International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — International Monetary Fund — Articles of Agreement, 1945 — Order in Council incorporating Agreement into English law — Interpretation of “exchange contracts” — Principles of interpretation — The law of England

lnternational organization and administration — Specialized agencies of the United Nations — International Monetary Fund — Articles of Agreement, 1945 — Article VIII (2) (b) — Regulation of currency and international exchange — Interpretation of “exchange contracts” Objects and purposes of Agreement — The law of England

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Plain and natural meaning of words — Objects and purposes of treaty — Interpretation in the light of treaty as a whole — International Monetary Fund — Articles of Agreement, 1945 — Article VIII (2) (b) — Order in Council incorporating Agreement into English law — Meaning of “exchange contracts” — Textual meaning — Whether extending to ordinary commodity transactions — The law of England

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Publication in official journal — Whether sufficient for incorporation into municipal law — Whether treaty given an authority superior to municipal law — The law of France

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Publication in official journal — Whether sufficient for incorporation into municipal law — Whether giving treaty authority superior to municipal law — The law of France

International organization and administration — International officials — Office Franco — Allemand pour la Jeunesse, 1963 — 0fficial — Employment contract — Termination of — Action for unfair dismissal — Whether Office entitled to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts — Whether Appeals Commission the proper forum for employment disputes — The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — International organizations — Office Franco — Allemand pour la Jeunesse — Legal status — Official — Employment contract — Termination of — Action for unlawful dismissal — Whether Office entitled to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts — Whether Appeals Commission the proper forum for employment disputes — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — Agreement on the establishment of the Office, 1963, between the Federal Republic of Germany and France — Publication in French Journal Officiel — Whether sufficient for incorporation into municipal law — Whether gives agreement authority superior to municipal law — The law of France

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether directly applicable under municipal law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to marry — Basic Law of Federal Republic of Germany 1949, Article 6 (1) — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 12 — Extent of right to marry — Conflict of laws rule requiring application of foreign law in determining eligibility of foreign national to marry — Application of such rule resulting in denial of right to marry — Whether basic constitutional rights take precedence over the application of foreign law — Whether such precedence contrary to respect for foreign legal orders required under international law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international tribunals — Member of international bureau of Permanent Court of Arbitration — Exemption from municipal taxation — Scope of exemption — Whether exempt income may be taken into account in assessing rate of taxation on other sources of income — The law of the Netherlands

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Constitutional limitations — Netherlands Constitution, Article 66 — Judicial review of municipal legislation for compatibility with international law — Whether limited to self-executing provisions of treaties — The law of the Netherlands

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Judicial review of municipal legislation — Power of municipal courts to review legislation for compatibility with international law Whether confined to determining compatibility with treaty provisions — Netherlands Constitution, Article 66 — International officials — Taxation — Whether rule of customary law forbidding taxation of salary received from Permanent Court of Arbitration — The law of the Netherlands

International law in general — International comity — Accession of Surinam to independence — Declaration of Intent by Government of Surinam with regard to treaty commitments — Presumption that treaties continue in force until notice of termination given — Hague Convention relating to Civil Procedure, 1905 — Whether courtesy requires nationals of Surinam to be granted rights under treaties covered by Declaration during transitional period — The law of the Netherlands

States as international persons — State succession — International conventions — Surinam — Accession to independence — Declaration of intent with regard to treaty commitments — Presumption that treaties continue in force until notice of termination given — Whether Declaration has effect within territory of the Netherlands — Hague Convention relating to Civil Procedure, 1905 — Whether courtesy requires nationals of Surinam to be granted rights under Conventions covered by Declaration during transitional period — The law of the Netherlands

International law in general — Sources — UNESCO deliberations — Convention adopted for the protection of the cultural heritage of peoples — Extent to which they demonstrate consensus in international community for the purposes of determining internationalpublic policy — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of treaties on third parties — Evidence of consensus in international community for the purposes of determining international public policy — UNESCO Convention for the protection of the cultural heritage of peoples — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Foreign legislation prohibiting export of items forming part of cultural heritage — Whether effect to be given to such legislation in forum State — Insurance contract relating to export of such items — Whether void — Public policy — UNESCO Resolutions and Convention regarding protection of cultural heritage of peoples — Effect of Convention on third parties — Evidence of consensus in international community on subject matter — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

International law in general — Sources — Hierarchy of sources of international law — Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, 1945 — Whether treaty law or general principles of law to be applied first — The law of the Netherlands

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Convention for the Protection of Submarine Cables, 1884 — Use of submarine telephone cables not contemplated when Convention concluded — Whether reasonable interpretation of Convention allows for the protection of such cables — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — High seas — Submarine cables — Damage to cables caused by ship's anchor — Liability in tort — Applicable law — Whether municipal or international law applicable — Whether written or unwritten rules of international law to be applied first — Hierarchy of sources of international law — Statute of the International Court of Justice, 1945, Article 38(1) — Convention for the Protection of Submarine Cables, 1884 — Interpretation — Whether covering telephone cables — The law of the Netherlands

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Bilateral agreements — Whether prevent enactment of general norms of municipal law and their application to foreign nationals not covered by such agreements — Primacy of treaty rules over municipal law for nationals of States covered by such agreements — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Double taxation agreements — Whether prevent enactment of general norms of municipal law on double taxation and their application to foreign nationals not covered by agreements — Primacy of treaty rules over municipal law for nationals of States covered by agreement — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of treaties on third parties — Double taxation agreements — Whether prevent enactment of norms of municipal law on double taxation and their application to foreign nationals not covered by agreement — Primacy of treaty rules over municipal law for nationals of States covered by bilateral agreements — The law of Switzerland

International law in general — Sources — Judicial interpretation — Uniformity and universality — Definition of political offence as exception to extradition — Whether a rule of international law — The law of Sudan

International law in general — International comity — Extradition — Extradition Political offence exception — Whether granted as a matter of comity in practice between State — Whether a rule of international law — The law of Sudan

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Extradition — Whether courts of requesting State can question extradition order of extraditing State — The law of Sudan

War and neutrality — War in general — Definition and technical meaning of war — Meaning of term “waging war” — The law of Sudan

The individual in international law — Extradition — Political crimes — Exception to extradition — Whether granted as a matter of comity in practice between States — Sources of international law — Whether a rule of international law — Definition of political offence — Judicial interpretation — Uniformity and universality — Uganda-Sudan Extradition Treaty — Territorial jurisdiction — Whether courts of requesting State can question extradition order of extraditing State — War — Meaning of term “waging war” — Mercenary — Definition — The law of Sudan

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Sovereign immunity — Principle of immunity of embassy funds from enforcement jurisdiction of receiving State — Decision of German Constitutional Court as evidence of customary international law — The law of England

International law in genera — Relation to municipal law — Sovereign immunity — Immunity from execution — Bank accounts in name of embassy — Construction of English legislation — State Immunity Act 1978 — Whether permissible to construe Act against background of principles of intemational law — Whether recourse to intemational law always permissible where municipal legislation applies to interState relations or only in the event of ambiguity in municipal legislation — Relevance of intemational customary and treaty law — Principle of customary law derived from accepted practice as evidenced by judicial decisions in other jurisdiction — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — The law of England

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In foreign relations — Soverign immunity — Immunity from enforcement — Funds belonging to Republic of Colombia in London bank accounts — Certificate by Ambassador that funds in use for non-commercial purposes of meeting day to day running costs of Embassy — whether purpose commercial — State Immunity Act 1978 — Principles of international customary and treaty law on immunity from enforcement jurisdiction — The law of England

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic envoys and their staff — Immunity from execution of embassy property — Bank account in name of embassy — Funds used for meeting running expenses of embassy — Whether funds in use for commercial purposes — Duty of receiving State to accord full facilities for functioning of diplomatic mission — State Immunity Act 1978 — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — Foreign States — Sovereign immunity — Immunity from execution — Judgment creditor seeking to levy execution against foreign State by attachment of funds in foreign State's bank account in London — Whether permissible for English courts to exercise enforcement jurisdiction in this manner — State Immunity Act 1978 — Sections 3, 13 and 17 — Certificate of Ambassador stating that funds in question were in use for non-commercial purposes of meeting “expenditure necessarily incurred in the day to day running of the Diplomatic Mission” — Meaning of “commercial” — Relevance of principles of international law in construction of municipal legislation — Customary and treaty law on immunity of sending State from enforcement jurisdiction of receiving State — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Onus of proving property in use for commercial purposes — Evidential weight of certificate of head of diplomatic mission — The law of England

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Multilateral treat — Incorporation into domestic law — Convention on Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927 — Arbitration Act 1930 — Orders in Council — Continuance in force under Arbitration Act 1950 — The law of Scotland

States as international persons — In general — Continuity of States — Whether affected by replacement of monarchy with republican constitution — The law of Scotland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Peace Treaty with Romania, 1947 — Article 10 — Reference to bilateral treaties — Whether applicable to multilateral treaties — The law of Scotland

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On treaties — Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927 — Continuity of treaty relations despite territorial and constitutional changes — Treaty of Peace with Romania, 1947 — The law of Scotland

Treaties — Termination of — By operation of law — Outbreak of war — Effect on pre-war treaties and Orders in Council — Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927 — Contractual dispute — Reference to foreign arbitration — Enforcement of award — Post-war requirement of notification to revive bilateral treaties — Whether applicable to multilateral treaties — Treaty of Peace with Romania, 1947 — Survival of multilateral treaties in the event of outbreak of war — Survival despite internal constitutional change — Cession of territory — Internal constitutional change — Effects on continuance in force of treaty obligations — Arbitration Act 1950 — The law of Scotland

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Recognition of foreign divorce — Hague Convention on Recognition of Divorces and Legal Separations, 1971 — Use of provisions as aid to construction of municipal enabling legislation — The law of England

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Hague Convention on the Recognition of Divorces and Legal Separations, 1970 — Recognition of Divorces and Legal Separations Act 1971 — Construction of — Convention as aid to construction — Ambiguity or obscurity in legislation — Adoption of meaning consistent with treaty — Recognition of Pakistani divorce — Whether “judicial or other proceedings” — Meaning of “other” — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Application of United States antitrust legislation to sphere of international air transport — Whether contrary to obligations undertaken in bilateral treat — United Kingdom-United States Air Services Agreement, 1977 — The law of England

Treaties — In general — Conception and function of treaties — Regulation of international air transport — United Kingdom-United States Air Services Agreement, 1977 — Procedure for designation of national airlines — Effect of treaty upon municipal law — The law of England

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of treaties on third parties — Whether treaty can create rights and obligations enforceable in municipal courts — Bilateral treaty regulating international air transport — Whether party to private dispute can rely on treaty in municipal court — The law of England

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — United Kingdom–United States Air Services Treaty, 1977 — Regulation of international air transport — Antitrust proceedings in United States court — Application for stay of proceedings in the United Kingdom — Governmental policy that application of United States antitrust laws contravened Treaty — Whether Treaty could create rights and obligations enforceable in municipal courts — Relevance of governmental policy in exercise of discretion to grant injunction — Further considerations — Absence of alternative forum — Territorial scope of United States antitrust laws — Whether foreign proceedings unconscionable — Ministerial directions prohibiting party from compliance with foreign court's requirements — Whether judicial review of ministerial orders in the sphere of international relations appropriate — The law of England

International law in general — International Comity — Public policy — Liability for road accident — Foreign judgment establishing civil liability — Whether such judgment should be recognized by municipal courts — Liability based on finding of guilt in criminal proceedings where defendant not given possibility to defend himself — Whether recognition contrary to Dutch public policy — Analogy with default judgments under the Netherlands-Italy Treaty regarding Recognition and Enforcement of Judicial Decisions, 1959 — The law of the Netherlands

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — International conventions — Whether provisions take precedence over municipal conflict of laws rules — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Aliens — Positionof — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Divorce jurisdiction of receiving State over refugees recognizedunder Convention — Whether restricted by operation of municipal conflict of laws rules — Primacy of Convention rules — Articles 12 (1) and 16 of Convention — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Divorce jurisdiction of receiving State over refugees recognized under Convention — Whether restricted by operation of municipal conflict of laws rules — Primacy of Convention rules — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Practice followed by political and administrative authorities in Contracting States — Weight to be given to such practice by municipal courts — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Miscellaneous — Refugees — Conditions for acquisition of status of — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 1 — Qualifying date — Persons leaving their State of nationality “as a result of events occuring before 1 January 1951” — Whether persons leaving as a result of later events may also qualify for refugee status where those events are a sequel to earlier events — Protocol to the Convention, 1966 — Removal of qualifying date — Interpretation of Convention by reference to administrative practice of Contracting States — Weight to be given to such practice — Divorce jurisdiction of receiving State over refugees recognized under Convention — Whether restricted by operation of conflict of laws rules under municipal law — Primacy of Convention rules — Articles 12 (1) and 16 of Convention — The law of Switzerland

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Whether international treaty takes precedence over subsequently enacted provisions of municipal law — Relevance of categorization of municipal legislation as matter of public policy in forum State — ‘Special cases’ exempted by international convention from the application of its provisions — Whether designation of such cases a matter for the discretion of the municipal authorities — Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, 1944, Article 35, Annex 9 — The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Baggage in transit at international airport — Whether any right of search — Whether travellers liable to prosecution for failure to declare contents of such baggage — Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, 1944, Article 35 and Annex 9 — The law of France

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Annexes to international conventions promulgated after their entry into force — Whether enforceable in municipal courts without additional enabling legislation — Chicago Convention, 1944, Annex 9 — The law of France

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Whether subsequently enacted municipal legislation overrides existing international convention — Relevance of categorisation of municipal legislation as matter of public policy in forum State — ‘Special cases’ exempted by Convention from application of its provisions — Whether designation of such cases a matter for discretion of municipal authorities — Annex to Convention promulgated after its entry into force — Whether enforceable under municipal law without additional enabling legislation — Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, 1944, Article 35 and Annex 9 — Jurisdiction over territory and persons and property situated therein — Baggage in transit at international airport — Whether any right of search — Whether travellers liable to prosecution for failure to declare contents of such baggage — The law of France

International law in general — Sources — Decisions of international tribunals — Writings of legal scholars — Claim under Iran-United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — In general — Conception and function of arbitration — Iran- United States Claims Tribunal — Function of Scope of responsibility — Whether a substitute for the national courts — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — In general — The law applied by arbitral tribunals — Iran- United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — Jurisdiction over claims by dual nationals — Hague Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930 — Decisions of international tribunals — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Iran- United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — Jurisdiction over claim by dual national — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

The individual in international law — Nationality — Double nationality — Principle of dominant and effective nationality — Recognition of nationality — Hague Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930 — Articles 4 and 5 — Principle of non — responsibility — Whether limited by principle of effective nationality — Examination of decisions of international tribunals and writings of legal scholars — Iran-United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — General structure and circumstances of conclusion — Iran-United States Claims Tribunal — Function of — Scope of responsibility — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

International law in general — Nature and binding force — General rules of international law — Derogation from such rules by bilateral treaty — Right of establishment of aliens — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Right of establishment of aliens — Discretionary powers of municipal authorities — Whether limited by international treaty obligations — Federal Republic of Germany-Greece Treaty of Navigation and Establishment, 1960 — Whether directly applicable under municipal law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Interpretation by reference to memorandum to treaty — Federal Republic of Germany-Greece Treaty of Navigation and Establishment, 1960 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Admission of — Right of establishment — Residence permit granted to foreign national — Prohibition on establishing trade or business — Discretionary powers of municipal authorities — Whether limited by international treaty obligations — Whether such obligations directly applicable under municipal law — Federal Republic of Germany-Greece Treaty of Navigation and Establishment, 1960 — Interpretation by reference to memorandum to Treaty — Whether any duty under international law to allow aliens access to business activity — Derogations from general international law by treaty — Clause of benevolence — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

International law in general — Nature and binding force — Establishment of new rule of customary international law — Generalized State practice — New trends accepted by United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea — Whether customary rule abrogates rule contained in Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958 — The law of France

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Establishment of new rule — Generalized State practice — New trends accepted by United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea — Whether new customary rule abrogates rule contained in Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958 — The law of France

State territory — Parts of — Territorial water — Coasting trade and fisheries — Establishment of 200-mile “economic zones” beyond coastline — Exclusion of foreign nationals from fishing within such zones beyond 12-mile limit — London Convention, 1964 — France Spain General Fisheries Agreement, 1967 — Mutual fishing rights in “reserved zone” between 6 and 12 miles off coast of contracting partie — Whether economic zones to be regarded as extension of reserved zone under Convention — The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Fisheries — Establishment of 200-mile “economic zones” beyond coastline — Exclusion of foreign nationals from fishing within such zones beyond 12-mile limit — EEC fisheries licensing system — Community Regulations enacted within framework of Treaty of Rome — Whether binding on third States and their national — Effect of acquiescence — The law of France

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Effect of treaties on third parties — EEC Regulations enacted within framework of Treaty of Rome — Licensing system for fisheries — Whether binding on third States and their nationals — Effect of acquiescence — The law of France

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Clear text — Presumed intention of the parties — Whether interpretation of treaties a matter for municipal courts — The law of France

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Breadth and delimitation of the maritime belt — Establishment of 200-mile "economic zones" beyond coastline — Generalized State practice — Whether reflecting new rule of customary international law — New trends accepted by United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea — Whether new customary rule abrogates rule contained in Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958 — Exclusion of foreign nationals from fishing within economic zones beyond 12-mile limit — London Fisheries Convention, 1964 — France-Spain General Fisheries Agreement, 1967 — Mutual fishing rights in "reserved zone" between 6 and 12 miles off coasts of contracting parties — Whether economic zones to be regarded as extension of reserved zone under Convention — Interpretation of treaties — Clear text — Presumed intention of the parties — Whether interpretation a matter for municipal courts — Jurisdiction over fisheries — EEC licensing system — Community Regulations enacted within framework of Treaty of Rome — Whether binding on third States and their nationals — Effect of acquiescence — The law of France

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Conflict between international convention and subsequently enacted municipal law — Primacy of international convention — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Conflict between international convention and subsequently enacted municipal law — Primacy of international convention — The law of Switzerland

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Cartel legislation — Action for termination of concerted practices operated by foreign companies domiciled abroad — Plea of lack of jurisdiction — Effects doctrine as basis for application of municipal legislation — France — Switzerland Convention on Judicial Competence and the Execution of Judgments, 1869 — Forum rule requiring trial by natural judges of defendant — Primacy of treaty rule over subsequently enacted municipal law — The law of Switzerland