Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T12:45:09.227Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - ĀGHĀ MUHAMMAD KHĀN AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE QĀJĀR DYNASTY

from PART 1 - THE POLITICAL FRAMEWORK, 1722–1979

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Gavin R. G. Hambly
Edited by
P. Avery ,
G. R. G. Hambly  and
C. Melville
P. Avery
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
G. R. G. Hambly
Affiliation:
University of Texas, Dallas
C. Melville
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Get access

Summary

THE EMERGENCE OF THE QĀJĀRS

The preceding chapter described the unsuccessful attempt by a small tribal confederation in south-west Iran, led by the Zands, to establish control over the other tribal groupings on the Iranian plateau. Its failure was due to the limited number of fighting men whom the Zands and their confederates could muster for sustained campaigning; the family rivalries and divisions of the ruling house after Karīm Khān Zand's death in 1193/1779; the superior military resources of the Qājārs; and not least, the single-minded ambition of their ultimate nemesis, Āghā Muhammad Khān Qājār. In this chapter, his career will be placed within the context of the rise of the Qājārs, one of the original components of the Safavids' Qizilbāsh confederacy. For Āghā Muhammad Khān's bid for overall kingship, the disturbed condition of late 18th-century Iran proved particularly favourable.

As for the Qājārs' early history, there is a late tradition that they were part of the Turkish Oghuz confederacy, and first entered Iran with other Oghuz tribes in the 11th century. However, neither of the surviving lists of Oghuz tribes, those of Mahmūd Kashgharī and Rashīd al-Dīn, include them, although both mention the Afshārs. Conceivably, they were an element in a larger tribe (the Bayāts have been suggested as the most likely), from which they later broke away. The same late tradition claims an eponymous ancestor for the tribe in Qājār Noyan, the son of a Mongol, Sartuq Noyan, who was supposed to be Atābeg to the Il-Khān Arghūn. Qājār Noyan was also alleged to be an ancestor of Tīmūr.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge History of Iran , pp. 104 - 143
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, K.E. “Notes taken on a Journey eastwards from Shiraz…in 1850” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 27 (1857).Google Scholar
Abrahamian, Ervand. ‘Oriental Despotism: the case of Qajar Iran”, International Journal of Middle East Studies 5 (1971).Google Scholar
Abrahamian, Ervand. “Early trade of the northern provinces of Persia: a document”, Iranian Studies 16 (1983).Google Scholar
Aitchison, Charles U. A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, vol. 13, Persia and Afghanistan, Calcutta, 1933.Google Scholar
Algar, Hamid. Religion and State in Iran, 1785–1906. The Role of the Ulama in the Qajar Period, Berkeley, Callfornia, 1969.
Algar, Hamid. “Shi‘ism and Iran in the eighteenth century”, in Studies in Eighteenth-Century Islamic History, ed. Naff, T. and Owen, R., Carbondale, Illinois, 1977.Google Scholar
Allen, W.E.D. A History of the Georgian People, London, 1932.
Amanat, Abbas. “Amīn-al-Dawla”, ibid.
Arjomand, Said Amir. The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam: Religion, Political Order and Societal Change in Shi‘ite Iran from the beginning to 1890, Chicago, 1984.
Artemi, Bogdanov. Memoirs of the Life of Artemi of Wagarschapat, near Mount Ararat in Armenia, London, 1822.
Ashraf, Ahmad. “The roots of emerging dual class structure in nineteenth-century Iran”, Iranian Studies 14 (1981).Google Scholar
Atkin, Muriel. “The pragmatic diplomacy of Paul I: Russia's relations with Asia, 1796-1801”, Slavic Review 38 (1979).Google Scholar
Atkin, Muriel. “The strange death of Ibrahim Khalil Khan of Qarabagh”, Iranian Studies 12 (1979).Google Scholar
Atkin, Muriel. Russia and Iran, 1780–1828, Minneapolis, 1980.
Avery, P.W. “An enquiry into the outbreak of the second Russo-Persian war, 1826–28”, in Iran and Islam, in Memory of V. Minorsky, ed. Bosworth, C.E., Edinburgh, 1971.Google Scholar
Baddeley, John F. The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus, London, 1908.
Bakhash, Shaul. “The evolution of Qajar bureaucracy: 1779–1789”, Middle Eastern Studies 7 (1971).Google Scholar
Bakhash, Shaul. Iran: Monarchy, Bureaucracy and Reform under the Qajars: 1858–1896, London, 1978.
Bakhash, Shaul. “Center-periphery relations in nineteenth-century Iran”, Iranian Studies 14 (1981).Google Scholar
Bakhash, Shaul. “Administration in Iran, (i) The Safavid, Zand and Qajar periods”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 1, London, 1985.Google Scholar
Bartold, V. V. A History of the Turkman People (Four Studies in the History of Central Asia), vol. 3, tr. , V. and Minorsky, T., Leiden, 1962.
Bayat, Mangol. Mysticism and Dissent: Socioreligious Thought in Qajar Iran, Syracuse, New York, 1982.
Bayat, Mangol. “‘Abd-al-Rezā Khan”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 1, London, 1985.Google Scholar
Bode, Clement Augustus. Travels in Luristan and Arabistan, 2 vols. London, 1845.
Bosworth, C.E. and Hillenbrand, C. (eds). Qajar Iran. Political, Social and Cultural Change, 1800–1925, Edinburgh, 1983.
Bournoutian, George A. “Husayn Qulī Khān Qazvīnī, Sardār of Erevan: a portrait of a Qajar administrator”, Iranian Studies 9 (1976).Google Scholar
Bournoutian, George A. Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of Persian Rule, 1807–1828, Malibu, California, 1982.
Browne, Edward Granville. A Traveller's Narrative Written to Illustrate the Episode of the Bāb, 2 vols. Cambridge, 1891.
Browne, Edward Granville. A Year Amongst the Persians, Cambridge, 1893.
Browne, Edward Granville. A Literary History of Persia, vol. 4, Modern Times (1500–1924), Cambridge, 1930.
Brydges, Harford Jones Sir. An Account of His Majesty's Mission to the Court of Persia in the Years 1807-11, London, 1834.
Buckingham, James Silk. Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, 2 vols. London, 1830.
Bukhārī, Mīr ‘Abd al-Karām “Nadīm” b. Ismā‘īl. Afghān va Kābul va Bukhārā va Khivaq va Khoqani Khānlarinin, ed. Schefer, C., Bulaq, , 1873 (tr. by Schefer, C. as Histoire de L'Asie Centrale (Afghanistan, Boukhara, Khiva, Khoqand), Paris, 1876).Google Scholar
Burnes, Alexander. Travels into Bokhara, 2 vols. London, 1839.
Busse, H. “‘Abbās Mīrzā”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 1, London, 1985.Google Scholar
Butkov, P.G. Materialy dlya novoy istorii Kavkaza s 1722 po 1803g., 3 vols. Saint Petersburg, 1869.
Campbell, James. “The Russo-Persian Frontier, 1810” Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 18 (1931).Google Scholar
Cole, Juan R.I. and Momen, Moojan. “Mafia, mob and Shiism in Iraq: the rebellion of Ottoman Karbala, 1824–1843”, Past and Present 112 (1986).Google Scholar
Conolly, Arthur, journey to the North of India overland from England, through Russia, Persia, and Affghaunistan, 2 vols. London, 1834.
Curzon, Robert. Armenia. A Year at Erzerum and on the Frontier of Russia, Turkey, and Persia, London, 1854.
Curzon, George N. Persia and the Persian Question, 2 vols. London, 1892.
Drouville, Gaspar. Voyages en Perse pendant les annees 1812–1814, 2 vols. Saint Petersburg, 1819.
Dunbulī, ‘Abd al-Razzāq Beg Maftūn. Ma'āsir-i Sultānīya, Tabriz, 1242/1826 (tr. by Brydges, Harford JonesSir as The Dynasty of the Kajars, London, 1833).
Elphinstone, Mountstuart. An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul, 2 vols. London, 1839.
Elwell-Sutton, L.P. “Parleying with the Russians in 1827”, journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 49 (1962).Google Scholar
Entner, Marvin. Russo-Persian Commercial Relations, 1828–1914, Gainesville, Florida, 1965.
Fasā'ī, Hājjī Mīrzā Hasan Husainī, Fārsnāma-yi Nā⊡irī, Tehran, 1313/1895 (tr. by Busse, Heribert as History of Persia under Qajar Rule, New York, 1972).Google Scholar
Ferrières-Sauveboeuf, Comte L.F.. Mémoires historiques, politiques et géographiques des voyages … faits en Turquie, en Perse et an Arable depuis 1782 jusqu'en 1789, 2 vols. Paris, 1790.
Field, H. Contributions to the Anthropology of Iran, Chicago, 1939.
Flandin, , Eugene, , and Coste, , Pascal, . Voyage en Perse, 2 vols. Paris, 1851.
Forster, George. A journey from Bengal to England, through the Northern Part of India, Kashmire, Afghanistan, and Persia, 2 vols. London, 1798.
Fowler, George. Three Years in Persia; with Travelling Adventures in Koordistan, 2 vols. London, 1841.
Francklin, William. Observations made on a Tour from Bengal to Persia, in the Years 1786–87, London, 1790.
Fraser, James Baillie. Narrative of a journey into Khorasan, in the Years 1821 and 1822, 2 vols. London, 1825.
Fraser, James Baillie. Travels and Adventures in the Persian Provinces on the Southern Banks of the Caspian Sea, London, 1826.
Fraser, James Baillie. Historical and Descriptive Account of Persia, from the Earliest Age to the Present Time, Edinburgh, 1834.
Fraser, James Baillie. A Winter's Journey from Constantinople to Tehran, 2 vols. London, 1838.
Fraser, James Baillie. Travels in Koordistan, Mesopotamia, etc., 2 vols. London, 1840.
Garthwaite, Gene R. Khans and Shahs. A Documentary Analysis of the Bakhtiyari in Iran, Cambridge, 1983.
Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb. Reise durch Russland, 3 vols. Saint Petersburg, 1774.
Good, M.J.D. “Social hierarchy in provincial Iran: the case of Qajar Maragheh”, Iranian Studies 10 (1977).Google Scholar
Grey, C. European Adventures in North India, 1785 to 1849, Lahore, 1929.
Gulistāna, Abu'l–Hasan b. Muhammad Amīn, Mujmal al-Tavārīkh, ed. Razavī, Mudarris, Tehran, 1344/1965.
Hambly, G.R.G. “Agha Mohammad Khan and the establishment of the Qajar dynasty”, journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 50 (1963), 161–74.Google Scholar
Hanway, Jonas. An Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea, etc., 2 vols. London, 1762.
Heude, William. A Voyage up the Persian Gulf and a Journey Overland from India to England in 1817, London, 1819.
Hytier, A.D. Les dépêches diplomatiques du comte de Gobineau en Perse, Paris, 1959.
Ingram, Edward. Beginning the Great Game in Asia, 1828–34, Oxford, 1979.
Ingram, Edward. Commitment to Empire. Prophecies of the Great Game in Asia, 1797-1800, Oxford, 1981.
Ingram, Edward. In Defence of British India. Great Britain in the Middle East, 1774–1842, London, 1984.
Issawi, Charles, “The Tabriz-Trabzon trade, 1830-1900 rise and decline of a route”, International Journal of Middle East Studies 1 (1970).Google Scholar
Jaubert, Pierre-Amédée. Voyage en Arménie et en Perse, Paris, 1821.
Javadi, H. “‘Abd-al-Vahhāb Mo‘tamed-al-Dawla”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 1, London, 1985.Google Scholar
Javadi, H. “Abu'l-Hassan Khan Īlĉī”, ibid.
Keddie, Nikki R. “Class structure and political power in Iran since 1796”, Iranian Studies 11 (1978).Google Scholar
Keppel, George. Personal Narrative of a journey from India to England, 2 vols. London, 1827.
Khān Hidāyat, Rizā Qulī. Safāratnāma-yi Khwārazm, ed. Schefer, C., Bulaq, , n.d. (tr. Schefer, C. as Relation de I'ambassade au Kharezm, Paris, 1876).Google Scholar
Kinneir, John Macdonald. A Geographical Memoir of the Persian Empire, London, 1813.
Klaproth, Heinrich Julius. Voyage au Mount Caucase et en Géorgie, 2 vols. Paris, 1823.
Kotzebue, Moritz. Narrative of a journey into Persia in the Suite of the Imperial Russian Embassy in the Year 1817, London, 1819.
Krusinski, P. Tadeusz, Juda S.J. Histoire de la Dernière Revolution de Perse, 2 vols. The Hague, 1728; Eng. trans. The History of the Revolution of Persia, London, 1728.
Lambton, A.K.S. Landlord and peasant in Persia, Oxford, 1953.
Lambton, A.K.S. Islamic Society in Persia, London, 1954.
Lambton, A.K.S. “Persian society under the Qajars”, Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 48 (1961).Google Scholar
Lambton, A.K.S. “Persian trade under the early Qājārs”, in Islam and the trade of Asia, ed. Richards, D.S., Oxford, 1970.Google Scholar
Lambton, A.K.S. “The case of Hajjī ‘Abd al-Karīm. A study of the role of the merchant in midnineteenth century Persia”, in Iran and Islam, in memory of V. Minorsky, ed. , C.E. Bosworth, Edinburgh, 1971.Google Scholar
Lambton, A.K.S. “The tribal resurgence and the decline of the bureaucracy in the eighteenth century”, in Studies in Eighteenth-Century Islamic History, ed. Naff, T. and Owen, R., Carbondale, Illinois, 1977.Google Scholar
Lambton, A.K.S. “Fath Alī Shāh”, Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edn., vol. 3.
Lambton, A.K.S. “Kādjār”, ibid, vol. 4.
Lang, D.M. Studies in the Numismatic History of Georgia in Transcaucasia, New York, 1955.
Lang, D.M. The East Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658–1832. New York, 1957.
Layard, Austin Henry. “A Description of the Province of Khúzistán” journal of the Royal Geographical Society 16 (1846).Google Scholar
Layard, Austin Henry. Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, 2 vols. New York, 1887.
Lockhart, L. Nadir Shah, London, 1938.
Lockhart, L. The Fall of the Safavī Dynasty and the Afghan Occupation of Persia, Cambridge, 1958.
Malcolm, John Sir. “Memorandum Respecting the Present State of Persia, Political and Commercial, to Henry Dundas, 10th April 1801”, in Wilson, Arnold T., The Melville Papers, Royal Central Asian Society, London, 1930.Google Scholar
Malcolm, John Sir. A History of Persia, 2 vols. London, 1815.
Malcolm, John Sir. Sketches of Persia, London, 1861.
Marvazī, Muhammad Sādiq. Tārīkh-i Jahān–Ārā, Royal Asiatic Society, London, CLV, fol. 1–43, but listed as CLIV.
McNeill, J. Memoir of the Right Hon. Sir John McNeill, K.C.B., by his grand-daughter [Florence MacAlister], London, 1910.
Meen, V.B. and Tushingham, A.D. Crown Jewels of Iran, Toronto, 1968.
Meredith, Colin. “Early Qajar administration: analysis of its development and functions”, Iranian Studies 4 (1971).Google Scholar
Minorsky, V. Tadhkirat al-Mulūk. A Manual of Safavid Administration, London, 1943.
Monteith, William. Kars and Erzeroum, London, 1856.
Morier, James Justinian. A journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor to Constantinople, London, 1812.
Morier, James Justinian. A Second journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor to Constantinople, London, 1818.
Morier, James Justinian. “Some Account of the I'liyats, or Wandering Tribes of Persia, Obtained in the Years 1814 and 1815”, journal of the Royal Geographical Society 7 (1837).Google Scholar
Morier, James Justinian. Zohrab the Hostage, London, 1837.
Munshī, Iskandar. Tārīkh-i ‘Ālam ‘Ārā–yi ‘Abbāsī, ed. Afshar, I., 2 vols. Tehran, 1334–5/1955–6 (tr. Savory, R.M. as The History of Shah ‘Abbas, 2 vols. Boulder, Colorado, 1979).Google Scholar
Mustaufi, ‘Abd-Allāh. Tārīkh-i Idārī va Ijtimāā‘ī-yi Qājārīya ya Sharh-i Zindagānī-yi Man, Tehran, 1321/1943.
Nāmī I⊡fahānī, Mīrzā Muhammad Sādiq Mūsavī. Tārikh-ī Gītī-Gushāa, ed. , Sa‘īd Nafīsī, Tehran, 1317/1938.
Nashat, Guity. “From bazaar to market: foreign trade and economic development in nineteenth-century Iran”, Iranian Studies 14 (1981).Google Scholar
Oberling, Pierre. The Qashqā‘i Nomads of Fārs, The Hague, 1974.
Oberling, Pierre. “‘Abd-al-Malekī”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 1, London, 1985.Google Scholar
Olivier, Guillaume-Antoine. Voyage dans I'empire ottomane, I'Egypte et la Perse, 6 vols. Paris, 1807.
Ouseley, William. Travels in Various Countries of the East, 3 vols. London, 1819.
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah. Mission for My Country, London, 1961.
Pakdaman, Homa, and Royce, W. “‘Abbās Mīrza's will”, Iranian Studies 6 (1973)Google Scholar
Pakravan, E. Agha Mohammad Ghadjar, Tehran, 1953.
Pakravan, E. Abbas Mirza, prince reformateur, 2 vols. Tehran, 1958.
Pallas, Peter Simon. Travels through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire in the Years 1793 and 1794, 2 vols. London, 1812.
Perry, J.R. “The last Safavids, 1722-1773”, Iran. Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies 9 (1971).Google Scholar
Perry, J.R. Karim Khan Zand. A History of Iran, 1747-1779, University of Chicago Press, 1979.
Perry, J.R. “Abd-al-Razzāq Beg”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 1, London, 1985.Google Scholar
Picault, Charles. Histoire des révolutions de Perse, pendant la durée du dix-huitième siècle de Fère chrétienne, 2 vols. Paris, 1810.
Polk, W.R. and Chambers, R.L. (eds.). Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle Hast, Chicago, 1968.
Poole, R.S. The coins of the Shahs of Persia, Safavis-Kájárs, London, 1887.
Porter, Robert Ker. Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, etc., during the Years 1817, 1818, 1819, and 1820, 2 vols. London, 1822.
Pottinger, Henry. Travels in Beloochistan and Sinde, London, 1816.
Rabino, H.L. “Les provinces caspiennes de la Perse: le Guîlân”, Revue du monde musulman 32 (1915–16).Google Scholar
Rabino, H.L. “Rulers of Lahijan and Fuman, in Gilan, Persia”, journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1918).Google Scholar
Rabino, H.L. “Rulers of Gaskar, Tul and Naw, Persian Talish, Tulam, Shaft, Rasht, Kuhdum, Kuchisfahan, Daylaman, Ranikhu, and Ashkawar, in Gilan, Persia”, JRAS (1920).Google Scholar
Rabino, H.L. Mazandaran and Astarahad, London, 1928.
Rabino, H.L. Coins, Medals, and Seals of the Shahs of Iran (1500–1941), Hertford, 1945.
Rawlinson, Henry Creswicke. “Notes on a March from Zohab … through the province of Kurdistan to Kírmansháh, in the year 1836”, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 9 (1839).Google Scholar
Rawlinson, George. A Memoir of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Kawlinson, London, 1898.
Reid, James J. “The Qajar Uymaq in the Safavid period, 1500–1722”, Iranian Studies 11 (1978).Google Scholar
Reid, James J. “Rebellion and social change in Astarābād, 1537–1744”, International Journal of Middle Hast Studies 13 (1981).Google Scholar
Reid, James J. Tribalism and society in Islamic Iran, 1500–1629, Malibu, California, 1983.
Rich, Claudius James. Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan, 2 vols. London, 1836.
Anonymous. Risāla-yi Tadābīr-i–Shāh va Vazīr, Royal Asiatic Society, London, CLVI, fol.
Rizā Qulī Khān Hidāyat, . Rauzat al-Safā-yi Nā⊡irī, Vol. IX, Tehran, 1339/1960.
Röhrborn, K.M. Provinizen and Zentralgewalt Persiens im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1966.
Roschanzamir, Mehdi. Die Zand-Dynastie, Hamburg, 1970.
Rūmlū, Hasan-i. Ahsan al-Tavārīkh, ed. Seddon, C.N., Baroda, 1931 (tr. by Seddon, C.N. as A Chronicle of the Early Safawīs. The Absanut-Tawārīkh of Hasan-i Rūmlū, Baroda, 1934).Google Scholar
Rustam, al-Hukamā Muhammad Hāshim Ā⋅af. Rustam al-Tavārīkh, ed. Moshīrī, M., Tehran, 1348/1969.
Savory, R.M. Iran under the Safavids, Cambridge, 1980.
Scott, Waring Edward. A Tour to Sheeraz, London, 1807.
Sheil, Mary. Glimpses of Life and Manners in Persia London, 1856.
Singh, G. Ahmad Shah Durrani, Bombay, 1959.
Sipihr, Lisān al-Mulk Muhammad Taqī. Nāsikh al-Tavārīkh, ed. Maqāmī, J. Qā'im, Tehran, 1337/1958.
Steensgaard, Niels. The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century. The Hast India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade, Chicago, 1974.
Stewart, Charles. The Travels of Mirza Abu Taleb Khan, in Asia, Africa, and Europe, 2 vols. London, 1810.
Stuart, W. Journal of a Residence in Northern Persia, London, 1835.
Sümer, F. Oguzlar, Ankara, 1967.
Sykes, Percy. A History of Persia, 2 vols. London, 1915.
Tālib, Mīrzā Abū, Travels: see Stewart, C.
Tapper, R. “Black Sheep, White Sheep and Red Heads”, Iran. Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies 4 (1966).Google Scholar
Tapper, R. “Shahsevan in Safavid Persia”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 37 (1974).Google Scholar
Vazīrī Kirmānī, Ahmad ‘Alī Khān. Tārīkh-i Kirmān, ed. Bāstānī-Pārīzī, M.I., Tehran, 1340/1961.
Volodarsky, Mikhail. “Persia and the Great Powers, 1856–1869”, Middle Eastern Studies 19 (1983).Google Scholar
Volodarsky, Mikhail. “Persia's foreign policy between the two Herat crises, 1831–56”, Middle Eastern Studies 21 (1985).Google Scholar
Watson, R.G. A History of Persia from the Beginnings of the Nineteenth Century to the Year 1958, London, 1866.
Wilberforce, Samuel. Journals and Letters of the Rev. Henry Martyn, B.D., 2 vols. London, 1837.
Wilson, Arnold T. The Persian Gulf, Oxford, 1928.
Wilson, Elizabeth. Memoir of Sir John MacNeill, London, 1910.
Wolff, Joseph. Narrative of a Mission to Bokhara, 2 vols. London, 1845.
Wright, Denis. The English Amongst the Persians During the Qajar Period, London, 1977.
Wright, Denis. The Persians Amongst the English: Hpisodes in Anglo-Persian History, London, 1985.
Yapp, Michael E. Strategies of British India: Britain, Iran and Afghanistan, 1798-1850, Oxford, 1980.
Zambaur, E.. Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour I'histoire de l'Islam, Hanover, 1927.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×