Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T08:52:08.640Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 9 - Changes in Emotions and Mood with Aging

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 November 2019

Kenneth M. Heilman
Affiliation:
University of Florida
Stephen E. Nadeau
Affiliation:
University of Florida
Get access

Summary

As many chapters in this book describe, aging, even in the absence of disease, is associated with many changes in brain function. Emotions are among the major factors that determine our actions and interactions, as well as our quality of life. Emotions are primarily mediated by the brain, and thus, with aging, there can be alterations in brain functions that can change emotional functions. This chapter will discuss changes in the brain with aging and how these changes can alter the means by which we communicate, experience, and control and regulate emotions.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Kaszniak, AW, Menchola, M. Behavioral neuroscience of emotion in aging. In Behavioral Neurobiology of Aging. Berlin: Springer; 2011, pp. 5166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, ED, Homan, RW, Buck, R. Differential hemispheric lateralization of primary and social emotions. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 1994;7(1):19.Google Scholar
Ruffman, T, Henry, JD, Livingstone, V, Phillips, LH. A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2008 Jan 1;32(4):863–81.Google Scholar
Sullivan, S &. Ruffman, T. Social understanding: how does it fare with advancing years? British Journal of Psychology. 2004;95:118.Google Scholar
Isaacowitz, DM, Löckenhoff, CE, Lance, RD, Wright, R, Sechrest, L, Riedel, R, et al. Age differences in recognition of emotion in lexical stimuli and facial expressions. Psychology and Aging. 2007;22:147–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, A, Ruffman, T, Murray, JE, Glue, P. Oxytocin improves emotion recognition for older males. Neurobiology of Aging. 2014 Oct 1;35(10):2246–8.Google Scholar
Sullivan, S, Campbell, A, Hutton, SB, Ruffman, T. What’s good for the goose is not good for the gander: age and gender differences in scanning emotion faces. The Journal of Gerontology: Series B. 2017 May 1;72(3):441–7.Google Scholar
Krendl, AC, Rule, NO, Ambady, N. Does aging impair first impression accuracy? Differentiating emotion recognition from complex social inferences. Psychology and Aging. 2014 Sep;29(3):482.Google Scholar
Sarabia-Cobo, CM, García-Rodríguez, B, Navas, MJ, Ellgring, H. Emotional processing in patients with mild cognitive impairment: the influence of the valence and intensity of emotional stimuli: the valence and intensity of emotional stimuli influence emotional processing in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2015 Oct 15;357(1–2):222–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
English, T, Carstensen, L. Emotional experience in the mornings and the evenings: consideration of age differences in specific emotions by time of day. Frontiers in Psychology. 2014 Mar 6;5:185.Google Scholar
Stanley, JT, Isaacowitz, DM. Caring more and knowing more reduces age-related differences in emotion perception. Psychology and Aging. 2015 Jun;30(2):383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebner, NC, Johnson, MR, Rieckmann, A, Durbin, KA, Johnson, MK, Fischer, H. Processing own-age vs. other-age faces: neuro-behavioral correlates and effects of emotion. Neuroimage. 2013 Sep 1;78:363–71.Google Scholar
Heilman, KM, Blonder, LX, Bowers, DA, Valenstein, ED. Emotional disorders associated with neurological diseases. In Heilman, KM, Valenstein, E, editors. Clinical Neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012, pp. 466503.Google Scholar
Adolphs, R. Recognizing emotion from facial expressions: psychological and neurological mechanisms. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews. 2002 Mar;1(1):2162.Google Scholar
Harciarek, M, Heilman, KM. The contribution of anterior and posterior regions of the right hemisphere to the recognition of emotional faces. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2009 Apr;31(3):322–30. doi: 10.1080/13803390802119930.Google Scholar
Albert, MS, Moss, MB. Geriatric Neuropsychology. Guilford Press; 1988.Google Scholar
Brown, JW, Jaffe, J. Hypothesis on cerebral dominance. Neuropsychologia. 1975 Jan 1;13(1):107–10.Google Scholar
Gur, RC, Packer, IK, Hungerbuhler, JP, Reivich, M, Obrist, WD, Amarnek, WS, et al. Differences in the distribution of gray and white matter in human cerebral hemispheres. Science. 1980 Mar 14;207(4436):1226–8.Google Scholar
Pujol, J, López-Sala, A, Deus, J, Cardoner, N, Sebastián-Gallés, N, Conesa, G, et al. The lateral asymmetry of the human brain studied by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage. 2002 Oct 1;17(2):670–9.Google Scholar
Phillips, LH, Allen, R. Adult aging and the perceived intensity of emotions in faces and stories. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2004 Jun 1;16(3):190–9.Google Scholar
Coupland, NJ, Sustrik, RA, Ting, P, Li, D, Hartfeil, M, Singh, AJ, Blair, RJ. Positive and negative affect differentially influence identification of facial emotions. Depression and Anxiety. 2004;19(1):31–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, A, Hoshino, T, Shigemasu, K, Kawamura, M. Decline or improvement? Age-related differences in facial expression recognition. Biological Psychology. 2007 Jan 1;74(1):7584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voelkle, MC, Ebner, NC, Lindenberger, U, Riediger, M. A note on age differences in mood-congruent vs. mood-incongruent emotion processing in faces. Frontiers in Psychology. 2014 Jun 26;5:635.Google Scholar
Orbelo, DM, Testa, JA, Ross, ED. Age-related impairments in comprehending affective prosody with comparison to brain-damaged subjects. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2003 Mar; 16(1):4452.Google Scholar
Demenescu, LR, Mathiak, KA, Mathiak, K. Age- and gender-related variations of emotion recognition in pseudowords and faces. Experimental Aging Research. 2014;40(2):187207. doi: 10.1080/0361073X.2014.882210.Google Scholar
Orbelo, DM, Grim, MA, Talbott, RE, Ross, ED. Impaired comprehension of affective prosody in elderly subjects is not predicted by age-related hearing loss or age-related cognitive decline. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2005 Mar;18(1):2532.Google Scholar
Pedder, DJ, Terrett, G, Bailey, PE, Henry, JD, Ruffman, T, Rendell, PG. Reduced facial reactivity as a contributor to preserved emotion regulation in older adults. Psychology and Aging. 2016 Feb;31(1):114–25. doi: 10.1037/a0039985.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, PJ, Bradley, MM, Cuthbert, BN. International affective picture system (IAPS): technical manual and affective ratings. NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention. 1997:39–58. www2.unifesp.br/dpsicobio/adap/instructions.pdf.Google Scholar
Sen, A, Isaacowitz, D, Schirmer, A. Age differences in vocal emotion perception: on the role of speaker age and listener sex. Cognition & Emotion. 2017 Oct;24:116. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1393399.Google Scholar
Lane, RD, Sechrest, L, Reidel, R. Sociodemographic correlates of alexithymia. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1998;39:377–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salminen, JK, Saarijärvi, S, Äärelä, E, Toikka, T, Kauhanen, J. Prevalence of alexithymia and its association with sociodemographic variables in the general population of Finland. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1999 Jan 1;46(1):7582.Google Scholar
Bogen, JE. The callosal syndromes. In Heilman, KM, Valenstein, E, editors. Clinical Neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993, pp. 337407.Google Scholar
TenHouten, WD, Hoppe, KD, Bogen, JE, Walter, DO. Alexithymia and the split brain. I. Lexical-level content analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1985;43(4):202–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Lockhart, SN, DeCarli, C. Structural imaging measures of brain aging. Neuropsychology Review. 2014 Sep;24(3):271–89. doi: 10.1007/s11065-014-9268-3.Google Scholar
Wundt, W. Grundriss der Psychologic, 6th edn., Leipzig; 1904. Philosophische Studien.;13.Google Scholar
Backs, RW, da Silva, SP, Han, K. A comparison of younger and older adults’ self-assessment manikin ratings of affective pictures. Experimental Aging Research. 2005 Oct–Dec;31(4):421–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grühn, D, Scheibe, S. Age-related differences in valence and arousal ratings of pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS): do ratings become more extreme with age? Behavior Research Methods. 2008 May;40(2):512–21.Google Scholar
Smith, JC, Bradley, MM, Lang, PJ. State anxiety and affective physiology: effects of sustained exposure to affective pictures. Biological Psychology. 2005 Jul 1;69(3):247–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feng, MC, Courtney, CG, Mather, M, Dawson, ME, Davison, GC. Age-related affective modulation of the startle eyeblink response: older adults startle most when viewing positive pictures. Psychology and Aging. 2011 Sep;26(3):752–60.Google Scholar
Le Duc, J, Fournier, P, Hébert, S. Modulation of prepulse inhibition and startle reflex by emotions: a comparison between young and older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2016 Feb 23;8:33.Google Scholar
Hilimire, MR, Mienaltowski, A, Blanchard-Fields, F, Corballis, PM. Age-related differences in event-related potentials for early visual processing of emotional faces. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2013 Jun 13;9(7):969–76.Google Scholar
Antonenko, D, Flöel, A. Healthy aging by staying selectively connected: a mini-review. Gerontology. 2014;60(1):39. doi: 10.1159/000354376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, M., Bargh, J. A. (1999). Consequences of automatic evaluation: immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 25:215–24.Google Scholar
Denny-Brown, D, Chambers, RA. The parietal lobes and behavior. Research Publications Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease. 1958;36:35117.Google ScholarPubMed
Cacioppo, JT, Berntson, GG, Bechara, A, Tranel, D, Hawkley, LC. Could an aging brain contribute to subjective well-being? The value added by a social neuroscience perspective. In Todorov, A, Fiske, ST, Prentice, DA, editors. Social Neuroscience: Toward Understanding the Underpinnings of the Social Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011, 249–62.Google Scholar
Berntson, GG, Bechara, A, Damasio, H, Tranel, D, Cacioppo, JT. Amygdala contribution to selective dimensions of emotion. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2007 Jun 1;2(2):123–9.Google Scholar
Mather, M, Canli, T, English, T, Whitfield, S, Wais, P, Ochsner, K, et al. Amygdala responses to emotionally valenced stimuli in older and younger adults. Psychological Science. 2004 Apr;15(4):259–63.Google Scholar
Leaver, AM, Yang, H, Siddarth, P, Vlasova, RM, Krause, B, St Cyr, N, et al. Resilience and amygdala function in older healthy and depressed adults. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2018 Sep;237:2734. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.109CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasin, DS, Goodwin, RD, Stinson, FS, Grant, BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005 Oct 1;62(10):1097–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyness, JM, King, DA, Cox, C, Yoediono, Z, Caine, ED. The importance of subsyndromal depression in older primary care patients: prevalence and associated functional disability. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1999 Jun;47(6):647–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, K, Pietrzak, RH, El-Gabalawy, R, Mackenzie, CS, Sareen, J. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in US older adults: findings from a nationally representative survey. World Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;14(1):7481.Google Scholar
Fiske, A, Wetherell, JL, Gatz, M. Depression in older adults. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2009 Apr 27;5:363–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, ML, McAvay, GJ, Raue, PJ, Brown, EL, Meyers, BS, Keohane, DJ, et al. Major depression in elderly home health care patients. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 Aug 1;159(8):1367–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallo, JJ, Anthony, JC, Muthén, BO. Age differences in the symptoms of depression: a latent trait analysis. Journal of Gerontology. 1994 Nov 1;49(6):P251P264.Google Scholar
Gallo, JJ, Rabins, PV, Lyketsos, CG, Tien, AY, Anthony, JC. Depression without sadness: functional outcomes of nondysphoric depression in later life. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1997 May;45(5):570–8.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Chiu, WT, Demler, O, Walters, EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1;62(6):617–27.Google Scholar
Xekardaki, A, Santos, M, Hof, P, Kövari, E, Bouras, C, Giannakopoulos, P. Neuropathological substrates and structural changes in late-life depression: the impact of vascular burden. Acta Neuropathologica. 2012 Oct 1;124(4):453–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beekman, AT, de Beurs, E, van Balkom, AJ, Deeg, DJ, van Dyck, R, van Tilburg, W. Anxiety and depression in later life: co-occurrence and communality of risk factors. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 Jan 1;157(1):8995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janssen, J, Beekman, AT, Comijs, HC, Deeg, DJ, Heeren, TJ. Late‐life depression: the differences between early‐ and late‐onset illness in a community‐based sample. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A Journal of the Psychiatry of Late Life and Allied Sciences. 2006 Jan;21(1):8693.Google Scholar
Heun, R, Papassotiropoulos, A, Jessen, F, Maier, W, Breitner, JC. A family study of Alzheimer disease and early- and late-onset depression in elderly patients. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001 Feb 1;58(2):190–6.Google Scholar
Gade, A, Kristoffersen, M, Kessing, LV. Neuroticism in remitted major depression: elevated with early onset but not late onset of depression. Psychopathology. 2015;48(6):400–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brodaty, H, Luscombe, G, Parker, G, Wilhelm, K, Hickie, I, Austin, MP, et al. Early and late onset depression in old age: different aetiologies, same phenomenology. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 Oct 1;66(2–3):225–36.Google Scholar
Ritchie, CS, Hearld, KR, Gross, A, Allman, R, Sawyer, P, Sheppard, K, et al. Measuring symptoms in community-dwelling older adults: the psychometric properties of a brief symptom screen. Medical Care. 2013 Oct;51(10):949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryant, C, Jackson, H, Ames, D. The prevalence of anxiety in older adults: methodological issues and a review of the literature. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2008 Aug 1;109(3):233–50.Google Scholar
Fuentes, K, Cox, B. Assessment of anxiety in older adults: a community-based survey and comparison with younger adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2000 Mar 1;38(3):297309.Google Scholar
Palmer, BW, Jeste, DV, Sheikh, JI. Anxiety disorders in the elderly: DSM-IV and other barriers to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1997 Dec 1;46(3):183–90.Google Scholar
Treadway, MT, Zald, DH. Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: lessons from translational neuroscience. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2011 Jan 1;35(3):537–55.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.Google Scholar
Lampe, IK, Kahn, RS, Heeren, TJ. Apathy, anhedonia, and psychomotor retardation in elderly psychiatric patients and healthy elderly individuals. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2001 Mar;14(1):1116.Google Scholar
Quaranta, D, Marra, C, Gainotti, G. Post-stroke depression: main phenomenological clusters and their relationships with clinical measures. Behavioural Neurology. 2012;25(4):303–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, NC. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: definition and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1982 Jul 1;39(7):784–8.Google Scholar
Chapman, LJ, Chapman, JP, Raulin, ML. Scales for physical and social anhedonia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1976 Aug;85(4):374.Google Scholar
Fawcett, J, Clark, DC, Scheftner, WA, Hedeker, D. Differences between anhedonic and normally hedonic depressive states. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 Aug;140(8):1027–30.Google Scholar
Snaith, RP, Hamilton, M, Morley, S, Humayan, A, Hargreaves, D, Trigwell, P. A scale for the assessment of hedonic tone the Snaith–Hamilton Pleasure Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 Jul;167(1):99103.Google Scholar
Gard, DE, Gard, MG, Kring, AM, John, OP. Anticipatory and consummatory components of the experience of pleasure: a scale development study. Journal of Research in Personality. 2006 Dec 1;40(6):1086–102.Google Scholar
Treadway, MT, Buckholtz, JW, Schwartzman, AN, Lambert, WE, Zald, DH. Worth the “EEfRT”? The effort expenditure for rewards task as an objective measure of motivation and anhedonia. PloS One. 2009 Aug 12;4(8):e6598.Google Scholar
Berridge, KC, Robinson, TE. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Research Reviews. 1998;28:309–69.Google Scholar
Stein, DJ. Depression, anhedonia, and psychomotor symptoms: the role of dopaminergic neurocircuitry. CNS Spectrums. 2008;13(7):561–65.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, J, Christian, BT, Dunigan, KA, Shi, B, Narayanan, TK, Satter, M, et al. Brain imaging of 18F‐fallypride in normal volunteers: blood analysis, distribution, test‐retest studies, and preliminary assessment of sensitivity to aging effects on dopamine D‐2/D‐3 receptors. Synapse. 2002 Dec 1;46(3):170–88.Google Scholar
Nyberg, L, Bäckman, L. Cognitive aging: a view from brain imaging. New Frontiers in Cognitive Aging. 2004:135–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thobois, S, Lhommée, E, Klinger, H, Ardouin, C, Schmitt, E, Bichon, A, et al. Parkinsonian apathy responds to dopaminergic stimulation of D2/D3 receptors with piribedil. Brain. 2013 May;136(Pt 5):1568–77. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt067.Google Scholar
Marin, RS. Apathy: a neuropsychiatric syndrome. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1991 Summer;3(3):243–54.Google Scholar
Marin, RS. Apathy: concept, syndrome, neural mechanisms, and treatment. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry 1996 Oct;1(4):304–14.Google Scholar
Marin, RS, Wilkosz, PA. Disorders of diminished motivation. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2005 Jul 1;20(4):377–88.Google Scholar
Starkstein, SE, Leentjens, AF. The nosological position of apathy in clinical practice. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2008 Oct;79(10):1088–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, JL, Benson, DF. Psychological dysfunction accompanying subcortical dementias. Annual Review of Medicine. 1988 Feb;39(1):5361.Google Scholar
Stuss, DT, Van Reekum, R, Murphy, KJ. Differentiation of states and causes of apathy. In Borod, JC, editor. Series in Affective Science: The Neuropsychology of Emotion. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012, pp. 340–63.Google Scholar
Levy, R, Dubois, B. Apathy and the functional anatomy of the prefrontal cortex–basal ganglia circuits. Cerebral Cortex. 2005 Oct 5;16(7):916–28.Google Scholar
Brodaty, H, Altendorf, A, Withall, A, Sachdev, P. Do people become more apathetic as they grow older? A longitudinal study in healthy individuals. International Psychogeriatrics. 2010 May;22(3):426–36.Google Scholar
Kawagoe, T, Onoda, K, Yamaguchi, S. Apathy and executive function in healthy elderly – resting state fMRI study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2017 May 9;9:124.Google Scholar
Alexopoulos, GS, Hoptman, MJ, Yuen, G, Kanellopoulos, D, Seirup, JK, Lim, KO, et al. Functional connectivity in apathy of late-life depression: a preliminary study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013 Jul 1;149(1–3):398405.Google Scholar
Cardinal, RN, Parkinson, JA, Hall, J, Everitt, BJ. Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2002 May 1;26(3):321–52.Google Scholar
Carriere, N, Besson, P, Dujardin, K, Duhamel, A, Defebvre, L, Delmaire, C, et al. Apathy in Parkinson’s disease is associated with nucleus accumbens atrophy: a magnetic resonance imaging shape analysis. Movement Disorders. 2014 Jun;29(7):897903.Google Scholar
Bonnelle, V, Manohar, S, Behrens, T, Husain, M. Individual differences in premotor brain systems underlie behavioral apathy. Cerebral Cortex. 2015 Nov 12;26(2):807–19.Google Scholar
Levy, R. Apathy: a pathology of goal-directed behaviour. A new concept of the clinic and pathophysiology of apathy. Revue neurologique. 2012 Aug 1;168(8–9):585–97.Google Scholar
Murayama, K, Matsumoto, M, Izuma, K, Matsumoto, K. Neural basis of the undermining effect of monetary reward on intrinsic motivation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010 Dec 7;107(49):20911–16.Google Scholar
Cacioppo, JT, Hawkley, LC, Kalil, A, Hughes, ME, Waite, L, Thisted, RA. Happiness and the invisible threads of social connection. In Eid, M, Larsen, RJ, editors. The Science of Subjective Well-Being. New York: Guilford Press; 2008, pp. 195219.Google Scholar
Scheibe, S, Blanchard-Fields, F. Effects of regulating emotions on cognitive performance: what is costly for young adults is not so costly for older adults. Psychology and Aging. 2009 Mar;24(1):217.Google Scholar
Carstensen, LL, Isaacowitz, DM, Charles, ST. Taking time seriously: a theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist. 1999 Mar;54(3):165.Google Scholar
Carstensen, LL, Fredrickson, BL. Influence of HIV status and age on cognitive representations of others. Health Psychology. 1998 Nov;17(6):494.Google Scholar
Garnefski, N, Kraaij, V, Spinhoven, P. Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences. 2001 Jun 1;30(8):1311–27.Google Scholar
Brummer, L, Stopa, L, Bucks, R. The influence of age on emotion regulation strategies and psychological distress. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 2014 Nov;42(6):668–81.Google Scholar
Winecoff, A, LaBar, KS, Madden, DJ, Cabeza, R, Huettel, SA. Cognitive and neural contributors to emotion regulation in aging. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2010 Apr 12;6(2):165–76.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×