Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T20:27:43.311Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - The Vitality of Spanish as a Heritage Language in the United States

from Part I - Heritage Languages around the World

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 November 2021

Silvina Montrul
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Maria Polinsky
Affiliation:
University of Maryland, College Park
Get access

Summary

This chapter presents an overview of Spanish as a heritage language, using the framework of Capacity, Opportunity, Desire, to assess the vitality of US Spanish. Special attention is given to the state of Spanish-language education and its role in supporting vitality. Outlining two major directions for future pedagogical work, this chapter explores how the findings of heritage linguistics and the constructs of superdiversity and linguistic contact zones can strengthen the teaching of Spanish to heritage language learners.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. 2012. ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines 2012. Retrieved from www.actfl.org/publications/guidelines-and-manuals/actfl-proficiency-guidelines-2012Google Scholar
American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. 2018. Making Languages our Business: Addressing Foreign Language Demands among U.S. Employers. Retrieved from www.leadwithlanguages.org/wp-content/uploads/MakingLanguagesOurBusiness_FullReport.pdfGoogle Scholar
American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. n.d. Assigning CEFR Ratings to ACTFL Assessments. Retrieved from www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/reports/Assigning_CEFR_Ratings_To_ACTFL_Assessments.pdfGoogle Scholar
Beaudrie, S. M. 2011. Spanish Heritage Language Programs: A Snapshot of Current Programs in the Southwestern United States. Foreign Language Annals 44(2), 321337.Google Scholar
Beaudrie, S. M. 2012. Research on University-Based Spanish Heritage Language Programs in the United States: The Current State of Affairs. In Beaudrie, S. and Fairclough, M. (eds.), Spanish as a Heritage Language in the United States: The State of the Field. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 203221.Google Scholar
Beaudrie, S., Ducar, C., and Potowski, K.. 2014. Heritage Language Teaching: Research and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.Google Scholar
Bills, G. D., Hudson, A., and Chávez, E. H.. 1999. Spanish Home Language Use and English Proficiency as Differential Measures of Language Maintenance and Shift. Southwest Journal of Linguistics 19(1), 1127.Google Scholar
Bowles, M. 2018. Outcomes of Classroom Spanish Heritage Language Instruction. In Potowski, K. (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Spanish as a Heritage Language. London: Routledge, 331344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowles, M. A. 2011. Measuring Implicit and Explicit Linguistic Knowledge: What Can Heritage Language Learners Contribute? Studies in Second Language Acquisition 33(2), 247271.Google Scholar
California Department of Education. 2018a. Global California 2030. Speak. Learn. Lead: An Initiative of State Superintendent of Public Instruction Tom Torlakson. Retrieved from www.cde.ca.gov/eo/in/documents/globalca2030report.pdfGoogle Scholar
California Department of Education. 2018b. Fingertip Facts on Education in California. Retrieved from www.cde.ca.gov/ds/sd/cb/ceffingertipfacts.aspGoogle Scholar
Canagarajah, S. 2013. Introduction. In Literacy and Translingual Practice: Between Communities and Classrooms. Florence, KY: Routledge, 110.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, S. 2014. Theorizing a Competence for Translingual Practice at the Contact Zone. In May, Stephen (ed.), The Multilingual Turn: Implications for SLA, TESOL, and Bilingual Education. New York: Routledge, 78102.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, S. 2017. A Competence for Negotiating Diversity and Unpredictability in Global Contact Zones. In Diversity and Super-Diversity: Sociocultural Linguistic Perspectives. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 6579.Google Scholar
Carreira, M. 2013. Evaluating Spanish-Language Vitality in the United States from a Capacity, Opportunity and Desire Framework. Heritage Language Journal 10(3), 396413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carreira, M. 2016. Approaches and Strategies for Teaching Heritage Language Learners: Focus on Mixed Classes. In Pascual y Cabo, D. (ed.), Advances in Spanish as a Heritage Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins [Studies in Bilingualism Series], 159176.Google Scholar
Carreira, M. and Beeman, T.. 2014. Voces: Latino Students on Life in the United States. Westport, CT: Praeger.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carreira, M. and Hitchins Chik, C.. 2018. Making the Case for Heritage Language Instruction: A Guide to Meeting the Needs of Learners in the Classroom and Beyond. In Bauckus, S. and Kresin, S. (eds.), Connecting across Languages and Cultures: A Heritage Language Festschrift in Honor of Olga E. Kagan. Bloomington, IN: Slavica.Google Scholar
Carreira, M. and Kagan, O.. 2011. The Results of the National Heritage Language Survey: Implications for Teaching, Curriculum Design, and Professional Development. Foreign Language Annals 44(1), 4064.Google Scholar
Castro Santana, A. C. 2014. Herencia y legado: Validating the Linguistic Strengths of English Language Learners via the LAUSD Seal of Biliteracy Awards Program. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach.Google Scholar
Colombi, M. C. and Alarcón, F. X. (eds.) 1996. La enseñanza del español a hispanohablantes: Praxis y teoría. Series on Foreign Language Acq.Google Scholar
David, K. and Heineke, A.. 2017. The Seal of Biliteracy: Variations in Policy and Outcomes. Foreign Language Annals 50(3), 486499.Google Scholar
Davin, K. J., Heineke, A. J., and Egnatz, L.. 2018. The Seal of Biliteracy: Successes and Challenges to Implementation. Foreign Language Annals 51(2), 275289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeLeon, T. M. 2016. The New Ecology of Biliteracy in California: An Exploratory Study of the Early Implementation of the State Seal of Biliteracy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Loyola Marymount University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/197Google Scholar
Fairclough, M. 2016. Emerging Trends with Heritage Language Instructional Practices: Advances and Challenges. In Pascual y Cabo, D. (ed.), Advances in Spanish as a Heritage Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins [Studies in Bilingualism Series], 221236.Google Scholar
Fairclough, M. and Belpoliti, F.. 2016. Emerging Literacy in Spanish among Hispanic Heritage Language University Students in the USA: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 19(2), 185201.Google Scholar
Gándara, P. 2014. The Value of Bilingualism and the Seal of Biliteracy in the California Labor Market. Retrieved from www.calsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Value-of-Bilingualism-UCLA.pdfGoogle Scholar
Gándara, P. and Escamilla, K.. 2017. Bilingual Education in the United States. Bilingual and Multilingual Education 1–14.Google Scholar
Genesee, F., Lindholm-Leary, K., Saunders, W., and Christian, D.. 2005. English Language Learners in US Schools: An Overview of Research Findings. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk 10(4), 363385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Global Seal. 2019. About the Global Seal of Biliteracy. Retrieved from https://theglobalseal.com/the-global-sealGoogle Scholar
Gómez, L., Freeman, D., and Freeman, Y.. 2005. Dual Language Education: A Promising 50-50 Model. Bilingual Research Journal 29(1), 145165.Google Scholar
González-Barrera, A. 2015. More Mexicans Leaving and Coming to the U.S. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.Google Scholar
Hartfield-Méndez, V. 2013. Community-Based Learning, Internationalization of the Curriculum and University Engagement with Latino Communities. Hispania 96, 355368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henshaw, F. G. 2015. Learning Outcomes of L2-Heritage Learner Interaction: The Proof Is in the Posttests. Heritage Language Journal 12(3), 245270.Google Scholar
Hernández-Nieto, R. and Gutiérrez, M.. 2017. Hispanic map of the United States. Instituto Cervantes at FAS, Harvard University. Retrieved from http://cervantesobservatorio.fas.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/hispanic_map_2017en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Instituto Cervantes. 2019. El español: Una language viva. Retrieved from https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2019.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, D. 2018. Spanish Language Use, Maintenance, and Shift in the United States. In Potowski, K. (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Spanish as a Heritage Language. 6779. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jordan, M. 2019, March 5. More Migrants Are Crossing the Border This Year. What’s Changed? The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2019/03/05/us/crossing-the-border-statistics.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kagan, O. and Dillon, K.. 2001. A New Perspective on Teaching Russian: Focus on the Heritage Learner. The Slavic and East European Journal 45(3), 507518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krogstad, J. M. and Gonzalez-Barrera, A.. 2015. A Majority of English-Speaking Hispanics in the US are Bilingual. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://pewrsr.ch/19MGhgVGoogle Scholar
Krogstad, J. M., Stepler, R., and López, M. H.. 2015. English Proficiency on the Rise among Latinos. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. Hispanic Trends. Retrieved from www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2015/05/12/english-proficiency-on-the-rise-among-latinos/Google Scholar
Leeman, J. 2014. Critical Approaches to the Teaching of Spanish as a Local-Foreign Language. In Lacorte, M. (ed.), The Handbook of Hispanic Applied Linguistics. New York: Routledge, 275292.Google Scholar
Leeman, J., Rabin, L., and Román-Mendoza., E.. 2011. Critical Pedagogy beyond the Classroom Walls: Community Service-Learning and Spanish Heritage Language Education. Heritage Language Journal 8(3), 122.Google Scholar
Lindholm-Leary, K. 2013. Education: Dual Language Instruction in the United States. Americas Quarterly 7(4), 97.Google Scholar
Lindholm-Leary, K. 2014. Bilingual and Biliteracy Skills in Young Spanish-Speaking Low-SES Children: Impact of Instructional Language and Primary Language Proficiency. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 17(2), 144159.Google Scholar
Lo Bianco, J. 2008. Policy Activity for Heritage Languages: Connections with Representation and Citizenship. In Brinton, D. M., Kagan, O., and Bauckus, S. (eds.), Heritage Language Education: A New Field Emerging. New York: Routledge, 5369.Google Scholar
Lo Bianco, J. 2009. Organizing for Multilingualism: Ecological and Sociological Perspectives. In a TESOL symposium Keeping Language Diversity Alive. Alexandria, VA: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, 118.Google Scholar
Lo Bianco, J. 2014. Domesticating the Foreign: Globalization’s Effects on the Place/s of Languages. The Modern Language Journal 98(1), 312325.Google Scholar
Lo Bianco, J. and Peyton, J. K. (eds.) 2013. Vitality of Heritage Languages in the United States. Special issue of the Heritage Language Journal 10(3). Retrieved from http://hlj.ucla.edu/Journal.aspxCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowther Pereira, K. 2016. New Directions in Heritage Language Pedagogy: Community Service-Learning for Spanish Heritage Speakers. In Pascual y Cabo, D. (ed.), Advances in Spanish as a Heritage Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins [Studies in Bilingualism Series], 237258.Google Scholar
Martínez, G. and Schwartz, A.. 2012. Elevating “Low” Language for High Stakes: A Case for Critical, Community-Based Learning in a Medical Spanish for Heritage Learners Program. Heritage Language Journal 9(2), 3749. Retrieved from http://hlj.ucla.edu/Journal.aspxCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montrul, S. 2009. Incomplete Acquisition of Tense-Aspect and Mood in Spanish Heritage Speakers. Special issue of The International Journal of Bilingualism 13(2), 239269.Google Scholar
Montrul, S. 2014. Structural Changes in Spanish in the United States: Differential Object Marking in Spanish Heritage Speakers across Generations. Lingua 151, 177196.Google Scholar
Montrul, S. 2018. Morphology, Syntax, and Semantics in Spanish As a Heritage Language. In Potowski, K. (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Spanish as a Heritage Language. London: Routledge, 145163.Google Scholar
Montrul, S. and Bowles, M.. 2010. Is Grammar Instruction Beneficial for Heritage Language Learners? Dative Case Marking in Spanish. Heritage Language Journal 7(1), 4773. Retrieved from http://hlj.ucla.edu/Journal.aspxGoogle Scholar
Montrul, S., Bhatt, R., and Girju, R.. 2015. Differential Object Marking in Spanish, Hindi, and Romanian as Heritage Languages. Language 91(3), 564610.Google Scholar
New American Economy. 2017. Not Lost in Translation. Retrieved from http://research.newamericaneconomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/NAE_Bilingual_V9.pdfGoogle Scholar
Polinsky, M. 2006. Incomplete Acquisition: American Russian. Journal of Slavic Linguistics 14, 161219.Google Scholar
Polinsky, M. 2016. Looking Ahead. In Pascual y Cabo, D. (ed.), Advances in Spanish as a Heritage Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, vol. 49, 325345.Google Scholar
Polinsky, M. 2018. Heritage Languages and Their Speakers. Vol. 159. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Potowski, K. 2016. Current Issues in Heritage Language Education. In Pascual y Cabo, D. (ed.), Advances in Spanish as a heritage language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins [Studies in Bilingualism Series], 127142.Google Scholar
Potowski, K., Jegerski, J., and Morgan‐Short, K.. 2009. The Effects of Instruction on Linguistic Development in Spanish Heritage Language Speakers. Language Learning 59(3), 537579.Google Scholar
Rhodes, N. C. and Pufahl, I.. 2010. Foreign Language Teaching in US Schools: Results of a National Survey. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Rivera-Mills, S. V. 2012. Spanish Heritage Language Maintenance. In Beaudrie, S. and Fairclough, M. (eds.), Spanish As a Heritage Language in the United States: The State of the Field. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2142.Google Scholar
Romero, S. 2017, August 23. El español florece en Estaods Unidos a pesar de todo. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/es/2017/08/23/el-espanol-florece-en-estados-unidos-a-pesar-de-todo/Google Scholar
Ronquest, R. and Rao, R.. 2018. Heritage Spanish Phonetics and Phonology. In Potowski, K. (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Spanish as a Heritage Language. London: Routledge, 164277.Google Scholar
Rubdy, R. 2009. Reclaiming the Local in Teaching EIL. Language and Intercultural Communication 9(3), 156174.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Muñoz, A. 2016. Heritage Language Healing? Learners’ Attitudes and Damage Control in a Heritage Language Classroom. In Pascual y Cabo, D. (ed.), Advances in Spanish as a Heritage Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 205220.Google Scholar
Santos Palmou, X. 2017. El Vocabulario Fundamental: historia, definición y nuevas propuestas aplicadas a la enseñanza de ELE. E-AESLA 3, 110120.Google Scholar
The Seal of Biliteracy. 2019. Level of Language Proficiency Required. Retrieved from https://sealofbiliteracy.org/state-guidelines/level-language-proficiency-required/Google Scholar
Steele, J. L., Slater, R. O., Li, J., Zamarro, G., Miller, T., and Bacon, M.. 2018. Dual- Language Immersion Education at Scale: An Analysis of Program Costs, Mechanisms, and Moderators. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 40(3), 420445. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373718779457Google Scholar
Thomas, W. P. and Collier, V. P.. 2003. The Multiple Benefits of Dual Language. Educational Leadership 61(2): 6164. Retrieved from www.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/journals/ed_lead/el200310_thomas.pdfGoogle Scholar
Toribio, J. and Bullock, B., B. 2016. A New Look at Heritage Spanish and Its Speakers. In Pascual y Cabo, D. (ed.), Advances in Spanish as a Heritage Language. Vol. 49. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2750).Google Scholar
Toribio, J. and Durán, L.. 2018. Understanding and Leveraging Spanish Heritage Speakers’ Bilingual Practices. In Potowski, K. (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Spanish as a Heritage Language. London: Routledge, 190202.Google Scholar
Torres, J. (2013). Heritage and Second Language Learners of Spanish: The Roles of Task Complexity and Inhibitory Control. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Torres, J. 2018. The Effects of Task Complexity on Heritage and L2 Spanish Development. Canadian Modern Language Review 74(1), 128152.Google Scholar
Tse, L. 2001. “Why Don’t They Learn English?” Separating Fact from Fallacy in the US Language Debate. Language and Literacy Series. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
US Census Bureau. 2017. Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 years and over (Table No. B16001). Retrieved from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_B16001&prodType=tablGoogle Scholar
Valdés, G. 1995. The Teaching of Minority Languages as Academic Subjects: Pedagogical and Theoretical Challenges. The Modern Language Journal 79(3), 299328.Google Scholar
Valdés, G. 2001. Heritage Language Students: Profiles and Possibilities. In Peyton, J. K., Ranard, D. A., and McGinnis, S. (eds.), Heritage Languages in America: Preserving a National Resource. McHenry, IL: Center for Applied Linguistics, 3777.Google Scholar
Valdés-Fallís, G. 1978. A Comprehensive Approach to the Teaching of Spanish to Bilingual Spanish-Speaking Students. The Modern Language Journal 43(3), 101110.Google Scholar
Villa, D. J. and Rivera-Mills, S. V., 2009. An Integrated Multi-Generational Model for Language Maintenance and Shift: The Case of Spanish in the Southwest. Spanish in Context 6(1), 2642.Google Scholar
Williams, C. 2019, February 7. Making Dual Language Schools Work for English-Learners, Too. The Century Foundation. Retrieved from https://tcf.org/content/commentary/making-dual-language-schools-work-english-learners/?agreed=1Google Scholar
Zyzik, E. 2016. Toward a Prototype Model of the Heritage Language Learner: Understanding Strengths and Needs. In Fairclough, M. and Beaudrie, S. (eds.), Innovative Strategies for Heritage Language Teaching: A Practical Guide for the Classroom. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1938.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×