons, 62, 81, 84–85
Prisons (Ireland) Act (1856), 62
Prisons (Ireland) Bill (1866), 90
Prisons Act (1865), 61, 90, 104
Prisons Act (1877), 181
recidivism, 89, 131, 135
separate confinement, 16–17, 28, 89–90, 92, 101, 153
Lombroso, Caesar
‘born criminal’ theory, 85, 144–146
Long, Frederick, 48
Lunacy (Ireland) Act (1821), 156
Lunacy Board for Scotland, 142
Lunatic Acts (1845), 155
Lunatic Asylum Act (1817). See Irish Lunatic Asylums for the Poor Act (1817)
Lunatic Asylum Act (1821). See Lunacy (Ireland) Act (1821)
Lunatic Asylums (Ireland) Act (1875), 181
lunatic criminals, 87, 135, 159, 161, 180, 192
MacDonagh, Oliver, 13
MacDonnell, Dr Hercules, 81, 100, 103
Lombrosian theories, rejection of, 145
malingering
detection
observation cells, 229–231
military context, 206–208; see also feigned insanity
management of disruptive and dangerous behaviour, 113–117, 199–200
management of mental disorder, 28, 116–117
differentiating between symptoms
insanity, 120–122
invalid prisoners, 122–123
weak-minded convicts, 122–124
inapproriateness of prisons, 243–244
local prisons, 119, 139–141, 150, 152, 166, 178, 185
prison medical officers’ workload, 117–118, 124–125, 175
Gladstone Report, 246
investigations into attempted suicides, 118–119
medical discharge, 119–120 see also taxonomy of mental conditions
mania, 16, 25, 37, 43–45, 117, 144, 185, 189, 196, 223, 231 see also religious mania
mark system, 4, 49, 66–69, 78, 88
Maryborough Invalid Prison, 117–118, 122–123, 139, 223, 250
Maybrick, Florence, 2, 7, 140, 184
McCabe, Frederick, 105
McConville, Seán, 86, 103
McDonnell, Dr Robert, 63, 80, 125
assessment of lunacy, 172, 174, 209, 232–233, 252
penal punishment, 112–113, 127
real or feigned insanity, 129–131, 233, 240
McMurdo, Gilbert, 170–171
medical discharges, 45–46, 110, 118–120
‘mental deficiency institutions’, 256
Millbank Prison, 35–37
female prisoners, 71, 131
Milner, William, 65, 81, 96
Mitchell, Dr Arthur, 142–145
modifications to the separate system, 28
evangelicals, 29–31
key reformers, 25
Pentonville Model Prison, 23–24
promotion of separation, 26–27
utilitarians, 29; see also Carnarvon Committee (1863); Royal Commission on Penal Servitude (1863)
Monro, Dr Edward Thomas, 228
Morrison, Rev. William Douglas, 7
mortality rates, 14, 36, 45, 48, 189, 191, 195–196
Mountjoy Convict Prison (Dublin), 2, 14, 23, 39–40, 51
chaplains, role of, 51–52, 54–55
prison medical officers, role of, 52–54
real or feigned insanity, 215–217
selection of convicts, 27–55, 57
Mountjoy Female Prison, 69–72, 132
National Imbecile Asylums, 142–143
nationalisation, 18, 79–80, 95
diet, dietary punishment and food allowances, 98–99, 115
Prison Commission, 79
prison medical doctors, role of, 84–85, 114
Neild, James, 25
New Poor Law (1834), 12
Newgate Gaol (London), 170–172
Newgate Prison (Dublin), 38, 216
Nicolson, David, 80, 125, 133–134, 198, 219
‘breaking out’, 127–129
Lombrosian theories, rejection of, 145
prison medical officers’ workload, 247
real or feigned insanity, 238–240
Nihil, Rev. Daniel, 37
Norman, Dr Conolly, 200, 210, 231
Nugent, Dr John, 157, 169, 223
Nugent, Rev. James, 106–107, 111, 251
O’Keefe, Dr Patrick, 82, 210, 220, 235
oakum picking, 67, 89, 92–93, 95, 108–109, 137, 140
observation cells
England, 229–230
Ireland, 230–231
Office of the Inspector of Lunatic Asylums (Ireland), 194
Orange, Dr William, 169–170
origins of separate confinement
Pennsylvania system, 14, 23, 27, 32 see also Eastern State Penitentiary (Philadelphia) (USA)
Pentonville Model Prison, 14, 23, 25
outdoor exercise
current lack of, 261–262
early policy reform, 65, 71, 96, 104, 243
Kimberley Commission, 117
separate system, 32–33, 39
overcrowding
asylums, 159, 191, 252
prisons, 18, 59, 66, 106, 108, 260
pardons, 41, 45–46
Parnell, Charles Stewart, 100, 245
Patmore, Dr Tennyson, 204, 212
Paul, Sir George Onesiphorus, 24, 30
Penal Servitude Act (1857), 88
Penal Servitude Act (1864), 88
penal-welfarism, 256
Penitentiary Act (1779), 24
Pennsylvania system, 14–18, 23, 32 see also Eastern State Penitentiary (Philadelphia) (USA)
Pentonville Model Prison, 14, 23, 34, 37, 40–41
feigned insanity, 213–215
insanity in, 213–215
moral and spiritual reformation, 42
staged punishments, 41
Pentonville Prison Act (1842), 43
period in separation. See duration of separation
Philipstown Prison (King’s County), 40, 67, 102, 122, 126–127, 166, 216–217
physical condition of prisoners, 108–110
assessment and management, 120, 124
diet, dietary punishment and food allowances, 95, 100
female prisoners, 110–111
Great Famine, 193–194
separate system, 48, 58, 88–89
plank beds, 89, 100
policy
centralisation, 13–14, 79–80, 234
deterrence-based approach, 17–18, 20, 116
effectiveness, 77
penal approaches, 17–18, 58–60, 77–80, 85–86, 88–93, 97–98, 100, 188, 252–253
punitive regimes, 77, 189
recommendations for reform
Carnarvon Committee (1863), 78, 88–93
diet, dietary punishment and food allowances, 95–100
hard labour, 91–95
plank beds, 100
Royal Commission (1863), 78, 88–89
Royal Commission on Irish Prisons (1884–85), 90, 105, 245
political prisoners, 7–9, 245
Irish prisoners in England, 245
Irish prisons, 249–250, 255
Poor Laws. See New Poor Law (1834); Irish Poor Law Act (1838)
positivist science, 77, 86–87, 253
Prevention of Crimes Act (1871), 134
previous instances of mental breakdown, 55, 72, 75, 138, 152, 161–162, 204–205, 212–213; see also criminals becoming insane during sentences
Prison Act (1786), 62
Prison Act (1865), 5, 61, 78, 80, 90
Prison Act (1877), 79, 81, 181
prison administration, 18–19
prison and asylum design, 16–18, 32, 260
Broadmoor Asylum, 163
Dundrum Central Criminal Asylum, 162
mental health, impact on, 16
panopticon design, 15, 32, 35
Pentonville Model Prison, 14–16
prison and mental breakdown, relationship between, 2–3, 9, 52–53, 57–59, 87, 136
prison chaplains, 20, 28
authority and decision-making, 61, 76
Mountjoy Convict Prison, 51–52, 54–55
Pentonville Model Prison, 42–43, 214
separate confinement, 33, 48–49
Prison Commission, 18, 79, 118
prison medical officers, 9, 20–21, 28, 60–62, 104–105
assessing lunacy, 52–54, 168–174, 212, 241, 251
authority and decision-making, 52–54, 62–64, 80–81, 192, 251
commitment to prison work, 83–84, 117–118
conscientiousness, 21–22
criticisms of prison system, 259–260
discretionary powers over diet, 99
dual loyalty, 20–21, 84–87
investigations into attempted suicides, 118–119
professionalisation, 81–82
research, 21–22
rules and regulations, 80, 84–85
medical visitations, 104
negative impact, 114
salaries, 84
training in lunacy, 200–201
workload, 83, 117–118, 120, 175, 246
feigning and malingering, 207, 209, 212, 220–221, 241, 250–251
prison memoirs, 7, 108, 183–185, 231, 235, 256
prison population, 11
current situation, 258, 260–261
decline, 18, 79, 102, 107–108
expansion, 7, 20, 76, 87, 199
female, 6, 70
prison reform
evangelicals, 29–31
key reformers, 25
promotion of separation, 26–27
treatment of the insane, 26
utilitarians, 29
Prison Reform Trust (England), 262
Prisoners (Ireland) Act (1787), 156
prisoners’ experiences, 1–2, 7, 256
hard labour, 108
malingering, 231, 235
removal to asylums, 183–185
prisoners unfit for reform, 74–75
Prisons (Ireland) Act (1826), 62
Prisons (Ireland) Act (1840), 24
Prisons (Ireland) Act (1856), 62
Prisons (Ireland) Bill (1866), 90
Prisons Act (1839), 24
proselytism, 31
prostitution, 73, 106, 185, 187, 189
psychiatry, 25, 200
assessment of lunacy, 167, 228–232
criminologists, collaboration with, 198
expert witnesses, 168
prison psychiatry, development of, 252–253, 262
Ireland, 22
specialised asylum treatments, 186
psychological and psychoanalytic approaches, 98, 167, 256
public works prisons, 17, 47, 124
conditions, 124
diet, dietary punishment and food allocations, 97
removal on medical grounds, 126
Queen’s Pleasure patients, 163, 205
Rainhill Lunatic Asylum
drunkenness, 135
general paralysis of the insane, 189–191
transfer between prison and asylum, 187–189, 223
rates of crime, 7, 10, 54, 76
Reading Gaol
implementation of separate confinement, 28, 48–49
recidivism, 7, 19, 65, 76, 79, 89, 107, 134–135, 144
Habitual Criminals Act (1869), 79, 134
irredeemability, 136
malingerers, 237
Prevention of Crimes Act (1871), 134
women, 73–74
refuges
female prisoners, 71–72, 110–111, 127, 132–133
religious conversions through torture, 31
religious mania, 37, 43, 133
removal to ‘specialist’ facilities. See specialist facilities for insane prisoners
removals. See transfer to ‘specialist’ facilities; transfer between prison and asylum; transfer of insane prisoners to asylums
reporting of mental disorder, 28, 44, 246
feigning, 209, 219
Richmond General Penitentiary, Dublin, 24, 31, 34–35
Royal Commission (1853), 50
Royal Commission on Penal Servitude (1863), 17, 78, 88
Royal Commission on Prisons in Ireland (1884), 81, 105, 114, 150, 245
real or feigned insanity, 210
transfer of prisoners, 122
unsanitary conditions, 245
Rush, Dr Benjamin, 32
Russell, Rev. William Whitworth, 24, 34
separate system, 36–37, 40–41, 43
Rynd, Dr Francis, 55, 75, 216
real or feigned insanity, 216
separate system, 52–54
Saunders, Janet, 136, 140, 185
authority and decision-making, 152, 177
scientific criminology, 9; see also crime, degeneracy and mental unfitness, relationship between
Select Committee on Prison Discipline, 58
self-harm, 22, 25, 44–45, 207, 210, 219, 261
separate confinement
Birmingham Borough Gaol, 49, 51, 61
critics, 23–24, 27, 255
current use of, 260
development of separate system, 13–18
duration of separation, 24, 37, 40–41, 52, 64, 67, 75, 88
feigned insanity
assessment, 212–222
female prisoners, 218–219
Liverpool Borough Gaol, 217–218
Mountjoy Prison, 215–217
Pentonville Model Prison, 213–215
suicide attempts, 219–220
female prisoners, 28, 48, 69–73
insanity rates, 27–28, 36, 75–76
Leicester Gaol, 16, 49, 51
Liverpool Borough Prison, 28
local prisons, 16–17, 28, 89–90, 92, 101, 153
Mountjoy Convict Prison, 14; see also Mountjoy Convict Prison (Dublin)
origins
Pennsylvania system, 14, 27, 32
outdoor exercise, 32–33, 39
Pentonville Model Prison, 14, 25; see also Pentonville Model Prison
physical condition of prisoners, 48, 58, 88–89
prison design, 14–17
Reading Gaol, 28, 48–49
silent system compared, 27, 32–36, 38
supporters, 24–25, 27
Shepherd, Jade, 229
silent system, 32
Ireland, 33
separate system compared, 27, 32–36, 38
Sim, Joe, 9, 20, 84
Sing Sing Penitentiary (USA), 32
Social Science Association, 5
specialist facilities for insane prisoners, 158–159
Bethlem Hospital, 155 see also Bethlem Hospital
Broadmoor Asylum, 163 see also Broadmoor Asylum
Dundrum Central Criminal Asylum, 162; see also Dundrum Criminal Lunatic Asylum
England, 154–156, 159
Ireland, 156–159, 162; see also transfer to ‘specialist’ facilities
Spike Island Public Works Prison, 40, 55–56, 67, 83
brutality, 125
diet, dietary punishment and food allocation, 97, 99, 113
hard labour, 137, 140
invalid prisoners, 122–123
Kimberley Commission, 245
staged punishments
Mountjoy Convict Prison (Dublin), 66
Pentonville Model Prison, 41
State of the Lunatic Poor in Ireland (1843), 157
suffragists, 9; see also political prisoners
suicide/attempted suicide, 22, 57, 149–150
feigning and malingering suicide, 219–220
investigations, 118–119
responsibility, 149
supporters of separate confinement, 1, 24–27
Tallack, William, 244, 249; see also Howard Association
taxonomy of mental conditions, 22, 87, 125–126
categories
criminality, 114–129, 133–134
female prisoners, 131–133
imbecility, 141–144
recidivists, 135–136, 144
weak-minded prisoners, 136–144
language, 126–127
female prisoners, 127–129
ticket-of-leave system, 64, 72, 89, 224
time spent in separation. See duration of separation
training in management of lunacy, 22, 87, 200–201, 228
transfer between prison and asylum, 150–151
criminals becoming insane after sentencing, 177–178
England, 181–182
escape opportunities, 204
female prisoners, 188–189
Ireland, 180–181
Irish prisoners in England, 187
prisoners’ experiences, 183–186
processes of removal, 174–175
local magistrates, 175–177, 182
prison medical officers, 175
transfer of insane prisoners to asylums, 26, 46–47, 103, 256–258
transfer to ‘specialist’ facilities, 139–141
transportation
disruption to, 17, 25, 64
mental health of convicts, 46, 56, 66
treadwheel, 30–31, 82, 92–95, 100, 108–109, 115, 236, 251
female prisoners, 92
unproductive labour, 101
treatment and management strategies. See management of mental disorder
trial proceedings involving the insanity plea, 151–152, 182
expert witnesses, 167–174
Irish cases, 169
Tuke, Dr Daniel Hack, 226–228
urbanisation, 9–11, 244
US prison regimes, 27, 34, 36, 39, 48
violence among prisoners, 2, 56, 73, 123–124, 126–130, 134, 138–139, 144, 170, 178–179, 184–188, 190–191, 194, 196–198, 221, 226, 236, 240–241, 261–262
Wakefield Prison
diet, dietary punishment and food allocation, 95
medical discharges, 110
prison design, 16, 65
real or feigned insanity, 236
separation, 65, 96
Wakefield, Henry, 64, 72, 173
Walker, Dr George
prison medical officers’ workload, 246–247
Watson, Stephen, 9, 87
malingering, 229, 232
‘weak-minded prisoners’, 19, 44, 49, 56, 75–76, 121–125, 131, 136–144, 147, 161, 204, 225, 243, 248–250, 256
Kimberley Commission (1878), 122
malingerers, 228, 237–240, 249–251
White, Dr Francis, 37–39, 157–158, 162, 169
Wiener, Martin J., 20–21, 85–86, 133, 234
Wilde, Oscar, 2, 7, 21, 138
Winslow, Dr Forbes, 168, 170, 172
real or feigned insanity, 232
women. See female prisoners
workhouses, 10, 12–13, 21, 52, 64, 135
diet, 96
transfer of mentally ill patients to, 141, 154, 157, 176–177, 180, 195, 256
Young, Dr James, 80, 83, 117

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  • Index
  • Catherine Cox, University College Dublin, Hilary Marland, University of Warwick
  • Book: Disorder Contained
  • Online publication: 03 March 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108993586.008
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  • Index
  • Catherine Cox, University College Dublin, Hilary Marland, University of Warwick
  • Book: Disorder Contained
  • Online publication: 03 March 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108993586.008
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  • Index
  • Catherine Cox, University College Dublin, Hilary Marland, University of Warwick
  • Book: Disorder Contained
  • Online publication: 03 March 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108993586.008
Available formats
×