This chapter, on the rise of ‘populist humanitarianism’, describes the moment when the NGO sector’s appeal expanded irrevocably. The basic narrative will be familiar to many readers: the brutal famine, exaggerated by conflict, that ravaged the Horn of Africa in the mid-1980s; the vital role played by Western media outlets in driving the response; and the movement, led by celebrity humanitarians like Bob Geldof, that raised donations and popular engagement with the crisis to unprecedented levels. In many ways, that ‘movement’ ran counter to the principles on which the NGO sector had been constructed: it was anti-establishment, anti-bureaucratic, youth-focused and had a broad class base. Nonetheless, this chapter argues, it was the sector’s dexterity and its ability to mobilise its own bureaucracy to capture the rewards of the popular response, that was crucial in sealing its future success. By emphasising the twin calling cards of expertise and access to those in need in Ethiopia, the campaigns of the mid-1980s widened the support base for NGOs, reinforced their hierarchical, interventionist and depoliticising tendencies, and gave those organisations the resources that established them at the forefront of a new wave of popular engagement with the Third World.

This chapter, on the rise of ‘populist humanitarianism’, describes the moment when the NGO sector’s appeal expanded irrevocably. The basic narrative will be familiar to many readers: the brutal famine, exaggerated by conflict, that ravaged the Horn of Africa in the mid-1980s; the vital role played by Western media outlets in driving the response; and the movement, led by celebrity humanitarians like Bob Geldof, that raised donations and popular engagement with the crisis to unprecedented levels. In many ways, that ‘movement’ ran counter to the principles on which the NGO sector had been constructed: it was anti-establishment, anti-bureaucratic, youth-focused and had a broad class base. Nonetheless, this chapter argues, it was the sector’s dexterity and its ability to mobilise its own bureaucracy to capture the rewards of the popular response, that was crucial in sealing its future success. By emphasising the twin calling cards of expertise and access to those in need in Ethiopia, the campaigns of the mid-1980s widened the support base for NGOs, reinforced their hierarchical, interventionist and depoliticising tendencies, and gave those organisations the resources that established them at the forefront of a new wave of popular engagement with the Third World.

This chapter examines one of Ireland’s longest-lasting sources of engagement with the global South, namely the set of ethical dispositions and embedded practices that we traditionally call “humanitarian aid.” For much of the twentieth century, Ireland’s sense of itself as both a postcolonial nation and an advanced Western democracy found expression in an intense preoccupation with humanitarian aid for newly independent African countries. Over the last two decades, this history of humanitarian action has become a prominent motif in Irish fiction, featuring centrally in fiction by Anne Enright, Sebastian Barry, Roddy Doyle, and J. M. O’Neill. In the hands of these authors, humanitarianism has emerged as a vehicle for reflecting on Ireland’s place in the world – from the ethical attunement to suffering bodies that has dominated Irish representations of the global South to the political stakes involved in refracting such sentimentalized images through the language of anticolonial nationalism.