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4 results

  • Fulminant Strokes Secondary to Radiation-induced Small-vessel Arteriopathy

  • Charles D. Kassardjian, Ari Breiner, Martin del Campo
  • Journal:
    Brain Impairment / Volume 15 / Issue 1 / May 2014
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 May 2014, pp. 58-60

  • Delayed vasculopathy associated with prior brain irradiation is a known cause of stroke. Radiation is implicated in large-vessel stenosis, cavernous malformations and, rarely, small-vessel disease. There have been no reported cases of fulminant ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes secondary to radiation vasculopathy. We present the case of a 40-year-old woman with a history of childhood leukaemia and whole-body and cranio-cervical radiation. The patient presented with recurrent acute neurological deficits over a 4-month period resulting from haemorrhagic and ischaemic strokes. Imaging revealed numerous cavernomas and small-vessel acute infarctions. No traditional stroke aetiology was identified. Delayed radiation-induced vasculopathy should be considered in patients with a history of brain irradiation and ischaemic or haemorrhagic strokes, and can present in a fulminant manner with recurrent strokes over a short period of time.

  • Chapter 28 - Respiratory dysfunction

  • from Section 1 - Clinical manifestations
  • Edited by Louis R. Caplan, Jan van Gijn
  • Book:
    Stroke Syndromes, 3ed
    Published online:
    05 August 2012
    Print publication:
    12 July 2012, pp 319-328

  • Summary

    The prevalence of poststroke dementia (PSD) varies largely according to the composition of cohorts, setting, and delay after stroke. The cognitive syndrome of vascular dementia (VaD) is characterized by: memory deficit, dysexecutive syndrome, slowed information processing, and mood and personality changes. Cortical VaD relates to large vessel disease, cardiac emboli, and hypoperfusion. It prominently shows cortical and corticosubcortical arterial territorial and distal field infarcts. The occurrence of dementia depends on two factors: the total volume of brain loss because of infarcts and hemorrhages, and the location of these lesions. Many instances of dementia occurring in stroke patients are probably the consequence of the cumulative effect of the cerebrovascular lesions, Alzheimer pathology, and white matter changes. Patients with dementia after stroke are significantly less often treated with aspirin or warfarin than nondemented patients. Trials of secondary prevention of stroke usually exclude patients with obvious dementia.

  • 67 - REVERSIBLE CEREBRAL VASOCONSTRICTION SYNDROMES

  • from PART VIII: - VASOSPASTIC CONDITIONS AND OTHER MISCELLANEOUS VASCULOPATHIES
  • Edited by Louis R. Caplan, Julien Bogousslavsky
  • Book:
    Uncommon Causes of Stroke
    Published online:
    06 January 2010
    Print publication:
    09 October 2008, pp 505-514

  • Summary

    Sneddon's syndrome (SS) refers to an infrequent disorder combining skin and ischemic cerebral lesions in patients without a recognizable connective tissue or inflammatory or chronic infectious disease. As a rule, the transient ischemic attacks and strokes are multiple and recurrent in the same or different vascular territories. Both cortical and subcortical areas in the anterior and posterior circulation can be affected, but the most common lesions leading to progressive clinical disability are white matter abnormalities and lacunar infarcts. A large retrospective study on the anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome demonstrated that treatment with high-intensity warfarin (producing an international normalized ratio [INR] of >3) with or without low-dose aspirin (75 mg/day) is significantly more effective than treatment with low-intensity warfarin (producing an INR of <3) with or without treatment with low-dose aspirin or treatment with aspirin alone in preventing further thrombotic events.

  • Pathophysiology of Cerebral Small Vessels in Vascular Cognitive Impairment

  • Leonardo Pantoni, Michela Simoni
  • Journal:
    International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 15 / Issue S1 / July 2003
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 January 2005, pp. 59-65

  • Cerebral small-vessel alterations play a central role in determining lesions of subcortical structures and eventually may lead to cognitive impairment. Small-vessel diseases are classified according to the pathological viewpoint. The most important ones are the changes in small arteries and arterioles caused by prolonged hypertension. These small-vessel changes may result in ischemic damage to the brain parenchyma and blood-barrier alterations. Both mechanisms are thought to contribute to the occurrence of white-matter changes and lacunar infarcts. Modern magnetic resonance techniques such as diffusion, perfusion, and spectroscopy may allow the in vivo study of the pathophysiology of small-vessel diseases and the consequences on the brain parenchyma.