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12 results

  • Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in autism research: literature review

  • B. Kowalewska, W. Drozdz, L. Kowalewski
  • Journal:
    Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine / Volume 39 / Issue 3 / September 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    05 April 2021, pp. 272-286
    Print publication:
    September 2022
  • Background:

    Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains a behaviourally defined condition. Its molecular basis is unknown; however, its prevalence has been increasing significantly. There have been several abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems reported in ASD. In our review, we described studies involving positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) that can provide useful and corroborative data.

    Method:

    We conducted a literature review by comprehensive database searching on EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, and PsychINFO looking for articles published since January 2009. Thirty-one studies were carefully selected – 22 PET studies and 9 SPECT studies – and reviewed by 2 independent researchers. References of the articles were also cross-checked.

    Results:

    Results of the studies, which mainly involve small groups of participants, are frequently inconclusive and often controversial due to the nature of ASD and its wide spectrum. Studies are conducted under different conditions and with poor control for confounding factors which creates difficulties in comparing the data.

    Conclusions:

    There is ongoing need to improve methodology of the studies involving molecular imaging in ASD. Lack of consistent findings causes difficulties in evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of the condition.

  • Assessment of coronary ischaemia by myocardial perfusion dipyridamole stress technetium-99 m tetrofosmin, single-photon emission computed tomography, and coronary angiography in children with Kawasaki disease: pre- and post-coronary bypass grafting

  • Mostafa S. Mostafa, Ashraf O. Sayed, Yasser M. Al Said
  • Journal:
    Cardiology in the Young / Volume 25 / Issue 5 / June 2015
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    05 August 2014, pp. 927-934

  • Background: Coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease invasively assessed by coronary angiography. Evaluation of myocardial perfusion by single-photon emission computed tomography may identify the haemodynamic significance of coronary lesions. Objective: To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of dipyridamole stress technetium-99 m tetrofosmin, single-photon emission computed tomography as a possible alternative to invasive coronary angiography for detection and follow-up of myocardial ischaemia in patients with Kawasaki disease, and pre- and post-coronary bypass grafting. Patients and methods: Coronary angiography and single-photon emission computed tomography were performed on 21 patients who were classified into three groups – group I (stenosis), group II (giant aneurysms), and group III (small aneurysms). Of the 21 patients, 16 (groups I and II) patients with myocardial perfusion defects, who underwent coronary bypass grafting, were followed up with single-photon emission computed tomography. Result: In group I, all patients had significant coronary stenosis and 100% of them had perfusion defects in the anterior and septal walls. In group II, all patients had giant aneurysms and 83% of them had inferior and inferolateral perfusion defects. In group III, all patients had small aneurysms and 100% of them had normal perfusion. Pre-coronary bypass grafting myocardial ischaemic defects disappeared in all patients after surgery. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of single-photon emission computed tomography were 94, 100, and 95%, respectively. Conclusion: Technetium-99 m tetrofosmin single-photon emission computed tomography can be applied as an accurate non-invasive diagnostic technique for detecting myocardial perfusion defects with coronary artery lesions, and to show improved or even normalised perfusion of the myocardium in patients after surgical revascularisation.

  • Low-dose clozapine monotherapy for recurring episodes of depression, hypersomnia and behavioural disturbances: a case report

  • Beata J. Havaki-Kontaxaki, Panagiotis P. Ferentinos, Vassilis P. Kontaxakis, Maria-Irini V. Kontaxaki, Xenia Geronikola, Ioannis Armeniakos, George N. Papadimitriou
  • Journal:
    Acta Neuropsychiatrica / Volume 23 / Issue 4 / August 2011
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 June 2014, pp. 191-193

  • Havaki-Kontaxaki BJ, Ferentinos PP, Kontaxakis VP, Kontaxaki M-I V, Geronikola X, Armeniakos I, Papadimitriou GN. Low-dose clozapine monotherapy for recurring episodes of depression, hypersomnia and behavioural disturbances: a case report.

    Case Report: We present a 27-year-old woman who manifested recurrent episodes of hypersomnia, compulsive hyperphagia, hypersexuality, impulsive behaviours, irritability and depressive mood since the age of 13 after a viral febrile infection. She had 3–4 episodes/year lasting from a few days to 2–3 weeks which were managed with various psychotropics. During her last episode, she was admitted because of persistent behavioural disturbances. Brain 99m-Tc-ethyl cysteinate dimer single-photon emission computed tomography scans showed bilateral mesiotemporal and thalamic hypoperfusion, more significant in the right hemisphere. While hospitalised, she developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome following haloperidol administration. She was discharged on clozapine 100 mg/day. Over the following 30 months, she remained symptom free on clozapine 50–100 mg/day.

    Discussion: Differential diagnosis included either an atypical recurrent mood disorder with hypersomnia and behavioural disturbances or Kleine–Levin syndrome.

    Conclusion: Low-dose clozapine monotherapy may worth being further investigated for the management of recurring episodes of depression, hypersomnia and behavioural disturbances.

  • Chapter 14 - Functional neuroimaging of human REM sleep

  • from Section 2 - Neuroimaging of wakefulness and sleep
  • Edited by Eric Nofzinger, University of Pittsburgh, Pierre Maquet, Université de Liège, Belgium, Michael J. Thorpy
  • Book:
    Neuroimaging of Sleep and Sleep Disorders
    Published online:
    05 March 2013
    Print publication:
    07 March 2013, pp 114-120

  • Summary

    Radiotracer imaging methods such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) are well suited to provide information about the functional, metabolic, and molecular status of tissues and organs. Brain SPECT has a well-established role for a number of clinical indications. Cerebral perfusion studies are used in the evaluation of dementias, epilepsy, cerebrovascular disease, trauma, brain death, and to assist with neuropsychiatric evaluation. Brain function is evaluated at baseline, before and after pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy, and following a number of activation tasks to examine a large number of psychiatric conditions. The integration of SPECT and CT in a single imaging device facilitates anatomical localization of the radiopharmaceutical to differentiate physiological uptake from that associated with disease. SPECT and SPECT/CT is continuing to evolve with the introduction of new technologies that have the potential to improve performance beyond that possible with Anger's pioneering approach.

  • Chapter 26 - Dysarthria

  • from Section 1 - Clinical manifestations
  • Edited by Louis R. Caplan, Jan van Gijn
  • Book:
    Stroke Syndromes, 3ed
    Published online:
    05 August 2012
    Print publication:
    12 July 2012, pp 306-312

  • Summary

    With the widespread use of computerized tomography (CT), it has become evident that aphasia and other cortical syndromes can result from lesions limited to subcortical structures. Both single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) have shown that subcortical strokes are accompanied by important abnormalities of cortical metabolism and perfusion. Strokes in the basal ganglia and deep white matter tracts can produce disorders of oral and written language, apraxia, neglect, amnesia, apathy, and several other psychiatric disturbances. Multiple subcortical lacunar stroke and vascular white matter changes are associated with cognitive impairment, cognitive decline, depression, and dementia. Posterior hematomas, including the pulvinar and dorsal nuclei, are those most commonly associated with aphasia, because this is the only region of the thalamus connected with cortical language areas. Most of these subcortical lesions were located in the right hemisphere, indicating that right subcortical structures are dominant for hemispatial attention and intention.

  • 20 - Post-operative care of neurosurgical patients

  • from Section 4 - Neurointensive care
  • Edited by Basil F. Matta, David K. Menon, Martin Smith
  • Book:
    Core Topics in Neuroanaesthesia and Neurointensive Care
    Published online:
    05 December 2011
    Print publication:
    13 October 2011, pp 301-314

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses the role of structural imaging using CT and MRI, conventional angiography and CT angiography, and physiological imaging using CT perfusion, 131Xenon CT, MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) in the assessment, management and prediction of outcome neurological injury. Acute CT is useful in identifying those individuals in whom deterioration is as a result of a mass lesion and can demonstrate extradural, subdural or intracranial haemorrhage and midline shift, or subarachnoid haemorrhage and ventricular abnormality. Contrast-enhanced CT imaging is also used to produce CT angiography and perfusion imaging. MRI data are produced using powerful static magnetic fields and intermittent oscillating radiofrequency electromagnetic fields that elicit signals from the nuclei of certain atoms. Single-photon emission CT uses conventional gamma-emitting nuclear medicine isotopes with multiple detectors to generate tomographic images.

  • Case 21 - Man with post-operative cognitive impairment

  • Edited by Serge Gauthier, McGill University, Montréal, Pedro Rosa-Neto, McGill University, Montréal
  • Book:
    Case Studies in Dementia
    Published online:
    16 May 2011
    Print publication:
    21 April 2011, pp 155-164

  • Summary

    This chapter talks about an 83-year-old man with a 3-4-year history of progressive speech difficulty. Past medical history was remarkable for hypertension and ischemic heart disease. Psychiatric history was unremarkable. General neurological exam was remarkable for bilateral cogwheeling in the upper extremities, rigid posture, and bilateral decreased arm swing. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain showed diffuse atrophy. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) showed decreased perfusion in the left temporo-parietal region. The findings suggested a diagnosis of progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA). The possibility of corticobasal syndrome (CBS) was also raised. A variety of neuropathological changes have been associated with PNFA. The most common are non-Alzheimer tauopathies. Alzheimer pathology has also being identified in PNFA, with some reports showing these in up to 30% of cases. In these patients, the distribution of AD pathology may be unusual, showing a frontotemporal pattern.

  • 4 - Neuroreceptor imaging of schizophrenia

  • from Section I - Schizophrenia
    • By Dean F. Wong, The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA, James Robert Brašić, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA, Nicola Cascella, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
  • Edited by Martha E. Shenton, Bruce I. Turetsky, University of Pennsylvania
  • Book:
    Understanding Neuropsychiatric Disorders
    Published online:
    10 January 2011
    Print publication:
    09 December 2010, pp 78-87

  • Summary

    Neuroreceptor imaging has a major role in aiding how to administer a clinically effective drug dose that minimizes dose-dependent side effects. Considerable lines of evidence converge to confirm that alterations in the density, distribution, and function of dopamine D2/D3 receptors in the brain play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Positron emission tomography (PET)/single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) receptor occupancy allows determination of the likely optimal dose of dopamine D2 receptor blocking drugs to produce a therapeutic effect with minimal adverse effects. Pharmacological challenges are one of the most promising areas in in-vivo neuronal receptor imaging to alter neurotransmitters levels. Serotonin is the second major neurotransmitter system studied in schizophrenia. Glutamate, the excitatory neurotransmitter, likely has multiple roles in the pathogenesis and pathology of schizophrenia. A novel approach to the treatment of schizophrenia is the use of anti-psychotic medication.

  • 33 - EALES RETINOPATHY

  • from PART III: - VASCULAR CONDITIONS OF THE EYES, EARS, AND BRAIN
  • Edited by Louis R. Caplan, Julien Bogousslavsky
  • Book:
    Uncommon Causes of Stroke
    Published online:
    06 January 2010
    Print publication:
    09 October 2008, pp 235-236

  • Summary

    Sturge-Weber syndrome is characterized by a facial cutaneous nevus (port-wine stain) and a leptomeningeal angioma, often found ipsilateral to the facial lesion. Epileptic seizures, mental retardation, and focal neurological deficits are the primary neurologic abnormalities of Sturge-Weber syndrome. In a series of 52 adults with Sturge-Weber syndrome, 65% had neurologic deficits including stroke, hemiparesis, spasticity, and/or weakness. Neuroimaging, electroencephalography, and functional testing with Positron emission tomography (PET) and Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) may also help to define the extent of the intracranial lesion for possible epilepsy surgery. Although gyral calcification is a classic feature of Sturge-Weber syndrome, this "tram track" appearance is not always present. Bilateral calcification is common. Calcification often becomes more apparent as the patient becomes older but is sometimes already present at birth. Daily aspirin has been tried in an effort to prevent recurrent vascular thrombosis that may cause neurologic deterioration.

  • 28 - Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

  • from Monitoring the local and distal effects of carotid interventions
  • Edited by Jonathan Gillard, University of Cambridge, Martin Graves, University of Cambridge, Thomas Hatsukami, University of Washington, Chun Yuan, University of Washington
  • Book:
    Carotid Disease
    Published online:
    03 December 2009
    Print publication:
    07 December 2006, pp 387-395

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses the utility of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in the evaluation of carotid disease and interventions. A prospective study demonstrated that reduced regional cerebrovascular reactivity (rCVR) to acetazolamide determined quantitatively using 133Xe SPECT is significantly associated with an increased risk of stroke recurrence in patients with symptomatic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) or internal carotid artery. Post-operative hyperperfusion is observed only in patients with reduced preoperative cerebrovascular reactivity to acetazolamide. Preoperative assessment of cerebral blood flow (CBF) with acetazolamide challenge using SPECT can identify patients at risk for postcarotid endarterectomy hyperperfusion. A SPECT study performed between the first and third post-operative day could be advocated for the timely and reliable identification of patients at risk for hyperperfusion syndrome. CBF measurements can determine appropriate withdrawal of blood pressure control in patients with ischemic events related to other atherosclerotic steno-occlusive lesions.

  • 6 - Epilepsy: epidemiology, definitions, and diagnostic procedures

  • from Part II - Epilepsy diagnosis and treatment
    • By Simon Shorvon, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, National Society for Epilepsy, Gerrards Cross Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire SL9 ORJ, England, Dominic Heaney, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, National Society for Epilepsy, Gerrards Cross Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire SL9 ORJ, England
  • Edited by Martha J. Morrell, Columbia University, New York, Kerry L. Flynn, Columbia-Presbyterian Cancer Center, New York
  • Book:
    Women with Epilepsy
    Published online:
    02 November 2009
    Print publication:
    20 March 2003, pp 57-67

  • Summary

    This chapter outlines and defines the epidemiology and etiology of epilepsy, and explains how these issues are closely related to the present systems of defining and classifying epilepsy. It highlights the issues particularly relevant to women. Epileptic seizures are produced by an abnormal rhythmic and repetitive discharge of neurons, either localized to a particular part of the brain (the 'focal' area) or 'generalized' throughout the whole cerebral cortex. Adults may also develop idiopathic epilepsy or epilepsy that is caused by pathologies developed in childhood. Many people suspect a genetic cause for their epilepsy and are afraid that they might pass it on to their children. The chapter describes the major techniques used to investigate epilepsy. New techniques such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can examine the functioning of patients' brains without the need to perform invasive surgical techniques.

  • 4 - MRS in childhood psychiatric disorders

  • from Part 1 - Techniques of functional neuroimaging
  • Edited by Monique Ernst, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Judith M. Rumsey, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
  • Foreword by Joseph T. Coyle
  • Book:
    Functional Neuroimaging in Child Psychiatry
    Published online:
    06 January 2010
    Print publication:
    12 October 2000, pp 59-76

  • Summary

    The application of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) techniques to the study of neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood provides an extraordinary opportunity to advance the understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these disorders. All MR methods (MRS, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI, (fMRI)) rely on the same basic principles. MRS offers several advantages over radionuclide neuroimaging techniques (positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)) for the study of children and adolescents, in particular its absence of ionizing radiation. The chapter considers evidence for abnormal concentrations of various metabolites detected with MRS in the brains of children with psychiatric disorders. MRS employs standard MRI devices to make measurements of chemical levels within the brain. MRS findings in children with acute or chronic neurologic insults are important because they may clarify the significance of biochemical changes identified in children with psychiatric diagnoses.