The Congress of Vienna in 1814–1815 delineated territorial settlements, coronated several newly independent monarchs and resulted in an official declaration on the abolition of the slave trade, but it did not treat the issue of piracy. This paradox is the key concern of this chapter. Vienna’s Final Acts were the end product of these talks, and though they did not mention ‘Barbary piracy’, their conclusion would nevertheless have a great impact on the international treatment of this newly perceived threat to security. The years 1814–1815 were an important turning point because they initiated a period of transition. The congress created an international context in which North African corsairing could be reconceived as a threat to security. This new perception of threat hinged upon misconceptions of the supposed fanaticism and irrationality that allegedly characterised North African privateering. It also disregarded the long history of diplomatic and commercial contact between both sides of the Mediterranean Sea.

This chapter presents a new, annotated translation melding the two Latin versions of one text: first, the Expositio totius mundi et gentium (Account of the Whole World and its Peoples); second, the Orbis descriptio (Description of the Globe) preserved under the name of Iunior Philosophus, which includes additional material. The chapter introduction shows how the work, dating to around the mid-4th century AD, is an impressionistic outline of world geography region by region, focused upon the East and characterized by subjective judgements about non-Roman peoples; maybe originally written in Greek or a third language; possibly by someone with commercial interests and a home in the eastern Mediterranean area. The value of the work may lie in what it tells us about semi-popular knowledge of world geography.

This chapter details the epidemiology, route of spread, prevalence, incubation period and at-risk groups relating to rubella virus. It gives information on symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prophylaxis and infection control.

This chapter details the epidemiology, route of spread, prevalence, incubation period and at-risk groups relating to noroviruses. It gives information on symptoms, outbreaks, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prophylaxis and infection control.

This chapter takes stock of the many consequences and conflicting legacies of the French invasion of Algiers. It analyses the effects of this climactic event in the fight against Mediterranean piracy. The invasion’s immediate consequences allow us to reflect upon the security goals French actors and their allies had attached to the expedition – and uncovers the long-term impact of those goals. Subsequently, the chapter turns to the two decades following 1830. These were the years in which French expansion commenced and soon posed international problems in Algeria’s environs. Lastly, I discuss how earlier European security efforts against piracy featured at the Congress of Paris that ended the Crimean War (1853–1856), particularly in the Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law of 1856, which abolished privateering as a legitimate wartime practice. That text finalised the steady delegitimation of North African corsairing and the violent engagement with the Barbary Regencies. It served as a memorial, a recorded legacy of all the preceding negotiation, repression and destruction. It both marks a new era of international law and denotes, in the light of piracy repression, an ending to the old traditions of Mediterranean corsairing.

A mass gathering is often a preplanned event, like a concert or sporting event, held at a specific location for a defined duration that strains planning and response resources. However, a mass gathering can also be spontaneous, such as the gathering of mourners associated with the death of a celebrity or a protest. Over the last few years, we have seen an increase in the number of protests, some events that are pre-planned and organized but others that are not and that can quickly become out-of-control and end in tragedy. The bottom line is that despite the many years of dealing with and researching mass gatherings, there remains a lack of in depth understanding of the mass gathering and, despite often being attended by reasonably healthy or well people, the gatherings seem to be more hazardous than expected

This chapter presents new, annotated translations of the testimonia and fragments of the much-travelled Artemidoros of Ephesos (active 104–100 BC), arranged as 167 extracts. (Translations of passages from Strabo are adapted with permission from the work of D. W. Roller.) This is the first complete collection of the remains of Artemidoros’ geographical writing since the mid-19th century. Extract 167 is a new translation of the so-called Artemidoros Papyrus of early Roman date, which probably preserves a damaged passage from his description of Iberia, but whose authenticity has been challenged (unconvincingly, in the present writer’s view). An appendix contains, for completeness’ sake, the so-called Munich fragment on the Nile, preserved in a 16th-century manuscript but no longer attributed to Artemidoros. The chapter introduction restores Artemidoros to his leading position among Hellenistic geographers, reflected in the frequency of citations by later writers; and argues that the distances within Iberia reported in the Papyrus are related to measurements in Roman miles. A new map shows the Iberian places mentioned in the Papyrus.

What are the available non-pharmacological treatment options for OCD?

While all mass gatherings create significant challenges for delivering optimal medical care, music concerts and festivals engender additional concerns ranging from a higher likelihood of toxicological, topographical, meteorological and sociological risks to additional threats from violence, injury and even food-borne illness. Locating patients can pose challenges among packed audiences in the dark and din of massive crowds and blaring entertainment. Multi-day music-related festivals, particularly those including on-site overnight camping, can pose additional and often escalating risks day-by-day.

Planning risk assessments can be multi-variate and dynamic in nature. Medical planners may first tailor plans based on historical experiences, evolving new intelligence or even developing external threats, but available tools for calculating risk for each type of threat can better quantify concerns and justify additional funding and resources for the best possible medical care and health security. Beyond basic considerations such as estimated crowd size and density, location of the venue, and event-specific medical considerations, mass gathering medicine clinicians and planners need to navigate some variable considerations including climate, weather, type of event, specific site structures, the organizers’ expectations and even typically unanticipated types of events such as terrorism, stampedes, contaminated food and some previously-unrecognized lethal drugs being passed around to attendees.