Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
- The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- Part I Clinical Psychological Science
- Part II Observational Approaches
- Part III Experimental and Biological Approaches
- Part IV Developmental Psychopathology and Longitudinal Methods
- Part V Intervention Approaches
- Part VI Intensive Longitudinal Designs
- Part VII General Analytic Considerations
- Index
- References
Part II - Observational Approaches
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 March 2020
Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
- The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- Part I Clinical Psychological Science
- Part II Observational Approaches
- Part III Experimental and Biological Approaches
- Part IV Developmental Psychopathology and Longitudinal Methods
- Part V Intervention Approaches
- Part VI Intensive Longitudinal Designs
- Part VII General Analytic Considerations
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2020
References
References
Achenbach, T. M. (1966). The Classification of Children’s Psychiatric Symptoms: A Factor-Analytic Study. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, H. E., Luscher, K. A., & Bernat, J. A. (2001). The Classification of Abnormal Behavior: An Overview. In Sutker, P. B. & Adams, H. E. (Eds.), Comprehensive Handbook of Psychopathology (3rd edn., pp. 3–28). New York: Kluwer Academic.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (APA). (1952). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (APA). (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45.Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H., Sauer-Zavala, S., Carl, J. R., Bullis, J. R., & Ellard, K. K. (2014). The Nature, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Neuroticism: Back to the Future. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(3), 344–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2013). Mentalization-Based Treatment. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 33, 595–613.Google Scholar
Beck, J. S. (2011). Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Basics and Beyond (2nd edn.). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Berenbaum, H. (2013). Classification and Psychopathology Research. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(3), 894–901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blashfield, R. K., & Draguns, J. G. (1976). Toward a Taxonomy of Psychopathology: The Purpose of Psychiatric Classification. British Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 574–583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blashfield, R. K., Keeley, J. W., Flanagan, E. H., & Miles, S. R. (2014). The Cycle of Classification: DSM-I through DSM-5. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 25–51.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Reynolds, S. (1995). Diagnosis and Classification of Psychopathology: Challenges to the Current System and Future Directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 46(1), 121–153.Google Scholar
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Linehan, M. M. (2009). A Biosocial Developmental Model of Borderline Personality: Elaborating and Extending Linehan’s Theory. Psychological Bulletin, 135(3), 495–510.Google Scholar
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct Validity in Psychological Tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281–302.Google Scholar
Cuthbert, B. N. (2014). The RDoC Framework: Facilitating Transition from ICD/DSM to Dimensional Approaches that Integrate Neuroscience and Psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 13(1), 28–35.Google Scholar
Cuthbert, B. N., & Kozak, M. J. (2013). Constructing Constructs for Psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(3), 928–937.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dowden, C., & Brown, S. L. (2002). The Role of Substance Abuse Factors in Predicting Recidivism: A Meta-Analysis. Psychology, Crime and Law, 8(3), 243–264.Google Scholar
Dudley, R., Kuyken, W., & Padesky, C. A. (2011). Disorder Specific and Trans-Diagnostic Case Conceptualisation. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(2), 213–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., Docherty, A. R., & Sponheim, S. R. (2013). Toward a Model-Based Approach to the Clinical Assessment of Personality Psychopathology. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96(3), 1–10.Google Scholar
Eells, T. D. (2007). History and Current Status of Psychotherapy Case Formulation. In Eells, T. D. (Ed.) Handbook of Psychotherapy Case Formulation (2nd edn., pp. 3–32). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Engel, M. S., & Kristensen, N. P. (2013). A History of Entomological Classification. Annual Review of Entomology, 58, 585–607.Google Scholar
Fisher, A. J., Newman, M. G., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (2011). A Quantitative Method for the Analysis of Nomothetic Relationships between Idiographic Structures: Dynamic Patterns Create Attractor States for Sustained Posttreatment Change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(4), 552–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forbes, M. K., Wright, A. G. C., Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2017). Evidence That Psychopathology Symptom Networks Have Limited Replicability. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(7), 969–988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fournier, J. C., DeRubeis, R. J., & Beck, A. T. (2012). Dysfunctional Cognitions in Personality Pathology: The Structure and Validity of the Personality Belief Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 42(4), 795–805.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottesman, I. I., & Gould, T. D. (2003). The Endophenotype Concept in Psychiatry: Etymology and Strategic Intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(4), 636–645.Google Scholar
Gunderson, J. G., & Singer, M. T. (1975). Defining Borderline Patients: An Overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132(1), 1–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Grimaldi, D. A., & Engel, M. S. (2007). Why Descriptive Science Still Matters. Bioscience, 57(8), 646–647.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The Process and Practice of Mindful Change. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Heeringa, S. G., Wagner, J., Torres, M., Duan, N., Adams, T., & Berglund, P. (2004). Sample Designs and Sampling Methods for the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Studies (CPES). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13(4), 221–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hempel, C. G. (1965). Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Hull, D. L. (1965). The Effect of Essentialism on Taxonomy ‒ Two Thousand Years of Stasis (I). British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 15(60), 314–326.Google Scholar
Hunsley, J., & Mash, E. J. (2007). Evidence-Based Assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 29–51.Google Scholar
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010). Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Toward a New Classification Framework for Research on Mental Disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendler, K. S. (2009). A Historical Framework for Psychiatric Nosology. Psychological Medicine, 39, 1935–1941.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S. (2014). The Structure of Psychiatric Science. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(9), 931–938.Google Scholar
Kernberg, O. F. (1984). Severe Personality Disorders: Psychotherapeutic Strategies. New Haven, CT: Yale University.Google Scholar
Klemanski, D. H., Curtiss, J., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2017). Emotion Regulation and the Transdiagnostic Role of Repetitive Negative Thinking in Adolescents with Social Anxiety and Depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(2), 206–219.Google Scholar
Kline, P. (1998). The New Psychometrics: Science, Psychology and Measurement. Philadelphia, PA: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., … & Eaton, N. R. (2017). The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A Dimensional Alternative to Traditional Nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(4), 454–477.Google Scholar
Kozak, M. J., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2016). The NIMH Research Domain Criteria Initiative: Background, Issues, and Pragmatics. Psychophysiology, 53(3), 286–297.Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1977). The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, A., Bertsch, K., Schmidinger, I., Thomann, P. A., & Herpertz, S. C. (2013). Morphometric Differences in Central Stress-Regulating Structures between Women with and without Borderline Personality Disorder. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 38(2), 129–137.Google Scholar
Langenbucher, J., & Nathan, P. E. (2006). Diagnosis and Classification. In Hersen, M. & Thomas, J. C. (Eds.), Comprehensive Handbook of Personality and Psychopathology (2nd edn., pp. 3–20). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Lazarus, S. A., Cheavens, J. S., Festa, F., & Rosenthal, M. Z. (2014). Interpersonal Functioning in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review of Behavioral and Laboratory-Based Assessments. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(3), 193–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, D. J., Weather, F. W., Sloan, D. M., Davis, M. T., & Domino, J. L. (2017). Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation of the Semi-Structured Emotion Regulation Interview. Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(1), 56–66.Google Scholar
Lilienfeld, S. O., & Treadway, M. T. (2016). Clashing Diagnostic Approaches: DSM-ICD versus RDoC. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 435–463.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Loevinger, J. (1957). Objective Tests as Instruments in Psychological Theory. Psychological Reports, 3, 635–694.Google Scholar
Mansell, W., & McEvoy, P. M. (2017). A Test of the Core Process Account of Psychopathology in a Heterogenous Clinical Sample of Anxiety and Depression: A Case of the Blind Men and the Elephant. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 46, 4–10.Google Scholar
Markon, K. E. (2013). Epistemological Pluralism and Scientific Development: An Argument against Authoritative Nosologies. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(5), 554–579.Google Scholar
Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2005). Categorical and Continuous Models of Liability to Externalizing Disorders: A Direct Comparison in NESARC. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(12), 1352–1359.Google Scholar
Millon, T. (1991). Classification in Psychopathology: Rationale, Alternatives, and Standards. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 245–261.Google Scholar
Millon, T. (2004). Masters of the Mind: Exploring the Story of Mental Illness from Ancient Times to the New Millennium. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Munafò, M. R., Nosek, B. A., Bishop, D. V., Button, K. S., Chambers, C. D., du Sert, N. P., … & Ioannidis, J. P. (2017). A Manifesto for Reproducible Science. Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 0021.Google Scholar
Ormel, J., Raven, D., van Oort, F., Hartman, C. A., Reijneveld, S. A., Veenstra, R., ... & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2015). Mental Health in Dutch Adolescents: A TRAILS Report on Prevalence, Severity, Age of Onset, Continuity and Co-morbidity of DSM Disorders. Psychological Medicine, 45(2), 345–360.Google Scholar
Patrick, C. J., & Hajcak, G. (2016). RDoC: Translating Promise into Progress. Psychophysiology, 53(3), 415–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patrick, C. J., Venables, N. C., Yancey, J. R., Hicks, B. M., Nelson, L. D., & Kramer, M. D. (2013). A Construct-Network Approach to Bridging Diagnostic and Physiological Domains: Application to Assessment of Externalizing Psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(3), 902–916.Google Scholar
Pilgrim, D. (2007). The Survival of Psychiatric Diagnosis. Social Science & Medicine, 65, 536–547.Google Scholar
Ramnerö, J., & Törneke, N. (2008). The ABCs of Human Behavior: Behavioral Principles for the Practicing Clinician. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Seijas, C., Eaton, N. R., & Krueger, R. F. (2015). How Transdiagnostic Factors of Personality and Psychopathology can Inform Clinical Assessment and Intervention. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97(5), 425–435.Google Scholar
Ruocco, A. C., & Carcone, D. (2016). A Neurobiological Model of Borderline Personality Disorder: Systematic and Integrative Review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 24(5), 311–329.Google Scholar
Samuel, D. B., Carroll, K. M., Rounsaville, B. J., & Ball, S. A. (2013). Personality Disorders as Maladaptive, Extreme Variants of Normal Personality: Borderline Personality Disorder and Neuroticism in a Substance Using Sample. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(5), 625–635.Google Scholar
Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., Morey, L. C., Bender, D. S., Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., … & McGlashan, T. H. (2002). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of DSM-IV Criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder: Findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(2), 284–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sauer-Zavala, S., Gutner, C. A., Farchione, T. J., Boettcher, H. T., Bullis, J. R., & Barlow, D. H. (2017). Current Definitions of “Transdiagnostic” in Treatment Development: A Search for Consensus. Behavior Therapy, 48(1), 128–138.Google Scholar
Scerri, E. R. (2012). The Periodic Table. In Hendry, R. F., Needham, P., & Woody, A. I. (Eds.), Handbook of the Philosophy of Science (Volume 6: Philosophy of Chemistry). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schmahl, C., Herpertz, S. C., Bertsch, K., Ende, G., Flor, H., Kirsch, P., … & Bohus, M. (2014). Mechanisms of Disturbed Emotion Processing and Social Interaction in Borderline Personality Disorder: State of Knowledge and Research Agenda of the German Clinical Research Unit. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 1, 12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, S. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., Meca, A., & Sauvigné, K. C. (2016). The Role of Neuroscience within Psychology: A Call for Inclusiveness over Exclusiveness. American Psychologist, 71(1), 52–70.Google Scholar
Simms, L. J., & Watson, D. (2007). The Construct Validation Approach to Personality Scale Construction. In Robins, R. W., Fraley, R. C., & Krueger, R. F. (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology (pp. 240–258). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Simms, L. J., Goldberg, L. R., Roberts, J. E., Watson, D., Welte, J., & Rotterman, J. H. (2011). Computerized Adaptive Assessment of Personality Disorder: Introducing the CAT-PD Project. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(4), 380–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, H. A. (1981). Toward the Integration of Classification Theory and Methods. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90(1), 68–87.Google Scholar
Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Pfohl, B., Widiger, T. A., Livesley, W. J., & Siever, L. J. (2002). The Borderline Diagnosis I: Psychopathology, Comorbidity, and Personality Structure. Biological Psychiatry, 51(12), 936–950.Google Scholar
Sokal, R. (1974). Classification: Purposes, Principles, Progress, Prospects. Science, 185(4157), 1115–1123.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., & Gibbon, M. (1979). Crossing the Border into Borderline Personality and Borderline Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 17–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stearn, W. T. (1959). The Background of Linnaeus’s Contributions to the Nomenclature and Methods of Systematic Biology. Systematic Zoology, 8(1), 4–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Zutphen, L., Siep, N., Jacob, G. A., Goebel, R., & Arntz, A. (2015). Emotional Sensitivity, Emotion Regulation and Impulsivity in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Critical Review of fMRI Studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 51, 64–76.Google Scholar
Verheul, R., Bartak, A., & Widiger, T. (2007). Prevalence and Construct Validity of Personality Disorder not Otherwise Specified (PDNOS). Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(4), 359–370.Google Scholar
Walter, H. (2013). The Third Wave of Biological Psychiatry. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1–8.Google Scholar
Watson, D., O’Hara, M. W., Naragon-Gainey, K., Koffel, E., Chmielewski, M., Kotov, R., Stasik, S. M. & Ruggero, C. J. (2012). Development and Validation of New Anxiety and Bipolar Symptom Scales for an Expanded Version of the IDAS (the IDAS-II). Assessment, 19(4), 399–420.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Stanton, K., & Clark, L. A. (2016). Self-Report Indicators of Negative Valence Constructs within the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): A Critical Review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 216, 58–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, T. F., Scalco, M. D., & Simms, L. J. (2018). The Construct Validity of General and Specific Dimensions of Personality Pathology. Psychological Medicine, 48(5), 834–848.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (1993). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Wright, A. G., & Simms, L. J. (2015). A Metastructural Model of Mental Disorders and Pathological Personality Traits. Psychological Medicine, 45(11), 2309–2319.Google Scholar
Wright, A. G. C., & Zimmerman, J. (2015). At the Nexus of Science and Practice: Answering Basic Clinical Questions in Personality Disorder Assessment and Diagnosis with Quantitative Modeling Techniques. In Huprich, S. (Ed.), Personality Disorders: Toward Theoretical and Empirical Integration in Diagnosis and Assessment (pp. 109–144). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Wuchty, S., Jones, B. F., & Uzzi, B. (2007). The Increasing Dominance of Teams in Production of Knowledge. Science, 316(5827), 1036–1039.Google Scholar
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
References
Alexander, L. A., McKnight, P. E., Disabato, D. J., & Kashdan, T. B. (2017). When and How to Use Multiple Informants to Improve Clinical Assessments. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 39(4), 669–679.Google Scholar
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Personality and Performance at the Beginning of the New Millennium: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go Next? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9(1‒2), 9–30.Google Scholar
Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2012). Interpreting the MMPI-2-RF. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81–105.Google Scholar
Chmielewski, M., Clark, L. A., Bagby, R. M., & Watson, D. (2015). Method Matters: Understanding Diagnostic Reliability in DSM-IV and DSM-5. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(3), 764–769.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing Validity: Basic Issues in Objective Scale Development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309–319.Google Scholar
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct Validity in Psychological Tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281–302.Google Scholar
Embretson, S. E., & Reise, S. P. (2000). Item Response Theory for Psychologists. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
First, M. B., Bhat, V., Adler, D., Dixon, L., Goldman, B., Koh, S., … Siris, S. (2014). How Do Clinicians Actually Use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in Clinical Practice and Why We Need to Know More. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202(12), 841–844.Google Scholar
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1996). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Froman, R. D. (2014). The Ins and Outs of Self-Report Response Options and Scales. Research in Nursing & Health, 37(6), 447–451.Google Scholar
Haeffel, G. J., & Howard, G. S. (2010). Self-Report: Psychology’s Four-Letter Word. American Journal of Psychology, 123(2), 181–188.Google Scholar
Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006). The Sources of Four Commonly Reported Cutoff Criteria: What Did They Really Say? Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 202–220.Google Scholar
Loevinger, J. (1957). Objective Tests as Instruments of Psychological Theory. Psychological Reports, 3(4), 635–694.Google Scholar
Loevinger, J. (1979). Construct Validity of the Sentence Completion Test of Ego Development. Applied Psychological Measurement, 3, 281–311.Google Scholar
McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test Theory: A Unified Treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum.Google Scholar
Morey, L. C., & Benson, K. T. (2016). An Investigation of Adherence to Diagnostic Criteria, Revisited: Clinical Diagnosis of the DSM-IV/DSM-5 SECTION II Personality Disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 30(1), 130–144.Google Scholar
Newman, J. C., Jarlais, D., Turner, C. F., Gribble, J., Cooley, P., & Paone, D. (2002). The Differential Effects of Face-to-Face and Computer Interview Modes. American Journal of Public Health, 92(2), 294–297.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling More Than We Can Know ‒ Verbal Reports on Mental Processes. Psychological Review, 84(3), 231–259.Google Scholar
Ong, A. D., & Weiss, D. J. (2000). The Impact of Anonymity on Responses to Sensitive Questions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(8), 1691–1708.Google Scholar
Perry, J. C. (1992). Problems and Considerations in the Valid Assessment of Personality Disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(12), 1645–1653.Google Scholar
Poulin, M. (2010). Reporting on First Sexual Experience: The Importance of Interviewer-Respondent Interaction. Demographic Research, 22, 237–287.Google Scholar
Preston, C. C., & Colman, A. M. (2000). Optimal Number of Response Categories in Rating Scales: Reliability, Validity, Discriminating Power, and Respondent Preferences. Acta Psychologica, 104(1), 1–15.Google Scholar
Rescorla, L. A., Achenbach, T. M., Ivanova, M. Y., Turner, L. V., Arnadottir, H., Au, A., … Zasepa, E. (2016). Collateral Reports and Cross-Informant Agreement about Adult Psychopathology in 14 Societies. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(3), 381–397.Google Scholar
Rodebaugh, T. L., Woods, C. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). The Reverse of Social Anxiety Is Not Always the Opposite: The Reverse-Scored Items of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale Do Not Belong. Behavior Therapy, 38(2), 192–206.Google Scholar
Rogers, R. (2001). Handbook of Diagnostic and Structured Interviewing. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Samuel, D. B. (2015). A Review of the Agreement Between Clinicians’ Personality Disorder Diagnoses and Those From Other Methods and Sources. Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice, 22(1), 1–19.Google Scholar
Samuel, D. B., Riddell, A. D. B., Lynam, D. R., Miller, J. D., & Widiger, T. A. (2012). A Five-Factor Measure of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Traits. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94(5), 456–465.Google Scholar
Samuel, D. B., Suzuki, T., & Griffin, S. A. (2016). Clinicians and Clients Disagree: Five Implications for Clinical Science. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(7), 1001–1010.Google Scholar
Simms, L. J., Goldberg, L. R., Watson, D., Roberts, J., & Welte, J. (2013). The CAT-PD Project: Introducing an Integrative Model & Efficient Measure of Personality Disorder Traits. Paper presented at the Society for Research in Psychopathology, Oakland, CA.Google Scholar
Smith, G. T., McCarthy, D. M., & Zapolski, T. C. B. (2009). On the Value of Homogeneous Constructs for Construct Validation, Theory Testing, and the Description of Psychopathology. Psychological Assessment, 21(3), 272–284.Google Scholar
Strauss, M. E., & Smith, G. T. (2009). Construct Validity: Advances in Theory and Methodology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 1–25.Google Scholar
Tackett, J. L., Herzhoff, K., Reardon, K. W., Smack, A. J., & Kushner, S. C. (2013). The Relevance of Informant Discrepancies for the Assessment of Adolescent Personality Pathology. Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice, 20(4), 378–392.Google Scholar
Tay, L., & Kuykendall, L. (2017). Why Self-Reports of Happiness and Sadness May Not Necessarily Contradict Bipolarity: A Psychometric Review and Proposal. Emotion Review, 9, 146–154.Google Scholar
Trull, T. J., & Ebner-Priemer, U. (2013). Ambulatory Assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 9(9), 151–176.Google Scholar
Van Sonderen, E., Sanderman, R., & Coyne, J. C. (2013). Ineffectiveness of Reverse Wording of Questionnaire Items: Let’s Learn from Cows in the Rain. Plos One, 8(7), e68967.Google Scholar
Van Vaerenbergh, Y., & Thomas, T. D. (2013). Response Styles in Survey Research: A Literature Review of Antecedents, Consequences, and Remedies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 25(2), 195–217.Google Scholar
Vazire, S. (2010). Who Knows What About a Person? The Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry (SOKA) Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 281–300.Google Scholar
Watson, D. (2004). Stability versus Change, Dependability versus Error: Issues in the Assessment of Personality over Time. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(4), 319–350.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A., & Samuel, D. B. (2005). Evidence-Based Assessment of Personality Disorders. Psychological Assessment, 17(3), 278–287.Google Scholar
Zetin, M., & Glenn, T. (1999). Development of a Computerized Psychiatric Diagnostic Interview for Use by Mental Health and Primary Care Clinicians. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 2(3), 223–229.Google Scholar
References
Aguinis, H., Culpepper, S. A., & Pierce, C. A. (2010). Revival of Test Bias Research in Preemployment Testing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 648–680.Google Scholar
American Educational Research Association (AERA), American Psychological Association(APA), & National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). (2014). Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
Bentler, P. M. (2017). Specificity-Enhanced Reliability Coefficients. Psychological Methods, 22, 527–540.Google Scholar
Bornstein, R. F. (2011). Toward a Process-Focused Model of Test Score Validity: Improving Psychological Assessment in Science and Practice. Psychological Assessment, 23, 532–544.Google Scholar
Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J., & Van Heerden, J. (2004). The Concept of Validity. Psychological Review, 111, 1061–1071.Google Scholar
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd edn.). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Byrne, B. M. (2012). Structural Equation Modeling with Mplus: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, applications, and Programming (3rd edn.). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81–104.Google Scholar
Cizek, G. J. (2012). Defining and Distinguishing Validity: Interpretations of Score Meaning and Justifications of Test Use. Psychological methods, 17, 31–43.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing Validity: Basic Issues in Objective Scale Development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309–319.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (2019). Constructing Validity: New Developments in Creating Objective Measuring Instruments. Psychological Assessment. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000626Google Scholar
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct Validity in Psychological Tests. Psychological Bulletin, 51, 281–302.Google Scholar
Danner, D., Blasius, J., Breyer, B., Eifler, S., Menold, N., Paulhus, D. L., … & Ziegler, M. (2016). Current Challenges, New Developments, and Future Directions in Scale Construction. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 32, 175–180.Google Scholar
De la Torre, G. G., Perez, M. J., Ramallo, M. A., Randolph, C., & González-Villegas, M. B. (2016). Screening of Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia: Reliability, Sensitivity, and Specificity of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status in a Spanish Sample. Assessment, 23, 221–231.Google Scholar
Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2000). Introducing LISREL: A Guide for the Uninitiated. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Eid, M., Nussbeck, F. W., Geiser, C., Cole, D. A., Gollwitzer, M., & Lischetzke, T. (2008). Structural Equation Modeling of Multitrait-Multimethod Data: Different Models for Different Types of Methods. Psychological Methods, 13, 230–253.Google Scholar
Embretson, S. E. (2016). Understanding Examinees’ Responses to Items: Implications for Measurement. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 35, 6–22.Google Scholar
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Psychological Research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272–299.Google Scholar
Feldt, L. S., Woodruff, D. J., & Salih, F. A. (1987). Statistical Inference for Coefficient Alpha. Applied Psychological Measurement, 11, 93–103.Google Scholar
Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor Analysis in the Development and Refinement of Clinical Assessment Instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 286–299.Google Scholar
Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Hartley-Clark, L., Cummins, R. A., Tomyn, A. J., Weinberg, M. K., & Richardson, B. (2017). Using Dynamic Factor Analysis to Provide Insights into Data Reliability in Experience Sampling Studies. Psychological Assessment, 29, 1120–1128.Google Scholar
Furr, R. M. (2011). Scale Construction and Psychometrics for Social and Personality Psychology. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Furr, R. M. (2018). Psychometrics: An Introduction (3rd edn.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Furr, R. M., & Heuckeroth, S. A. (2018). qcv: Quantifying Construct Validity. R Package Version 1.0. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/package=qcvGoogle Scholar
Furr, R. M., & Heuckeroth, S. A. (2019). The “Quantifying Construct Validity” Procedure: Its Role, Value, Interpretations, and Computation. Assessment, 26, 555–566.Google Scholar
Garcia, A. F., Berzins, T., Acosta, M., Pirani, S., & Osman, A. (2018). The Anxiety Depression Distress Inventory-27 (ADDI-27): New Evidence of Factor Structure, Item-Level Measurement Invariance, and Validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100, 321–332.Google Scholar
Green, S. B., & Yang, Y. (2009). Commentary on Coefficient Alpha: A Cautionary Tale. Psychometrika, 74, 121–135.Google Scholar
Haynes, S. N., Richard, D. C. S., & Kubany, E. S. (1995). Content Validity in Psychological Assessment: A Functional Approach to Concepts and Methods. Psychological Assessment, 7, 238–247.Google Scholar
Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor Retention Decisions in Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Tutorial on Parallel Analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 191–205.Google Scholar
Hill, R. W., Huelsman, T. J., Furr, R. M., Kibler, J., Vicente, B. B., & Kennedy, C. (2004). A New Measure of Perfectionism: The Perfectionism Inventory (PI). Journal of Personality Assessment, 82, 80–91.Google Scholar
Hubley, A.M., & Zumbo, B.D. (2017). Response Processes in the Context of Validity: Setting the Stage. In Zumbo, B. D. and Hubley, A.M. (Eds.), Understanding and Investigating Response Processes in Validation Research (pp. 1–12). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Huprich, S. K., Paggeot, A. V., & Samuel, D. B. (2015) Comparing the Personality Disorder Interview for DSM-IV (PDI-IV) and SCID-II Borderline Personality Disorder Scales: An Item-Response Theory Analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97, 13–21.Google Scholar
Ivie, J. L., & Embretson, S. E. (2010). Cognitive Process Modeling of Spatial Ability: The Assembling Objects Task. Intelligence, 38, 324–335.Google Scholar
Kane, M. T. (2013). Validating the Interpretations and Uses of Test Scores. Journal of Educational Measurement, 50, 1–73.Google Scholar
Koller, I., Levenson, M. R., Glück, J. (2017). What Do You Think You Are Measuring? A Mixed-Methods Procedure for Assessing the Content Validity of Test Items and Theory-Based Scaling. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–20.Google Scholar
Law, M. K., Furr, R. M., Arnold, E. M., Mneimne, M., Jaquett, C., & Fleeson, W. (2015). Does Asking Frequently and Repeatedly about Suicide Cause Harm? A Randomized Control Study. Psychological Assessment, 27, 1171–1181.Google Scholar
Markus, K. A., & Borsboom, D. (2013). Frontiers of Test Validity Theory: Measurement, Causation, and Meaning. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Marsh, H. W., Morin, A. J. S., Parker, P. D., Kaur, G. (2014) Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling: An Integration of the Best Features of Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 85–110Google Scholar
McDonald, R. P. (1999) Test Theory: A Unified Treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
McNeish, D. (2018). Thanks Coefficient Alpha, We’ll Take It from Here. Psychological Methods, 23, 412–433.Google Scholar
Messick, S. (1989). Validity. In Linn, R. L. (Ed.), Educational Measurement (3rd edn., pp. 13–103). New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mihura, J. L., Dumitrascu, N., Roy, M., & Meyer, G. J. (2019). The Centrality of the Response Process in Construct Validity: An Illustration via the Rorschach Space Response. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101, 374–392.Google Scholar
Morell, L., & Tan, R. J. B. (2009). Validating for Use and Interpretation: A Mixed Methods Contribution Illustrated. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 3, 242–264.Google Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998‒2017). Mplus User’s Guide (8th edn.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.Google Scholar
Newman, I., Lim, J., & Pineda., F. (2013). Content Validity Using a Mixed Methods Approach: Its Application and Development through the Use of a Table of Specifications Methodology. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 7, 243–260.Google Scholar
Newman, M. G., Zuellig, A. R., Kachin, K. E., Constantino, M. J., Przeworski, A., Erickson, T., & Cashman-McGrath, L. (2002). Preliminary Reliability and Validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire – IV: A Revised Self-Report Diagnostic Measure of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Behavior Therapy, 33, 215–233.Google Scholar
Nezlek, J. B. (2017). A Practical Guide to Understanding Reliability in Studies of Within-Person Variability. Journal of Research in Personality, 69, 149–155.Google Scholar
O’Connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS Programs for Determining the Number of Components using Parallel Analysis and Velicer’s MAP Test. Behavior Research Methods, Instrumentation, and Computers, 32, 396–402.Google Scholar
O’Rourke, N., & Hatcher, L. (2013). A Step-by-Step Approach to Using the SAS System for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (2nd edn.). Cary, NC: SAS Institute.Google Scholar
Osburn, H. G. (2000). Coefficient Alpha and Related Internal Consistency Reliability Coefficients. Psychological Methods, 5, 343–355.Google Scholar
Ozer, D. J. (1989). Construct Validity in Personality Assessment. In Buss, D. & Cantor, N. (Eds.), Personality Psychology: Recent Trends and Emerging Directions (pp. 225–234). New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Pilkonis, P. A., Choi, S. W., Reise, S. P., Stover, A. M., Riley, W. T., & Cella, D. (2011). Item Banks for Measuring Emotional Distress from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®): Depression, Anxiety, and Anger. Assessment, 18, 263–283.Google Scholar
Poythress, N. G., Lilienfeld, S. O., Skeem, J. L., Douglas, K. S., Edens, J. F., Epstein, M., & Patrick, C. J. (2010). Using the PCL-R to Help Estimate the Validity of Two Self-Report Measures of Psychopathy with Offenders. Assessment, 17, 206–219Google Scholar
Raykov, T. (2002). Examining Group Differences in Reliability of Multiple-Component Instruments. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 55, 145–158.Google Scholar
Raykov, T. (2004). Behavioral Scale Reliability and Measurement Invariance Evaluation using Latent Variable Modeling. Behavior Therapy, 35, 299–331.Google Scholar
Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2011). Introduction to Psychometric Theory. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Publishers.Google Scholar
Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2019). Thanks, Coefficient Alpha ‒ We Still Need You! Educational and Psychological Measurement, 79(1), 200–210.Google Scholar
Reise, S. P., & Waller, N. G. (2009). Item Response Theory and Clinical Measurement. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 25–46.Google Scholar
Reise, S. P., Waller, N. G., & Comrey, A. L. (2000). Factor Analysis and Scale Revision. Psychological Assessment, 12, 287–297.Google Scholar
Revelle, W. (2017) Psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA. Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych Version = 1.7.5.Google Scholar
Revelle, W., & Rocklin, T. (1979). Very Simple Structure: An Alternative Procedure for Estimating the Optimal Number of Interpretable Factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 14, 403–414.Google Scholar
Revelle, W., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2009). Coefficients Alpha, Beta, Omega and the Glb: Comments on Sijtsma. Psychometrika, 74(1), 145–154.Google Scholar
Reynolds, C. R., & Suzuki, L. (2013). Bias in Psychological Assessment: An Empirical Review and Recommendations. In Graham, J. R., Naglieri, J. A., & Weiner, I. B. (Eds.), Handbook of Psychology, Volume 10: Assessment Psychology (2nd edn., pp. 82–113). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Evaluating Bifactor Models: Calculating and Interpreting Statistical Indices. Psychological Methods, 21(2), 137–150.Google Scholar
Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1–36.Google Scholar
Ruscio, J. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://ruscio.pages.tcnj.edu/quantitative-methods-program-code/.Google Scholar
Ruscio, J., & Roche, B. (2012). Determining the Number of Factors to Retain in an Exploratory Factor Analysis Using Comparison Data of Known Factorial Structure. Psychological Assessment, 24, 282–292.Google Scholar
Siefert, C. J., Stein, M., Slavin-Mulford, J., Haggerty, G., Sinclair, S. J., Funke, D., & Blais, M. A. (2018). Exploring the Factor Structure of the Social Cognition and Object Relations – Global Rating Method: Support for Two- and Three-Factor Models. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100, 122–134.Google Scholar
Sireci, S. G. (2016). On the Validity of Useless Tests. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 23, 226–235.Google Scholar
Smith, G. T. (2005). On Construct Validity: Issues of Method and Measurement. Psychological Assessment, 17, 396–408.Google Scholar
Sunderland, M., Batterham, P., Carragher, N., Calear, A., & Slade, T. (2019). Developing and Validating a Computerized Adaptive Test to Measure Broad and Specific Factors of Internalizing in a Community Sample. Assessment, 25, 1030–1045.Google Scholar
Tellegen, A., & Waller, N. G. (2008). Exploring Personality through Test Construction: Development of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. In Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G., & Saklofske, D. H. (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Vol. 2. Personality Measurement and Testing (pp. 261–292). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Thomas, M. (2011). The Value of Item Response Theory in Clinical Assessment: A Review. Assessment, 18, 291–307Google Scholar
Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A Review and Synthesis of the Measurement Invariance Literature: Suggestions, Practices, and Recommendations for Organizational Research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4–70.Google Scholar
Velicer, W. F. (1976). Determining the Number of Components from the Matrix of Partial Correlations. Psychometrika, 41, 321–327.Google Scholar
Walker, C. (2011). What’s the DIF? Why Differential Item Functioning Analyses Are an Important Part of Instrument Development and Validation. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29, 364–376.Google Scholar
Westen, D., & Rosenthal, R. (2003). Quantifying Construct Validity: Two Simple Measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 608–618.Google Scholar
Widaman, K. F. (1993). Common Factor Analysis versus Principal Component Analysis: Differential Bias in Representing Model Parameters? Multivariate Behavioral Research, 28, 263–311.Google Scholar
Wright, A. G. C. (2017). The Current State and Future of Factor Analysis in Personality Disorder Research. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8, 14–25.Google Scholar
Zettler, I., Lang, J. W. B., Hülsheger, U. R., & Hilbig, B. E. (2016). Dissociating Indifferent, Directional, and Extreme Responding in Personality Data: Applying the Three-Process Model to Self- and Observer Reports. Journal of Personality, 84, 461–472.Google Scholar
Ziegler, M., & Hagemann, D. (2015). Testing the Unidimensionality of Items. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 31, 231–237.Google Scholar
References
Aslinger, E. N., Manuck, S. B., Pilkonis, P. A., Simms, L. J., & Wright, A. G. C. (2018). Narcissist or Narcissistic? Evaluation of the Latent Structure of Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(5), 496–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 16, 397–438.Google Scholar
Bollen, K. A. (2002). Latent Variables in Psychology and the Social Sciences. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 605–634.Google Scholar
Bollen, K. A., & Curran, P. J. (2006). Latent Curve Models: A Structural Equation Perspective. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Bonifay, W. (2017). On the Complexity of Item Response Theory Models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 52(4), 1–20.Google Scholar
Bornovalova, M. A., Levy, R., Gratz, K. L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2010). Understanding the Heterogeneity of BPD Symptoms through Latent Class Analysis: Initial Results and Clinical Correlates among Inner-City Substance Users. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 233–245.Google Scholar
Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J., & van Heerden, J. (2003). The Theoretical Status of Latent Variables. Psychological Review, 110(2), 203–219.Google Scholar
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd edn.). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural Relationships among Dimensions of the DSM-IV Anxiety and Mood Disorders and Dimensions of Negative Affect, Positive Affect, and Autonomic Arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(2), 179–192.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., Houts, R. M., Belsky, D. W., Goldman-Mellor, S. J., Harrington, H., Israel, S., … Poulton, R. (2014). The P Factor One General Psychopathology Factor in the Structure of Psychiatric Disorders? Clinical Psychological Science, 2(2), 119–137.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2018). All for One and One for All: Mental Disorders in One Dimension. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(9), 831–844.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing Validity: Basic Issues in Objective Scale Development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309–319.Google Scholar
Collins, L. M., & Lanza, S. T. (2010). Latent Class and Latent Transition Analysis: With Applications in the Social Behavioral, and Health Sciences. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Conway, C., Hammen, C., & Brennan, P. A. (2012). Comparison of Latent Class, Latent Trait, and Factor Mixture Models of DSM-IV Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria in a Community Setting: Implications for DSM-5. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26, 793–803.Google Scholar
Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Cronbach, L., & Meehl, P. (1955). Construct Validity in Psychological Tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281–302.Google Scholar
Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Keyes, K. M., Skodol, A. E., Wall, M., Hasin, D. S., … Grant, B. F. (2013). The Structure and Predictive Validity of the Internalizing Disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 86–92.Google Scholar
Edwards, J.R., & Bagozzi, R.P. (2000). On the Nature and Direction of Relationships between Constructs and Measures. Psychological Methods, 5, 155–174.Google Scholar
Forbes, M. K., Kotov, R., Ruggero, C. J., Watson, D., Zimmerman, M., & Krueger, R. F. (2017). Delineating the Joint Hierarchical Structure of Clinical and Personality Disorders in an Outpatient Psychiatric Sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 79, 19–30.Google Scholar
Fournier, J. C., Wright, A. G. C., Tackett, J. L., Uliaszek, A., Pilkonis, P. A., Manuck, S. B., & Bagby, R. M. (2019). Decoupling Personality and Acute Psychiatric Symptoms in a Depressed and a Community Sample. Clinical Psychological Science, 7(3), 566–581.Google Scholar
Gignac, G. E. (2016). The Higher-Order Model Imposes a Proportionality Constraint: That Is Why the Bifactor Model Tends to Fit Better. Intelligence, 55, 57–68.Google Scholar
Girard, J. M., Wright, A. G. C., Beeney, J. E., Lazarus, S., Scott, L. N., Stepp, S. D., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2017). Interpersonal Problems across Levels of the Psychopathology Hierarchy. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 79, 53–69.Google Scholar
Gore, W. L., & Widiger, T. A. (2013). The DSM-5 Dimensional Trait Model and Five-Factor Models of Personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(3), 816–821.Google Scholar
Greene, A. L., Eaton, N. R., Li, K., Forbes, M. K., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., … Kotov, R. (2019). Are Fit Indices Used to Test Psychopathology Structure Biased? A Simulation Study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(7), 740–764.Google Scholar
Hallquist, M., & Pilkonis, P. (2012). Refining the Phenotype of Borderline Personality Disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(3), 228–246.Google Scholar
Hallquist, M. N. & Wright, A. G. C. (2014). Mixture Modeling Methods for the Assessment of Normal and Abnormal Personality Part I: Cross-Sectional Models. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96(3), 256–268.Google Scholar
Holzinger, K. J., & Swineford, F. (1937). The Bi-Factor Method. Psychometrika, 2(1), 41–54.Google Scholar
Hopwood, C. J., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). How Should the Internal Structure of Personality Inventories Be Evaluated? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 332–346.Google Scholar
Horn, J. L. (1965). A Rationale and Test for the Number of Factors in Factor Analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179–185.Google Scholar
Kotov, R., Ruggero, C. J., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Yuan, Q., & Zimmerman, M. (2011). New Dimensions in the Quantitative Classification of Mental Illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 1003–1011.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F. (1999). The Structure of Common Mental Disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 921–926.Google Scholar
Lahey, B. B., Applegate, B., Hakes, J. K., Zald, D. H., Hariri, A. R., & Rathouz, P. J. (2012). Is There a General Factor of Prevalent Psychopathology during Adulthood? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(4), 971–977.Google Scholar
Lahey, B. B., Rathouz, P. J., Keenan, K., Stepp, S. D., Loeber, R., & Hipwell, A. E. (2015). Criterion Validity of the General Factor of Psychopathology in a Prospective Study of Girls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(4), 415–422.Google Scholar
Loehlin, J. C. (2004). Latent Variable Models: An Introduction to Factor, Path, and Structural Equation Analysis. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Mansolf, M., & Reise, S. P. (2017). When and Why the Second-Order and Bifactor Models Are Distinguishable. Intelligence, 61, 120–129.Google Scholar
Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2005). Categorical and Continuous Models of Liability to Externalizing Disorders: A Direct Comparison in NESARC. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1352–1359.Google Scholar
Masyn, K. E., Henderson, C. E., & Greenbaum, P. E. (2010). Exploring the Latent Structures of Psychological Constructs in Social Development Using the Dimensional-Categorical Spectrum. Social Development, 19(3), 470–493.Google Scholar
Morgan, G. B., Hodge, K. J., Wells, K. E., & Watkins, M. W. (2015). Are Fit Indices Biased in Favor of Bi-Factor Models in Cognitive Ability Research? A Comparison of Fit in Correlated Factors, Higher-Order, and Bi-Factor Models via Monte Carlo Simulations. Journal of Intelligence, 3(1), 2–20.Google Scholar
Mulaik, S. (2010). Foundations of factor analysis (2nd edn.). Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Murray, A. L., & Johnson, W. (2013). The Limitations of Model Fit in Comparing the Bi-Factor versus Higher-Order Models of Human Cognitive Ability Structure. Intelligence, 41(5), 407–422.Google Scholar
Newsom, J. T. (2015). Longitudinal Structural Equation Modeling: A Comprehensive Introduction. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Oltmanns, J. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2016). Self-Pathology, the Five-Factor Model, and Bloated Specific Factors: A Cautionary Tale. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(3), 423–434.Google Scholar
Preacher, K. J., Wichman, A. L., Briggs, N. E., & MacCallum, R. C. (2008). Latent Growth Curve Modeling. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Reise, S. P., Kim, D. S., Mansolf, M., & Widaman, K. F. (2016). Is the Bifactor Model a Better Model or Is It Just Better at Modeling Implausible Responses? Application of Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares to the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 51(6), 818–838.Google Scholar
Ruscio, J., & Roche, B. (2012). Determining the Number of Factors to Retain in an Exploratory Factor Analysis Using Comparison Data of Known Factorial Structure. Psychological Assessment, 24(2), 282–292.Google Scholar
Sass, D. A., & Schmitt, T. A. (2010). A Comparative Investigation of Rotation Criteria within Exploratory Factor Analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45, 73–103.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Wright, A. G. C., Fowler, J. C., Freuh, C., Allen, J. G., Oldham, J., & Clark, L. A. (2015). The Structure of Personality Pathology: Both General (“g”) and Specific (“s”) Factors? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(2), 387–398.Google Scholar
Spearman, C. (1904). General Intelligence, Objectively Determined and Measured. American Journal of Psychology, 15, 201–293.Google Scholar
Velicer, W. F. (1976). Determining the Number of Components from the Matrix of Partial Correlations. Psychometrika, 41, 321–327.Google Scholar
Walton, K. E., Ormel, J., & Krueger, R. F. (2011). The Dimensional Nature of Externalizing Behaviors in Adolescence: Evidence from a Direct Comparison of Categorical, Dimensional, and Hybrid Models. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 553–561.Google Scholar
Wendt, L. P., Wright, A. G. C., Pilkonis, P. A., Nolte, T, Fonagy, P., Montague, R. P., … Zimmermann, J. (in press). Evaluating the Latent Structure of Interpersonal Problems: Validity of Dimensions and Classes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology.Google Scholar
Witkiewitz, K., King, K., McMahon, R. J., Wu, J., Luk, J., Bierman, K. L., … Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (2013). Evidence for a Multi-Dimensional Latent Structural Model of Externalizing Disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 223–237.Google Scholar
Wright, A. G. C. (2017). The Current State and Future of Factor Analysis in Personality Disorder Research. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8(1), 14–25.Google Scholar
Wright, A. G. C., & Simms, L. J. (2014). On the Structure of Personality Disorder Traits: Conjoint Analyses of the CAT-PD, PID-5, and NEO-PI-3 Trait Models. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(1), 43–54.Google Scholar
Wright, A. G. C., & Simms, L. J. (2015). A Metastructural Model of Mental Disorders and Pathological Personality Traits. Psychological Medicine, 45(11), 2309–2319.Google Scholar
Wright, A.G.C., & Zimmermann, J. (2015). At the Nexus of Science and Practice: Answering Basic Clinical Questions in Personality Disorder Assessment and Diagnosis with Quantitative Modeling Techniques. In Huprich, S. (Ed.), Personality Disorders: Toward Theoretical and Empirical Integration in Diagnosis and Assessment (pp. 109–144). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, A. G. C., Krueger, R. F., Hobbs, M. J., Markon, K. E., Eaton, N. R., & Slade, T. (2013). The Structure of Psychopathology: Toward an Expanded Quantitative Empirical Model. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1), 281–294.Google Scholar
References
Abramowitz, J. S. (1997). Effectiveness of Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Quantitative Review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(1), 44–52.Google Scholar
Agresti, A., & Kateri, M. (2011). Categorical Data Analysis: International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science (pp. 206–208). Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Anda, R., Tietjen, G., Schulman, E., Felitti, V., & Croft, J. (2010). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Frequent Headaches in Adults. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 50(9), 1473–1481.Google Scholar
Arsenault-Lapierre, G., Kim, C., & Turecki, G. (2004). Psychiatric Diagnoses in 3275 Suicides: A Meta-Analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 4(37), 1–11.Google Scholar
Balance Investigators. (2010). Lithium plus Valproate Combination Therapy versus Monotherapy for Relapse Prevention in Bipolar I Disorder (BALANCE): A Randomised Open-Label Trial. The Lancet, 375(9712), 385–395.Google Scholar
Berkson, J. (1946). Limitations of the Application of Fourfold Table Analysis to Hospital Data. Biometrics Bulletin, 2(3), 47–53.Google Scholar
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., … Desmond, D. (2003). Development and Validation of a Brief Screening Version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169–190.Google Scholar
Björkenstam, E., Ekselius, L., Burström, B., Kosidou, K., & Björkenstam, C. (2017). Association between Childhood Adversity and a Diagnosis of Personality Disorder in Young Adulthood: A Cohort Study of 107,287 Individuals in Stockholm County. European Journal of Epidemiology, 32(8), 721–731.Google Scholar
Bruskas, D., & Tessin, D. H. (2013). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychosocial Well-Being of Women Who Were in Foster Care as Children. The Permanente Journal, 17(3), 131–141.Google Scholar
Bullock, J. G., Green, D. P., & Ha, S. E. (2010). Yes, but What’s the Mechanism?(Don’t Expect an Easy Answer). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(4), 550–558.Google Scholar
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct Validity in Psychological Tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281–309.Google Scholar
Curtin, S. C., Warner, M., & Hedegaard, H. (2016). Increase in Suicide in the United States, 1999‒2014. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.Google Scholar
DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale Development: Theory and Applications (Vol. 26). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Di Forti, M., Marconi, A., Carra, E., Fraietta, S., Trotta, A., Bonomo, M., … Russo, M. (2015). Proportion of Patients in South London with First-Episode Psychosis Attributable to Use of High Potency Cannabis: A Case-Control Study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(3), 233–238.Google Scholar
Di Forti, M., Morgan, C., Dazzan, P., Pariante, C., Mondelli, V., Marques, T. R., … Paparelli, A. (2009). High-Potency Cannabis and the Risk of Psychosis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(6), 488–491.Google Scholar
Elliott, J. C., Stohl, M., Wall, M. M., Keyes, K. M., Skodol, A. E., Eaton, N. R., … Hasin, D. S. (2016). Childhood Maltreatment, Personality Disorders and 3‐Year Persistence of Adult Alcohol and Nicotine Dependence in a National Sample. Addiction, 111(5), 913–923.Google Scholar
Espeland, M. A., & Hui, S. L. (1987). A General Approach to Analyzing Epidemiologic Data that Contain Misclassification Errors. Biometrics, 43(4) 1001–1012.Google Scholar
Flanders, W. D., Drews, C. D., & Kosinski, A. S. (1995). Methodology to Correct for Differential Misclassification. Epidemiology, 6(2), 152–156.Google Scholar
Gatto, N. M., Campbell, U. B., Rundle, A. G., & Ahsan, H. (2004). Further Development of the Case-Only Design for Assessing Gene-Environment Interaction: Evaluation of and Adjustment for Bias. International Journal of Epidemiology, 33(5), 1014–1024.Google Scholar
Geracioti, T. D., Baker, D. G., Kasckow, J. W., Strawn, J. R., Mulchahey, J. J., Dashevsky, B. A., … Ekhator, N. N. (2008). Effects of Trauma-Related Audiovisual Stimulation on Cerebrospinal Fluid Norepinephrine and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Concentrations in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33(4), 416–424.Google Scholar
Geracioti, T. D., Jefferson-Wilson, L., Strawn, J. R., Baker, D. G., Dashevsky, B. A., Horn, P. S., & Ekhator, N. N. (2013). Effect of Traumatic Imagery on Cerebrospinal Fluid Dopamine and Serotonin Metabolites in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(7), 995–998.Google Scholar
Greenland, S., & Kleinbaum, D. G. (1983). Correcting for Misclassification in Two-Way Tables and Matched-Pair Studies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 12(1), 93–97.Google Scholar
Greenland, S., & Thomas, D. C. (1982). On the Need for the Rare Disease Assumption in Case-Control Studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 116(3), 547–553.Google Scholar
Harrison, G., Gunnell, D., Glazebrook, C., Page, K., & Kwiecinski, R. (2001). Association between Schizophrenia and Social Inequality at Birth: Case-Control Study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179(4), 346–350.Google Scholar
Holland, P. W. (1986). Statistics and Causal Inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81(396), 945–960.Google Scholar
Hosmer, D. W. Jr, Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied Logistic Regression (Vol. 398). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Jenkins, T. A. (2013). Perinatal Complications and Schizophrenia: Involvement of the Immune System. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7, 110–118.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Duncan, G. J., Gennetian, L. A., Katz, L. F., Kling, J. R., Sampson, N. A., … Ludwig, J. (2014). Associations of Housing Mobility Interventions for Children in High-Poverty Neighborhoods with Subsequent Mental Disorders during Adolescence. Jama, 311(9), 937–947.Google Scholar
Kim, J. H., Martins, S. S., Shmulewitz, D., Santaella, J., Wall, M. M., Keyes, K. M., … Hasin, D. S. (2014). Childhood Maltreatment, Stressful Life Events, and Alcohol Craving in Adult Drinkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(7), 2048–2055.Google Scholar
Kleinbaum, D., Kupper, L., Nizam, A., & Rosenberg, E. (2013). Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods. Ontario: Nelson Education.Google Scholar
Ludwig, J., Liebman, J. B., Kling, J. R., Duncan, G. J., Katz, L. F., Kessler, R. C., & Sanbonmatsu, L. (2008). What Can We Learn about Neighborhood Effects from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment? American Journal of Sociology, 114(1), 144–188.Google Scholar
Meyers, J. L., Lowe, S. R., Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. (2015). Childhood Maltreatment, 9/11 Exposure, and Latent Dimensions of Psychopathology: A Test of Stress Sensitization. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 68, 337–345.Google Scholar
Moberg, C. A., & Humphreys, K. (2017). Exclusion Criteria in Treatment Research on Alcohol, Tobacco and Illicit Drug Use Disorders: A Review and Critical Analysis. Drug and Alcohol Review, 36(3), 378–388.Google Scholar
Pearce, N. (1993). What Does the Odds Ratio Estimate in a Case-Control Study? International Journal of Epidemiology, 22(6), 1189–1192.Google Scholar
Pearl, J. (1988). Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference. Burlington, MA: Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Pirlott, A. G., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2016). Design Approaches to Experimental Mediation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 66, 29–38.Google Scholar
Pruchno, R. A., Brill, J. E., Shands, Y., Gordon, J. R., Genderson, M. W., Rose, M., & Cartwright, F. (2008). Convenience Samples and Caregiving Research: How Generalizable Are the Findings? The Gerontologist, 48(6), 820–827.Google Scholar
Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd edn.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Sauver, J. L. S., Grossardt, B. R., Leibson, C. L., Yawn, B. P., Melton, L. J., & Rocca, W. A. (2012). Generalizability of Epidemiological Findings and Public Health Decisions: An Illustration from the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Paper presented at the Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 87(2), 151‒160.Google Scholar
Silva, P. A. (1990). The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study: A 15 Year Longitudinal Study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 4(1), 76–107.Google Scholar
Stapinski, L. A., Bowes, L., Wolke, D., Pearson, R. M., Mahedy, L., Button, K. S., … Araya, R. (2014). Peer Victimization during Adolescence and Risk for Anxiety Disorders in Adulthood: A Prospective Cohort Study. Depression and Anxiety, 31(7), 574–582.Google Scholar
Storbjörk, J. (2014). Implications of Enrolment Eligibility Criteria in Alcohol Treatment Outcome Research: Generalisability and Potential Bias in 1‐and 6‐Year Outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Review, 33(6), 604–611.Google Scholar
Susser, M. (1973). Causal Thinking in the Health Sciences: Concepts and Strategies of Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tran, P. V., Hamilton, S. H., Kuntz, A. J., Potvin, J. H., Andersen, S. W., & Tollefson, G. D. (1997). Double-Blind Comparison of Olanzapine versus Risperidone in the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17(5), 407–418.Google Scholar
Van Etten, M. L., & Taylor, S. (1998). Comparative Efficacy of Treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory and Practice, 5(3), 126–144.Google Scholar
Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Pearce, N. (2012). Case-Control Studies: Basic Concepts. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41(5), 1480–1489.Google Scholar
Wacholder, S., & Boivin, J.-F. (1987). External Comparisons with the Case-Cohort Design. American Journal of Epidemiology, 126(6), 1198–1209.Google Scholar
Wacholder, S., Silverman, D. T., McLaughlin, J. K., & Mandel, J. S. (1992a). Selection of Controls in Case-Control Studies: II. Types of Controls. American Journal of Epidemiology, 135(9), 1029–1041.Google Scholar
Wacholder, S., Silverman, D. T., McLaughlin, J. K., & Mandel, J. S. (1992b). Selection of Controls in Case-Control Studies: III. Design Options. American Journal of Epidemiology, 135(9), 1042–1050.Google Scholar
Waern, M., Rubenowitz, E., Runeson, B., Skoog, I., Wilhelmson, K., & Allebeck, P. (2002). Burden of Illness and Suicide in Elderly People: Case-Control Study. British Medical Journal, 324(7350), 1355–1358.Google Scholar