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6 results

  • Chapter 7 - Development of the Thalamocortical Systems

  • from Section 4: - Development
  • Edited by Michael M. Halassa, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • Book:
    The Thalamus
    Published online:
    12 August 2022
    Print publication:
    01 September 2022, pp 139-162

  • Summary

    The thalamocortical system underlies sensory perception, brain-state regulation, movement execution, and cognition. The thalamus and cortex are generated from separate sectors of the embryonic forebrain, and their reciprocal axonal projections have to grow across a complex cellular terrain through it to innervate each other. The corticofugal and thalamocortical projections start to develop synchronously at very early stages when the distances are minimal. The initial topographical organization of these axons is guided by diencephalic and telencephalic molecular gradients. Transient axonal bundles and streams of migrating cell populations then act as a guiding scaffold for these projections. Once they reach their target, the thalamocortical fibers rearrange within the transient subplate zone and later innervate the cortical plate, whereas the corticofugal axons originate from layer 5, layer 6, and subplate/layer 6b neurons and follow a specific developmental sequence as they approach the thalamus, where some of them accumulate before they enter the first -and higher-order thalamic nuclei according to their subtypes and laminar origin. Both thalamocortical and corticothalamic projections are plastic and can reshape after alterations in sensory input or various lesions. Understanding the mechanisms underlying their development and remodeling is vital to comprehending the establishment and plasticity of cortical representations.

  • Culture, the Crack’d Mirror, and the Neuroethics of Disease

  • GRANT GILLETT
  • Journal:
    Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics / Volume 25 / Issue 4 / October 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 September 2016, pp. 634-646

  • Human beings are sensorimotor coupled to the actual world and also attuned to the symbolic world of culture and the techniques of adaptation that culture provides. The self-image and self-shaping mediated by that mirror directly affects the neurocognitive structures that integrate human neural activity and reshape its processing capacities through top-down or autopoietic effects. Thus a crack’d mirror, which disrupts the processes of enactive self-configuration, can be disabling for an individual. That is exactly what happens in postcolonial or immigration contexts in which individuals’ cultural adaptations are marginalized and disconnected in diverse and often painful and disorienting ways. The crack’d mirror is therefore a powerful trope for neuroethics and helps us understand the social and moral pathologies of many indigenous and immigrant communities.

  • Chapter thirteen - The Mind in the Middle

  • from Part two - Procedural Possibilities
  • Edited by Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester, New York, Charles M. Judd, University of Colorado Boulder
  • Book:
    Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2014
    Print publication:
    24 February 2014, pp 311-344

  • Summary

    This chapter provides a concise and up-to-date description of neuroimaging methods in the context of eight conceptual questions used by social neuroscientists, particularly functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG), for an audience of social and personality psychologists. It briefly discusses what kinds of questions can be answered using social neuroscience methods. The chapter describes how fMRI studies are designed and how their data are collected, analyzed, and reported. It focuses on EEG and event-related potential (ERP) studies. In neuroimaging, typically psychological processes are the independent variables and neural activity is the dependent variable. The anteriorization-abstraction hypothesis suggests some challenges for social neuroscience. The main challenge is that statistics that involve central tendency (e.g., means) are less powerful toward the abstract/anterior end of the gradient. Finally, the chapter also discusses the recent debates and controversies in social neuroscience and related fields.

  • Chapter 7 - The Facial Expression of Emotions

  • from Section III - Emotion Perception and Elicitation
  • Edited by Jorge Armony, McGill University, Montréal, Patrik Vuilleumier, Université de Genève
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Human Affective Neuroscience
    Published online:
    05 February 2013
    Print publication:
    21 January 2013, pp 171-197

  • Summary

    The goal of affective neuroscience research is to integrate as many measures as possible when attempting to gauge affective experience. This chapter examines the value of objective and subjective measures used in affective neuroscience. It presents examples that showcase the use of the response indices, illustrating how objective and subjective measures operate uniquely and offer opportunities to investigate the properties of emotion from different vantage points. The chapter addresses some limitations to measurement and comments on work that is pushing research forward by combining measures with inventive methods. Future research that investigates deeply experiential aspects of the human emotional life will benefit from employing a network of measures to provide a more in-depth understanding of the neurophenomenology of emotion. The challenge before affective neuroscientists is to include and integrate multiple indices from both subjective and objective categories of measurement to best capture the mental and neural bases of emotional life.

  • Chapter 10 - Examining Emotion Perception and Elicitation via Olfaction

  • from Section III - Emotion Perception and Elicitation
  • Edited by Jorge Armony, McGill University, Montréal, Patrik Vuilleumier, Université de Genève
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Human Affective Neuroscience
    Published online:
    05 February 2013
    Print publication:
    21 January 2013, pp 241-264

  • Summary

    It took almost a century and several discoveries in the seemingly unrelated field of quantum physics to allow researchers to be able to use changes in blood flow and volume to identify areas of neural activity. The most widely used techniques to do so include positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In addition to measuring task-induced changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) or cerebral metabolism, PET imaging can be used to directly and selectively assess the action of different neurotransmitters in the human brain in vivo. The change in the BOLD signal triggered by a brief neural event is known as the hemodynamic response (HDR). It is important to keep in mind that, as is the case with any experimental method, there are limitations and potential pitfalls that one needs to consider when designing, analyzing, or interpreting experiments using PET or fMRI.

  • 1 - Structure and Function of the Olfactory System

  • from Section I - Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neuropsychology: Olfactory Clues to Brain Development and Disorder
  • Edited by Warrick J. Brewer, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Melbourne, David Castle, University of Melbourne, Christos Pantelis
  • Foreword by Peter Doherty
  • Book:
    Olfaction and the Brain
    Published online:
    17 August 2009
    Print publication:
    19 October 2006, pp 3-27

  • Summary

    This chapter provides an overview of the anatomy of the primary olfactory system, the olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb. A notable feature of olfactory bulb anatomy is the convergence of feedback from higher centres whose axons project onto the interneurons at the granule and periglomerular levels. The chapter shows how the chemical properties of odorant molecules are encoded into neural activity. It covers the consequences of this neural activity and how it defines the regions of the human brain involved in olfactory perception. The olfactory system is characterised by relatively direct connections to brain structures implicated in memory and emotion such as the hippocampus, thalamus, and frontal cortex. With the development of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), it is possible to reveal large-scale activation patterns associated with particular cognitive processes, allowing the identification of the neural networks specifically activated by chemosensory stimuli.