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From the Renaissance to the nineteenth century, Latin and Greek were compulsory subjects in almost all European universities, and most early modern scholars published their research and conducted international correspondence in Latin. Latin had continued in use in Western Europe long after the fall of the Roman Empire as the lingua franca of the educated classes and of law, diplomacy, religion and university teaching. The flight of Greek scholars to the West after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 gave impetus to the study of ancient Greek literature and the Greek New Testament. Eventually, just as nineteenth-century reforms of university curricula were beginning to erode this ascendancy, developments in textual criticism and linguistic analysis, and new ways of studying ancient societies, especially archaeology, led to renewed enthusiasm for the Classics. This collection offers works of criticism, interpretation and synthesis by the outstanding scholars of the nineteenth century.

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502 results in Cambridge Library Collection - Classics

Page 8 of 26

Aeschyli Tragoediae Quae Supersunt
  • Volume 2
  • Edited and translated by Samuel Butler, Thomas Stanley
  • Published online:
    05 March 2015
    Print publication:
    17 February 2011
    First published in:
    1811
  • Aeschylus' Tragedies are here presented in the original Greek, with Latin translations, notes, scholia, and readings assembled by one of the eminent classical scholars of the nineteenth century, Samuel Butler (1774–1839). Based upon the monumental seventeenth-century commentary edition by Thomas Stanley, and drawing upon scholarship published in the intervening century, Butler's four volumes of the complete plays represent an important synthesis of early critical responses to Aeschylus. The history of Greek scholarship in England – from the labours of one its first and most influential interpreters, Stanley, to the efforts of one of its most respected teachers, Butler – is amply demonstrated in this set of works. The second volume (1811) contains Seven Against Thebes and Agamemnon in Greek, with Stanley's Latin translation and notes. Headmaster of Shrewsbury School and later bishop of Lichfield, Butler is central to histories of classical scholarship and education in England.

Agricola
  • A Study of Agriculture and Rustic Life in the Greco-Roman World from the Point of View of Labour
  • William Emerton Heitland
  • Published online:
    05 February 2015
    Print publication:
    30 June 2011
    First published in:
    1921
  • William Emerton Heitland (1847–1935) was a Cambridge classicist, who was described as having 'a passionate desire to attain the truth'. His most distinguished work, Agricola, published in 1921, is a detailed study of agricultural labour in classical times. He makes use of a wide range of sources, from Homer in the eighth century BCE to Apollinaris Sidonius in the fifth century CE. In asking the question, by whom and under what conditions was the work done, he deals with land tenure, taxation, military service and political theory. He argues that changes in agricultural production were necessarily connected to changes in other areas of society. To a large extent, classical agriculture was based on slavery, and even those who were free tenants had limited legal rights. Roman poets such as Virgil idealised the pastoral life, but may not reflect reality. It is an important sourcebook for social and economic history.

T. Lucreti Cari De Rerum Natura Libri Sex
  • Edited by Karl Lachmann
  • Published online:
    05 February 2015
    Print publication:
    10 June 2010
    First published in:
    1850
  • Lucretius' didactic poem On the Nature of Things is one of the great works of Latin literature, and Lachmann's edition of the work from 1850 is often considered the beginning of modern textual criticism. The poem is divided into six books and leans heavily on Epicurean philosophy. All that exists in the world, even the soul, is composed of atoms that unite and dissipate with time; Lucretius does not believe in an afterlife or in any of the Roman gods. Lachmann defines the editorial principle that agreement in error implies identity of origin, and on this basis he creates a stemma for the manuscripts of Lucretius, and demonstrates how the three main manuscripts all derive from one archetype. His commentary is divided into two parts: the recensio (creation of a family tree for the manuscripts of the work) and a lengthy emendatio (correction of the errors in the text).

An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy
  • Volume 1, The Archaic Inscriptions and the Greek Alphabet
  • Edited by E. S. Roberts
  • Published online:
    05 February 2015
    Print publication:
    02 February 2011
    First published in:
    1887
  • In 1887, when the first volume of this work was published, Greek epigraphy was not systematically studied or taught in English universities, and the book was specifically written to fulfil a need for 'a popular work, giving a classification of Greek inscriptions according to their age, country and subject, and a selection of texts by way of samples, under each class'. At a time when the value of some Greek letters (those peculiar to one city's version of the alphabet and so known rarely in surviving inscriptions) was not universally agreed, and when excavation was regularly providing new materials for study, the book was widely welcomed as a tool for research. The first volume contains a historical sketch of the Greek alphabet and a sequence of inscriptions showing its development across the Mediterranean area and Asia Minor until the end of the fifth century CE.

Greece under the Romans
  • A Historical View of the Condition of the Greek Nation, from the Time of its Conquest by the Romans until the Extinction of the Roman Empire in the East
  • George Finlay
  • Published online:
    05 February 2015
    Print publication:
    06 November 2014
    First published in:
    1844
  • A philhellene who took part in the Greek war of independence alongside Lord Byron, George Finlay (1799–1875) later published this work on the country's ancient history in 1844. The text covers political, religious and social life in Greece from the Roman conquest of 146 BCE until 717 CE, the beginning of the Isaurian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire. By focusing on the many ways in which Greece differed from Rome, Finlay demonstrates that the Roman Empire was by no means homogenous in terms of culture or political organisation, and that these differences contributed to the more obvious divides between the eastern and western empires, not only in terms of social life and government but also in terms of their ultimate demise. Also reissued in this series are Finlay's History of the Greek Revolution (1861) and his seven-volume History of Greece (1877), covering the period from the Romans to 1864.

Universal History
  • The Oldest Historical Group of Nations and the Greeks
  • Leopold von Ranke
  • Translated by George Walter Prothero
  • Published online:
    05 January 2015
    Print publication:
    30 October 2014
  • 'No apology can be needed for introducing to English readers the latest work of Leopold von Ranke', states the editor's preface to this English translation, first published in 1884. Ranke (1795–1886) is well known for pioneering the modern historical method which advocates empiricism, rather than a focus on the philosophy of history. Emphasising the importance of presenting history exactly as the surviving evidence, both documentary and archaeological, reveals it to have happened, Ranke asserted that different eras need to be understood in their own contexts rather than in relation to each other. Though it is limited to the Mediterranean and the Middle East, this work takes a broad overview of 'the oldest historical group of nations and the Greeks', beginning with ancient Egypt and concluding with Alexander the Great and his immediate successors. Other works by Ranke in English translation are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection.

Corpus iuris civilis
  • Volume 3, Novellae
  • Edited by Rudolf Schoell, Wilhelm Kroll
  • Published online:
    18 December 2014
    Print publication:
    17 April 2014
  • The most famous legal work of the ancient world was compiled at the order of the emperor Justinian (c.482–565) and issued in the period 529–34. It was intended to be a complete codification of all law, to be used as the only source of law in all the courts of the empire. The work was divided into three parts: the Codex Justinianus contained all of the extant imperial enactments from the time of Hadrian; the Digesta compiled the writings of great Roman jurists; and the Institutiones was intended as a textbook for law schools. However, Justinian later found himself obliged to create more laws, and these were published as the Novellae. This three-volume Latin edition of 1872–95, prepared by the great classical historian Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903) and his colleagues, is the culmination of centuries of palaeographical and legal studies. Volume 3 contains the Novellae.

Varronianus
  • A Critical and Historical Introduction to the Philological Study of the Latin Language
  • John William Donaldson
  • Published online:
    18 December 2014
    Print publication:
    17 July 2014
  • John William Donaldson (1811–61), though somewhat unorthodox in his methods, was an important, if controversial, figure in the development of comparative philology. In this 1844 publication, he attempts to supply young English scholars of Latin with an introductory guide to Latin philology by outlining the origins of the Roman people and, through this, explaining the foundational structures of the Latin language and how they gave rise to Classical Latin. Epigraphic evidence, drawn from the Twelve Tables in particular, is examined as part of the enquiry into Old Latin, and other Italic languages such as Umbrian, Oscan and Etruscan are considered as part of the development of a more standardised Latin language. Although many of the conclusions Donaldson draws are based on limited evidence, the book remains an interesting specimen of early comparative philology. His earlier work on Greek, The New Cratylus (1839), is also reissued in this series.

L'Astrologie grecque
  • Auguste Bouché-Leclercq
  • Published online:
    18 December 2014
    Print publication:
    22 May 2014
  • The French historian Auguste Bouché-Leclercq (1842–1923) made major contributions to our knowledge of the Hellenistic period. A member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, he was also made an officer of the Légion d'Honneur. Bouché-Leclercq is also considered the first modern historian of astrology: he had developed a long-lasting interest in divination during his extensive researches on ancient Greek civilisation. This field had not been considered worthy of serious scholarly study until he published his Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité between 1879 and 1882. L'Astrologie grecque, first published in 1899, is another important work, still referred to today. Bouché-Leclercq looks back to the oriental roots of Greek astrology. He delves into the specific influence of the zodiac signs, and explains how the celestial sphere was divided in order to draw horoscopes. Other topics include astrology in Roman culture, as well as astrological medicine.

A History of Classical Scholarship
  • From the End of the Sixth Century B.C. to the End of the Middle Ages
  • Volume 1
  • John Edwin Sandys
  • Published online:
    05 December 2014
    Print publication:
    17 February 2011
    First published in:
    1903
  • Sir John Edwin Sandys (1844–1922) was a leading Cambridge classicist and a Fellow of St. John's College. His most famous work is this three-volume History of Classical Scholarship, published between 1903 and 1908, which remains the only large-scale work on the subject to span the entire period from the sixth century BCE to the end of the nineteenth century. The history of classical studies was a popular topic during the nineteenth century, particularly in Germany, but Sandys stands out for the ambitious scope of his work, even though much of it was based on earlier scholarship. His chronological account is subdivided by genre and region, with some chapters devoted to particularly influential individuals. Volume 1 covers the Classical period, Byzantine scholarship, and the medieval West to 1350.

Claudii Ptolemaei opera quae exstant omnia
  • Volume 2, Opera astronomica minora
  • Ptolemy
  • Edited by Johan Ludvig Heiberg
  • Published online:
    05 December 2014
    Print publication:
    13 February 2014
  • Best known for his 1906 discovery of lost texts in the Archimedes Palimpsest, Danish scholar Johan Ludvig Heiberg (1854–1928), professor of classical philology at Copenhagen, published numerous editions of ancient mathematicians, including Archimedes and Apollonius of Perga (also reissued in this series). Between 1898 and 1907, he published in three parts the extant astronomical works of Ptolemy, active in second-century Alexandria. The Ptolemaic system, his geocentric model of the universe, prevailed in the Islamic world and in medieval Europe until the time of Copernicus. Volume 2, published in 1907, contains a brief preface and a substantial prolegomena in Latin, followed by the Greek text of Ptolemy's shorter astronomical works, including Phaeis aplanon asteron, a treatise on the phenomena of the fixed stars, and Hypotheseis ton planomenon, his planetary hypotheses representing the most influential statement of his geocentric model, provided here with a facing-page translation into German.

Eustathii Metropolitae Thessalonicensis Opuscula. Accedunt Trapezuntinae Historiae Scriptores Panaretus et Eugenicus
  • E codicibus Mss. Basileensi, Parisinis, Veneto
  • Eustanthius
  • Edited by Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich Tafel
  • Published online:
    05 December 2014
    Print publication:
    03 October 2013
    First published in:
    1832
  • A German classical scholar, philologist and pioneer of Byzantine studies, Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich Tafel (1787–1860) had already published two volumes of his own commentaries on the Greek poet Pindar when, in 1832, he prepared this edition of the minor works of the twelfth-century Greek scholar Eustathius (c.1115–c.1194), metropolitan of Thessalonica, whose valuable commentaries on Homer, as edited by Johann Stallbaum, are also reissued in this series. Tafel's edition gives various works from a Basel codex, principally orations, as well as a preface to Eustathius' lost commentary on Pindar and some of his observations on religious and monastic practices. The Paris codex contains numerous letters from Eustathius to a variety of recipients, including the Emperor and the Patriarch of Constantinople. Furthermore, this collection contains fourteenth- and fifteenth-century pieces relating to Trebizond by Michael Panaretos and John Eugenikos respectively. Following a Latin introduction, all texts are in Greek.

Corpus iuris civilis
  • Volume 1, Institutiones and Digesta
  • Edited by Theodor Mommsen, Paul Krueger
  • Published online:
    05 December 2014
    Print publication:
    17 April 2014
  • The most famous legal work of the ancient world was compiled at the order of the emperor Justinian (c.482–565) and issued in the period 529–34. It was intended to be a complete codification of all law, to be used as the only source of law in all the courts of the empire. The work was divided into three parts: the Codex Justinianus contained all of the extant imperial enactments from the time of Hadrian; the Digesta compiled the writings of great Roman jurists; and the Institutiones was intended as a textbook for law schools. However, Justinian later found himself obliged to create more laws, and these were published as the Novellae. This three-volume Latin edition of 1872–95, prepared by the great classical historian Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903) and his colleagues, is the culmination of centuries of palaeographical and legal studies. Volume 1 contains the Institutiones and Digesta.

Etymologicum Graecae Linguae Gudianum
  • Et Alia Grammaticorum Scripta e Codicibus Manuscriptis Nunc Primum Edita
  • Edited by Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz
  • Published online:
    05 December 2014
    Print publication:
    17 February 2011
    First published in:
    1818
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (1762–1832) published his edition of the Etymologicum Gudianum in 1818. It is based on the Greek manuscript Gud. gr. 29 / 30 in the famous Herzog August Bibliothek at Wolfenbüttel, and was the first printed edition of the complete work, introduced by a Latin preface. The Etymologicum Gudianum is a Greek lexical encyclopaedia compiled in southern Italy during the tenth century. It was one of the main sources of the better known Etymologicum Magnum compiled in the middle of the twelfth century. Not only is the Gudianum a rich and valuable source of citations from lost ancient Greek works, it represents the high point of medieval encyclopaedia-writing and Greek scholarship. Sturz's edition was a key reference work for generations of classicists, Byzantinists and medievalists.

Fasti Hellenici
  • The Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece, from the LVth to the CXXIVth Olympiad
  • Henry Fynes Clinton
  • Published online:
    05 December 2014
    Print publication:
    19 September 2013
    First published in:
    1824
  • Educated at Christ Church, Oxford, Henry Fynes Clinton (1781–1852) distinguished himself as a classical scholar following an unsuccessful parliamentary career. He first published Fasti Hellenici in 1824; reissued here is the 1827 second edition, which contained a number of additions and corrections. The work received such a favourable reception that it was followed by further instalments in 1830 and 1834. His two-volume Fasti Romani (1840–5) is also reissued in this series. Featuring chronological tables of the civil, military and literary affairs of Greece from 560 to 278 BCE, Fasti Hellenici includes references in the extant sources to the rulers, philosophers and poets of the period. Alongside an essay on demography, the extensive appendices provide further information on kings, tyrants, orators, statesmen and other notables. A valuable contribution to the study of the ancient world, this work testifies to its author's immensely wide and methodical reading in Greek literature.

Opuscula
  • Volume 3, Pars prior
  • Moritz Haupt
  • Edited by Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff
  • Published online:
    05 December 2014
    Print publication:
    13 February 2014
  • A prolific philologist of both the German and classical languages, Moriz Haupt (1808–74) enjoyed a successful academic career at the universities of Leipzig and Berlin. As well as founding the Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum, which is still published, he was a painstaking yet somewhat bold editor of many classical texts. In the years immediately following his death, his shorter works were gathered together in this three-volume collection, edited by fellow philologist Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848–1931). Volume 3 (1876) originally appeared in two parts, which are reissued here together. Among the articles in German and Latin are a discussion of a fragment of the eulogy for the Ostrogoth king Theodahad and a talk given at the celebration of the Kaiser's birthday in 1871. This work remains of value to researchers interested in nineteenth-century philology, particularly the significant contributions made by its German practitioners.

Social Life in Greece from Homer to Menander
  • John Pentland Mahaffy
  • Published online:
    05 November 2014
    Print publication:
    17 April 2014
    First published in:
    1874
  • The classical scholar J. P. Mahaffy (1839–1919) is known equally for his work on Greek texts and Egyptian papyri (his edition of The Flinders Petrie Papyri is reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection). He graduated from Trinity College, Dublin and spent the rest of his working life there, as a fellow, and ultimately as provost from 1914 until his death. In this 1874 work, Mahaffy attempts to penetrate what he describes as the 'subjective side … the feelings of the Greeks in their temples and their assemblies, in their homes, and their wanderings'. He considers the methodology to be used in interrogating works of literature for this sort of sociological, or even psychological, research, and examines the written evidence from Homer to Menander, focusing, almost inevitably, on Athens. This is an early and pioneering work in an area of study which has become increasingly significant over the last century.

An Homeric Dictionary for Use in Schools and Colleges
  • From the German of Dr Georg Autenrieth
  • Georg Autenrieth
  • Edited and translated by Robert P. Keep
  • Published online:
    05 November 2014
    Print publication:
    17 April 2014
    First published in:
    1877
  • The dialect of ancient Greek in which the Homeric epics the Iliad and the Odyssey were composed and later written down is sufficiently different from classical Attic Greek that it has always proven a stumbling block for students. Perceiving the need for a concise dictionary of Homeric Greek forms, German scholar Georg Autenrieth (1833–1900) compiled this now famous work, first published in 1873 and translated into English by Robert P. Keep (1844–1904) in 1877. Keep, who taught Greek at Yale University and various New England colleges, recognised from his own experience that Autenrieth's book would enable students to proceed faster and further in their studies of Homer than could ever be the case using a conventional dictionary, where dialect forms received a relatively cursory treatment at the end of each entry. The worldwide success of the work, reissued here in its first English edition, has justified this belief.

Corpus iuris civilis
  • Volume 2, Codex Iustinianus
  • Edited by Paul Krueger
  • Published online:
    05 November 2014
    Print publication:
    17 April 2014
  • The most famous legal work of the ancient world was compiled at the order of the emperor Justinian (c.482–565) and issued in the period 529–34. It was intended to be a complete codification of all law, to be used as the only source of law in all the courts of the empire. The work was divided into three parts: the Codex Justinianus contained all of the extant imperial enactments from the time of Hadrian; the Digesta compiled the writings of great Roman jurists; and the Institutiones was intended as a textbook for law schools. However, Justinian later found himself obliged to create more laws, and these were published as the Novellae. This three-volume Latin edition of 1872–95, prepared by the great classical historian Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903) and his colleagues, is the culmination of centuries of palaeographical and legal studies. Volume 2 contains the Codex Justinianus.

The Italic Dialects
  • Edited with a Grammar and Glossary
  • Volume 2
  • R. S. Conway
  • Published online:
    05 October 2014
    Print publication:
    04 July 2013
    First published in:
    1897
  • Published in 1897, this two-volume work by Robert Seymour Conway (1864–1933), classical scholar and comparative philologist, later Hulme Professor of Latin at the University of Manchester, aims to shed light on the origins of the Latin language and Roman institutions by careful examination of the dialects and customs of Rome's neighbours. The second volume provides an outline of the grammar of the Italic dialects, the surviving remains of which were collected in the first volume. There are six dialect alphabets given, followed by a sketch of their accidence and syntax. The first appendix discusses the Oscan measures of the mensa ponderaria at Pompeii; a second gives alien, doubtful or spurious inscriptions. The bulk of the volume consists of indexes of geographical and personal names, a glossary of the dialect words, and an index of Latin words used in the work.

Page 8 of 26