Through communication with caregivers, infants and toddlers come to orient intentionally to the world and their agency begins to unfold, initially through sharing intentions with adults. We show how the child’s emotional orientation to the world in the first three years of life happens through communication and is characterized by developmental periods that encompass other psychic functions. To understand children’s social situation from the child’s perspective, we have emphasized the need to attend to the child’s relations with others. We have therefore proposed taking a double perspective by focusing on both the child and the adults in their worlds. This is because the experiences of these very young children have to be seen in relation to how they are mediated by their caregivers. When caregivers or researchers orient to children’s perspectives, they never access it as a first perspective but always as a second, a relational, perspective and here we argue for Hedegaard’s formulated approach of the interactive observation. This method advocates a double perspective when researching children’s development, as the observations are mediated through the researcher’s experience.

As many chapters in this book describe, aging, even in the absence of disease, is associated with many changes in brain function. Emotions are among the major factors that determine our actions and interactions, as well as our quality of life. Emotions are primarily mediated by the brain, and thus, with aging, there can be alterations in brain functions that can change emotional functions. This chapter will discuss changes in the brain with aging and how these changes can alter the means by which we communicate, experience, and control and regulate emotions.