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11 - IRANIAN RELATIONS WITH GREAT BRITAIN AND BRITISH INDIA, 1798–1921

from PART 2 - FOREIGN RELATIONS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Rose Greaves
Edited by
P. Avery ,
G. R. G. Hambly  and
C. Melville
P. Avery
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
G. R. G. Hambly
Affiliation:
University of Texas, Dallas
C. Melville
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
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Summary

The European power geographically closest to Iran was Russia. Peter the Great had brought the two countries into conflict as a result of his ambitions in the Caspian and the Caucasus regions, thereby threatening Iran's northwestern provinces. Extended into Central Asia these Russian ambitions set a pattern which lasted long beyond the 18th century, although Peter's death in 1725 and Nādir Shāh's campaigns temporarily halted Russia's advance. In the distracted decades later in the century Iran's position in the Caucasus grew steadily weaker, and when it attempted to re-establish relationships as they had existed under the Safavids, Georgia sought the protection of Catherine the Great.

In 1795 the urge to recover one of the Safavid kingdom's richest provinces prompted Āghā Muhammad Khān's march into Georgia. Catherine responded by sending a Russian expedition (1796) under Count Valerian Zubov, and the Qājār Shah was again on his way to Georgia when he was murdered in 1797. The problem of the northwest frontier and Iran's relations with Russia were among the most difficult his nephew and successor, Fath ‘Alī Shāh, had to face. To obtain help in this problem was the main objective of Iranian statecraft in the complicated negotiations conducted throughout the Napoleonic period, but neither France nor Britain could provide the kind of support Iran needed.

Britain's diplomatic and strategic interest in Iran arose initially not from the perception of a Russian, but a French threat. In 1796, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the East India Company, Stephen Lushington, was in correspondence with Henry Dundas, President of the Board of Control, regarding the French menace to India through Egypt.

Type
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Information
The Cambridge History of Iran , pp. 374 - 425
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1991

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