The years 1918–1933 were a time of such rapid and far-reaching change in Brecht’s life and artistic development that the period defies definition as a single “context.” His writings in these years were embedded in a multidimensional matrix of factors (social, intellectual, cultural, theatrical), at times complementary, at others pulling in contrary directions, some bearing the imprint of earlier experiences (particularly World War I), while others adumbrate developments that would unfold more fully in the following decades (the economic crisis of the late 1920s and the accompanying radicalization of German politics). The youthful “spirit of contradiction” that he hoped never to lose was fully in evidence in all Brecht’s efforts to master the multiple challenges facing him and his generation as it emerged from the war, with an intense hunger for life and eagerness to put its own stamp on an evolving and expanding world. In these efforts, which produced the first forms of epic theater and the Verfremdungseffekt, Brecht drew on an exceptionally diverse range of resources, including the Bible and Nietzsche, expressionism and new sobriety, Shakespeare and Shaw, Karl Valentin and Karl Marx, Georg Kaiser and Charlie Chaplin, film and circus, boxing matches and fairground entertainments.

In contemporary parlance, magical realism is most often considered to be a phenomenon of Latin American origin that as of the 1960s spread to the rest of the world, and primarily to postcolonial or emerging literatures. It should be remembered, though, that between the two World Wars in Europe there arose something we might call magic realism, to distinguish it from later magical realism. The roots of this European movement are to found in German and Italian literature, with a later development in Flemish literature. Names to mention are Ernst Jünger, Massimo Bontempelli and Hubert Lampo. Later authors to have been linked to the mode, though now usually retrospectively with reference to the magical variant, are Günther Grass, Milan Kundera, Angela Carter, José Saramago and Carlos Ruiz Zafón.