Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T08:11:39.400Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 5 - Clinical Screening for Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2024

By
Claudia Lex  and
Thomas D. Meyer
Edited by
Allan Young ,
Marsal Sanches ,
Jair C. Soares  and
Mario Juruena
Allan Young
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London
Marsal Sanches
Affiliation:
Baylor College of Medicine, Texas
Jair C. Soares
Affiliation:
McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas
Mario Juruena
Affiliation:
King's College London
Get access

Summary

Accurate diagnoses are crucial in choosing the most appropriate evidence-based treatment for mood disorders. Structured clinical interviews are the gold standard to assess unipolar (UD) and bipolar disorders (BD); however, they require time, financial, and training resources that are often unavailable. As this is especially true outside of specialty clinics or tertiary care settings, self-ratings can be used for screening to facilitate the diagnostic process. Such tools have both strengths and weaknesses, but it is essential that a detailed clinical assessment still follows before providing a valid diagnosis for mood disorders. In this chapter, we review several screening tools for UD and BD that have substantial empirical support and/or are widely used. We list measures that have been used for other types of screening, for example, to assess severity of symptoms or focus on specific populations. Gaps, recent developments, such as digital approaches, and final conclusions for clinical practice are also discussed.

Keywords

depressionhypomaniabipolar disordersmood disordersscreeningprimary care
Type
Chapter
Information
Clinical Textbook of Mood Disorders , pp. 54 - 67
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Youngstrom, E. A., Egerton, G. A., Genzlinger, J., et al. Improving the global identification of bipolar spectrum disorders: meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of checklists. Psychol Bull 2018;144:315–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cepoiu, M., McCusker, J., Cole, M. G., et al. Recognition of depression by non-psychiatric physicians – a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2008;23:25–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, A. J., Vaze, A., Rao, S.. Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2009;374:609–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Bruchmüller, K., Meyer, T. D.. Diagnostically irrelevant information can affect the likelihood of a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2009;116:148–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolkenstein, L., Bruchmüller, K., Schmid, P., et al. Misdiagnosing bipolar disorder–do clinicians show heuristic biases? J Affect Disord 2011;130:405–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghio, L., Gotelli, S., Marcenaro, M., et al. (2014). Duration of untreated illness and outcomes in unipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2014;152:45–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drancourt, N., Etain, B., Lajnef, M., et al. Duration of untreated bipolar disorder: missed opportunities on the long road to optimal treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013;127:136–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Donovan, C., Alda, M.. Depression preceding diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020;11:500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessing, L. V.. The effect of the first manic episode in affective disorder: a case register study of hospitalised episodes. J Affect Disord 1999;53:233–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Miller, C. J., Johnson, S. L., Kwapil, T. R., et al. Three studies on self-report scales to detect bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2011;128:199–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntyre, R. S., Berk, M., Brietzke, E., et al. Bipolar disorders. Lancet 2020;396:1841–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siu, A. L., US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Bibbins-Domingo, K., et al. Screening for depression in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA 2016;315:380–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, M., Holst, C. G.. Screening for psychiatric disorders with self-administered questionnaires. Psychiatry Res 2018;270:1068–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carvalho, A. F., Takwoingi, Y., Sales, P. M., et al. Screening for bipolar spectrum disorders: A comprehensive meta-analysis of accuracy studies. J Affect Disord 2015;172:337–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, T. D., Schrader, J., Ridley, M., et al. The Hypomania Checklist (HCL) – systematic review of its properties to screen for bipolar disorders. Compr Psychiatry 2014;55:1310–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, M., Galione, J. N., Ruggero, C. J., et al. Are screening scales for bipolar disorder good enough to be used in clinical practice? Compr Psychiatry 2011;52:600–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bosanquet, K., Bailey, D., Gilbody, S., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the Whooley questions for the identification of depression: a diagnostic meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2015:5.12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, I. M., Haddad, P. M., Scott, J.. Bipolar disorder. BMJ 2012;345:e8508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smithson, S., Pignone, M. P.. Screening adults for depression in primary care. Med Clin North Am 2017;101:807–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexandrowicz, R., Weiss, M., Marquart, B., et al. Zur Validität eines zweistufigen Screenings am Beispiel des Depressionsscreening [The validity of a two-step-screening procedure for depression]. Psychiatr Prax 2008;35:294–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, J. W. Jr, Pignone, M., Ramirez, G., et al. Identifying depression in primary care: a literature synthesis of case-finding instruments. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2002;24:225–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thombs, B. D., Saadat, N., Riehm, K. E., et al. Consistency and sources of divergence in recommendations on screening with questionnaires for presently experienced health problems or symptoms: a comparison of recommendations from the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care, UK National Screening Committee, and US Preventive Services Task Force. BMC Med 2017;15:150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horwitz, A. V., Wakefield, J. C.. The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow into Depressive Disorder. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thombs, B. D., Coyne, J. C., Cuijpers, P., et al. Rethinking recommendations for screening for depression in primary care. Can Med Assoc J 2012;184:413–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Den, S., Chen, T. F., Gan, Y. L., et al. The psychometric properties of depression screening tools in primary healthcare settings: a systematic review. J Affect Disord 2018;225:503–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thombs, B. D., Rice, D. B.. Sample sizes and precision of estimates of sensitivity and specificity from primary studies on the diagnostic accuracy of depression screening tools: a survey of recently published studies. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2016;25:145–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, M., Coryell, W.. The Inventory to Diagnose Depression, lifetime version. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987;75:495–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B.. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001;16:606–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radloff, L. S.. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1:385–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organisation. Wellbeing Measures in Primary Health Care/The Depcare Project. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1998.Google Scholar
Brody, D. S., Hahn, S. R., Spitzer, R. L., et al. Identifying patients with depression in the primary care setting: a more efficient method. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:2469–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., et al. (2009). An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4. Psychosomatics 2009;50:613–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Whooley, M. A., Avins, A. L., Miranda, J., et al. Case-finding instruments for depression. Two questions are as good as many. J Gen Intern Med 1997;12:439–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whooley, M. A.. Screening for depression – a tale of two questions. JAMA Intern Med 2016;176:436–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, W., Bian, Q., Zhao, Y., et al. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in the general population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2014;36:539–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diez-Quevedo, C., Rangil, T.. Sanchez-Planell, L., et al. Validation and utility of the patient health questionnaire in diagnosing mental disorders in 1003 general hospital Spanish inpatients. Psychosom Med 2001;63:679–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carballeira, Y., Dumont, P., Borgacci, S., et al. Criterion validity of the French version of Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) in a hospital department of internal medicine. Psychol Psychother 2007;80:69–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AlHadi, A. N., AlAteeq, D. A., Al-Sharif, E. et al. An aRabic translation, reliability, and validation of Patient Health Questionnaire in a Saudi sample. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2017;16:32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levis, B., Benedetti, A., Thombs, B. D., et al. Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: individual participant data meta-analysis. BMJ 2019;365:l1476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levis, B., Sun, Y., He, C., et al. Accuracy of the PHQ-2 alone and in combination with the PHQ-9 for screening to detect major depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2020;323:2290–2300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inoue, T., Tanaka, T., Nakagawa, S., et al. Utility and limitations of PHQ-9 in a clinic specializing in psychiatric care. BMC Psychiatry 2012;12:73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moriarty, A. S., Gilbody, S., McMillan, D., et al. Screening and case finding for major depressive disorder using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): a meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2015;37:567–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DGPPN, BÄK, KBV, et al., eds. S3-Leitlinie/Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Unipolare Depression – Langfassung [S3 Guidelines Unipolar Depression – Long Version]. 2015. Available at: www.depression.versorgungsleitlinien.deGoogle Scholar
Trangle, M., Gursky, J., Haight, R., et al. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Adult depression in primary care. Updated March 2016. Available at: www.icsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Depr.pdfGoogle Scholar
Cleare, A., Pariante, C. M., Young, A. H., et al. A revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol 2015;29:459–525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chin, W. Y., Choi, E. P. H., Chan, K. T. Y., et al. The psychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in Chinese primary care patients: factor structure, construct validity, reliability, sensitivity and responsiveness. PLoS One 2015;10:e0135131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shima, S., Shikano, T., Kitamura, T., et al. New self-rating scale for depression. Clin Psychiatry 1985;27:717–23.Google Scholar
Fava, G. A.. Assessing depressive symptoms across cultures: Italian validation of the CES‐D self‐rating scale. J Clin Psychol 1983;39:249–51.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soler, J., Perez-Sola, V., Puigdemont, D., et al. [Validation study of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression of a Spanish population of patients with affective disorders]. [Article in Spanish] Actas Luso Esp Neurol Psiquiatr Cienc Afines 1997;25:243–9.Google Scholar
Kwakkenbos, L., van Lankveld, W. G., Vonk, M. C., et al. Disease-related and psychosocial factors associated with depressive symptoms in patients with systemic sclerosis, including fear of progression and appearance self-esteem. J Psychosom Res 2012;72:199–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jahn, R., Baumgartner, J. S., van den Nest, M., et al. Kriteriumsvalidität der deutschsprachigen Version der CES-D in der Allgemeinbevölkerung [Criterion validity of the German version of the CES-D in the general population]. Psychiatr Prax 2018;45:434–42.Google Scholar
Stockings, E., Degenhardt, L., Lee, Y. Y., et al. Symptom screening scales for detecting major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of reliability, validity and diagnostic utility. J Affect Disord 2015;174:447–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ros, L., Latorre, J. M., Aguilar, M. J., et al. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D) in older populations with and without cognitive impairment. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2011;72:83–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vilagut, G., Forero, C. G., Barbaglia, G., et al. Screening for depression in the general population with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D): a systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS One 2016;11:e0155431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blank, K., Gruman, C., Robison, J. T.. Case-finding for depression in elderly people: balancing ease of administration with validity in varied treatment settings. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004;59:378–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Topp, C. W., Østergaard, S. D., Søndergaard, S., et al. The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature. Psychother Psychosom 2015;84:167–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Primack, B. A.. The WHO-5 Wellbeing Index performed the best in screening for depression in primary care/Commentary. ACP journal club 2003;139:48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sischka, P. E., Costa, A. P., Steffgen, G., et al. (2020). The WHO-5 well-being index–validation based on item response theory and the analysis of measurement invariance across 35 countries. J Affect Disord Reports 2020;1:100020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bech, P., Rasmussen, N. A., Olsen, L. R., et al. The sensitivity and specificity of the Major Depression Inventory, using the Present State Examination as the index of diagnostic validity. J Affect Disord 2001;66:159–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuijpers, P., Dekker, J., Noteboom, A., et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the Major Depression Inventory in outpatients. BMC Psychiatry 2007;7:39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nielsen, M. G., Ørnbøl, E., Bech, P., et al. The criterion validity of the web-based Major Depression Inventory when used on clinical suspicion of depression in primary care. Clin Epidemiol 2017;9:355–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zung, W. W. K.. A self-rating depression scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1965;12:63–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunstan, D. A., Scott, N., Todd, A. K.. Screening for anxiety and depression: reassessing the utility of the Zung scales. BMC Psychiatry 2017;17:329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Brown, G. K.. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation. 1996.Google Scholar
von Glischinski, M., von Brachel, R., Hirschfeld, G.. How depressed is ‘depressed’? A systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis of optimal cut points for the Beck Depression Inventory revised (BDI-II). Qual Life Res 2019;28:1111–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. T., Guth, D., Steer, R. A., et al. Screening for major depression disorders in medical inpatients with the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care. Behav Res Ther 1997;35:785–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steer, R. A., Cavalieri, T. A., Leonard, D. M., et al. Use of the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care to screen for major depression disorders. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1999;21:106–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., et al. Development and validation of a Geriatric Depression Screening Scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 1983;17:37–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishnamoorthy, Y., Rajaa, S., Rehman, T.. Diagnostic accuracy of various forms of geriatric depression scale for screening of depression among older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020;87:104002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., Sagovsky, R.. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry 1987;150:782–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levis, B., Negeri, Z., Sun, Y., et al. Accuracy of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for screening to detect major depression among pregnant and postpartum women: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ 2020;371:m4022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilliam, F. G., Barry, J. J., Hermann, B. P., et al. Rapid detection of major depression in epilepsy: a multicentre study. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:399‐405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammer, E. M., Häcker, S., Hautzinger, M., et al. Validity of the ALS-Depression-Inventory (ADI-12)–a new screening instrument for depressive disorders in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Affect Disord 2008;109:213–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angst, J., Adolfsson, R., Benazzi, F., et al. The HCL-32: towards a self-assessment tool for hypomanic symptoms in outpatients. J Affect Disord 2005;88:217–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, M., Posternak, M. A., Chelminski, I., et al. Using questionnaires to screen for psychiatric disorders: a comment on a study of screening for bipolar disorder in the community. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:605–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirschfeld, R. M., Williams, J. B., Spitzer, R. L., et al. (2000). Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:1873–1875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, T. D., Crist, N., La Rosa, N., et al. Are existing self-ratings of acute manic symptoms in adults reliable and valid? A systematic review. Bipolar Disord 2020;22:558–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanchez-Moreno, J., Villagran, J. M., Gutierrez, J. R., et al. Adaptation and validation of the Spanish version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire for the detection of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2008;10:400–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gan, Z., Han, Z., Li, K., et al. Validation of the Chinese version of the ‘Mood Disorder Questionnaire’ for screening bipolar disorder among patients with a current depressive episode. BMC Psychiatry 2012;12:8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ouali, U., Jouini, L., Zgueb, Y., et al. The factor structure of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire in Tunisian patients. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2020;16 (Suppl-1):82–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weber Rouget, B., Gervasoni, N., Dubuis, V., et al. Screening for bipolar disorders using a French version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). J Affect Disord 2005;88:103–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hautzinger, M., Meyer, T. D.. Diagnostik affektiver Störungen [Diagnostics of Affective Disorders]. Göttingen: Hogrefe, 2002.Google Scholar
Waleeprakhon, P., Ittasakul, P., Lotrakul, M., et al. Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire Thai version. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014;10:1497–1502.Google ScholarPubMed
Wang, H. R., Woo, Y. S., Ahn, H. S., et al. The validity of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire for screening bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety 2015;32:527–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, M., Galione, J. N.. Screening for bipolar disorder with the Mood Disorders Questionnaire: a review. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2011;19:219–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, D., Cha, B., Park, C. S., et al. Usefulness of the combined application of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire and Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale in screening for bipolar disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2013;54:334–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paterniti, S., Bisserbe, J. C.. Factors associated with false positives in MDQ screening for bipolar disorder: Insight into the construct validity of the scale. J Affect Disord 2018;238:79–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knackfuss, A., Leibenluft, E., Brotman, M. A., et al. (2020). Differentiating irritable mood and disruptive behavior in adults. Trends Psychiatry Psychoth 2020;42:375–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phelps, J. R., Ghaemi, S. N.. Improving the diagnosis of bipolar disorder: predictive value of screening tests. J Affect Disord 2006;92:141–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, Y. S., Angst, J., Ou, C. S., et al. Validation of the Chinese version of the hypomania checklist (HCL-32) as an instrument for detecting hypo(mania) in patients with mood disorders. J Affect Disord 2008;106:133–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oh, M., Angst, J., Sung, T., et al. Reliability and validity of the hypomania symptom checklist-32 in Korea. Korean J Clin Psychol 2009;28:321–38.Google Scholar
Vieta, E., Sánchez-Moreno, J., Bulbena, A., et al. Cross validation with the mood disorder questionnaire (MDQ) of an instrument for the detection of hypomania in Spanish: the 32 item hypomania symptom check list (HCL-32). J Affect Disord 2007;101:43–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosolov, S. N., Ushkalova, A. V., Kostukova, E. G., et al. Validation of the Russian version of the Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32) for the detection of Bipolar II disorder in patients with a current diagnosis of recurrent depression. J Affect Disord 2014;155:90–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gamma, A., Angst, J., Azorin, J. M., et al. Transcultural validity of the Hypomania Checklist-32 (HCL-32) in patients with major depressive episodes. Bipolar Disord 2013;15:701–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forty, L., Kelly, M., Jones, L., et al. Reducing the Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32) to a 16-item version. J Affect Disord 2010;124:351–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bech, P., Christensen, E. M., Vinberg, M., et al. From items to syndromes in the Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32): psychometric validation and clinical validity analysis. J Affect Disord 2011;132:48–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, T. D., Castelao, E., Gholamrezaee, M., et al. Hypomania Checklist-32 – cross-validation of shorter versions screening for bipolar disorders in an epidemiological study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017;135:539–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, K. Oh, H. Lee, E. H., et al. Investigation of the clinical utility of the hypomania checklist 32 (HCL-32) for the screening of bipolar disorders in the non-clinical adult population. BMC Psychiatry 2016;16:124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghaemi, S. N., Miller, C. J., Berv, D. A., et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a new bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale. J Affect Disord 2005;84:273–7.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M., Galione, J. N., Ruggero, C. J., et al. A different approach toward screening for bipolar disorder: the prototype matching method. Compr Psychiatry 2010;51:340–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vázquez, G. H., Romero, E., Fabregues, F., et al. Screening for bipolar disorders in Spanish-speaking populations: sensitivity and specificity of the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale-Spanish Version. Compr Psychiatry 2010;51:552–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shabani, A., Mirzaei Khoshalani, M., Mahdavi, S., et al. Screening bipolar disorders in a general hospital: psychometric findings for the Persian version of mood disorder questionnaire and bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2019;33:48.Google Scholar
Chu, H., Lin, C. J., Chiang, K. J., et al. Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale. J Clin Nurs 2010;19:2787–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, M., Galione, J. N., Chelminski, I., et al. Performance of the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale in psychiatric outpatients. Bipolar Disord 2010;12:528–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Tully, L.. Distinguishing bipolar and unipolar disorders: an isomer model. J Affect Disord 2006;96:67–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G., Graham, R., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., et al. Further examination of the utility and comparative properties of the MSQ and MDQ bipolar screening measures. J Affect Disord 2012;138:104–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G., Fletcher, K., Hyett, M. P.. The Mood Assessment Program: a computerised diagnostic tool for deriving management plans for mood disorders. Med J Aust 2008;188:126–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Depue, R. A., Slater, J. F., Wolfstetter-Kausch, H., et al. A behavioral paradigm for identifying persons at risk for bipolar depressive disorder: a conceptual framework and five validation studies. J Abnorm Psychol 1981;90:381–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Walshaw, P. D., et al. Behavioral approach system (BAS)-relevant cognitive styles and bipolar spectrum disorders: concurrent and prospective associations. J Abnorm Psychol 2009;118:459–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hautzinger, M., Meyer, T. D., Pheasant, B. L.. (2002). Cyclothymic but not depressive temperament influences the mood of another person in social interactions. In Kaschka, W. P., editor. Perspectives in Affective Disorders. Karger Publishers, 2002; 178–87.Google Scholar
Youngstrom, E., Meyers, O., Demeter, C., et al. Comparing diagnostic checklists for pediatric bipolar disorder in academic and community mental health settings. Bipolar Disord 2005;7:507–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imamura, K., Kawakami, N., Naganuma, Y., et al. Development of screening inventories for bipolar disorder at workplace: a diagnostic accuracy study. J Affect Disord 2015;178:32–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fusar-Poli, P., De Micheli, A., Rocchetti, M., et al. Semistructured Interview for Bipolar At Risk States (SIBARS). Psychiatry Res 2018;264:302–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moritz, S., Gawęda, Ł., Heinz, A., et al. Four reasons why early detection centers for psychosis should be renamed and their treatment targets reconsidered: we should not catastrophize a future we can neither reliably predict nor change. Psychol Med 2019;49:2134–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waugh, M. J., Meyer, T. D., Youngstrom, E. A., et al. A review of self-rating instruments to identify young people at risk of bipolar spectrum disorders. J Affect Disord 2014;160:113–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, M. M., Firth, J., Minen, M., et al. User engagement in mental health apps: a review of measurement, reporting, and validity. Psychiatr Serv 2019;70:538–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholas, J., Larsen, M. E., Proudfoot, J., et al. Mobile apps for bipolar disorder: a systematic review of features and content quality. J Med Internet Res 2015;17:e198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qu, C., Sas, C., Daudén Roquet, C., et al. Functionality of top-rated mobile apps for depression: systematic search and evaluation. JMIR Ment Health 2020;7:e15321. Erratum in: JMIR Ment Health 2020;7:e18042.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G., Spoelma, M. J., Tavella, G., et al. Differentiating mania/hypomania from happiness using a machine learning analytic approach. J Affect Disord 2021;281:505–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cho, C. H., Lee, T., Kim, M. G., et al. Mood prediction of patients with mood disorders by machine learning using passive digital phenotypes based on the circadian rhythm: prospective observational cohort study. J Med Internet Res 2019;21:e11029. Erratum in: J Med Internet Res 2019;21: e15966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andersson, G., Titov, N.. Advantages and limitations of Internet-based interventions for common mental disorders. World Psychiatry 2014;13: 4–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mojtabai, R.. universal depression screening to improve depression outcomes in primary care: sounds good, but where is the evidence? Psychiatr Serv 2017;68:724–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Wit, M., Pouwer, F., Gemke, R. J., et al. Validation of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2003–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, C. J., Cho, C., Berk, A. R., et al. Are gold standard depression measures appropriate for use in geriatric cancer patients? A systematic evaluation of self-report depression instruments used with geriatric, cancer, and geriatric cancer samples. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:348–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smarr, K. L., Keefer, A. L.. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9). Arthritis Care Res 2011;63:S454–S466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trevethan, R.. sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values: foundations, probabilities, and pitfalls in research and practice. Front Public Health 2017;5:307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akiskal, HS, Pinto, O. The evolving bipolar spectrum. Prototypes I, II, III, and IV. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1999;22:517–34; vii.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×