This chapter describes the ways in which emoji and language synchronise to realise textual meaning in a social media post. It organises these as features of a system network that describes this sychronicity. A primary distinction is made between instances where emoji replace linguistic co-text (inset) and instances where emoji accompany the linguistic co-text (punctuate) in a manner similar to punctuation or discourse markers. In terms of language, the key discourse semantic systems involved are identification and periodicity, which are crucial in tracking participants and organising information flow in texts. In terms of the SFL model of textual meaning, emoji appear to occupy a wavelength between clauses and higher-level periodicity, while the unique affordances of emoji also provide new opportunities for creating meaning in texts.

This chapter explores the ideational function of emoji as they concur with language to construe experience as items and activities in social media posts. The chapter details a system network for modelling ideational concurrence. This network defines two main kinds of relations: depiction and embellishment. Depiction is where emoji congruently illustrate their co-text or integrate themselves into the ideational structure of the post. Embellishment, on the other hand, is where emoji make less congruent meanings by either metaphorising through figurative meanings or emblematising through symbols that activate preconfigured meanings for particular communities. The chapter draws on the discourse semantic system of ideation introduced in Chapter 3 to understand the concurrence of emoji and linguistic sequences, figures, and elements.

This chapter focuses on grammatical resources for composing information flow, focusing on theme. It begins with a basic introduction to textual clause structure – Theme and Rheme. It then describes the different types of Theme (Topical Theme, Interpersonal Theme and Textual Theme) and their grammatical realisation. The contribution of each type of Theme is illustrated in short texts illustrating their role in managing texture. The chapter concludes with a discussion of thematic progression and introduces guidelines for recognising types of Theme in discourse.

Chapter 18 surveys research over the last few decades on discourse analysis in Korean linguistics. Since the 1980s, a number of Korean linguists have explored the relationship between discourse and grammar, dealing with topics such as information flow, choice of NPs in discourse, word order variability, case markers, pragmatic functions of clausal connectives and sentence-enders, grammaticalization, cohesion and coherence, and text structures. In the 1990s and 2000s, discourse analysts have explored the relationship between conversation, social action, and grammar, introducing the assumptions and methodology of conversational analysis into discourse analysis. The chapter provides a brief overview of major findings and research topics in analyses of conversational data in Korean linguistics in terms of (i) turn-taking, turn-constructional units, and turn increments, (ii) interactional functions of some clausal connectives and sentence-ending suffixes, and (iii) other interaction-based studies of topics such as repair, demonstratives, and reported speech. It also discusses discourse studies carried out from the perspectives of sociolinguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).

Chapter 4 integrates the economic and legal discussion in the broader technological system and its evolution that ultimately frames its direction. Agriculture consists of a process for converting energy and biological information into physical products for human consumption. The ongoing consolidation of biotechnology and agricultural analytics into a handful of massive multinational corporations clearly illustrates this definition of agriculture as a process of information flow. The architectural ideal in information science is the ‘end-to-end’ principle. All intelligence within an information platform arises from its ends; either with its originators or with ultimate consumers, or, as so often happens in an interactive age, with consumers who themselves become second-order creators of content. The corollary of the end-to-end principle, however, is that physical and logical layers, which facilitate the transmission of intelligence become ‘dumb pipe’; effectively their sole contribution to this chain consists of efficiently transporting the relevant information.

A firm’s managers have the most intimate understanding of the firm’s business, customers, processes, and capabilities. The managers’ decisions are influenced not only by institutional forces, stakeholders, and organizational governance and leadership but also by their personal values toward sustainability, attitudes toward their roles in solving environmental sustainability challenges, cognitive frames, and interpretations of environmental issues as threats or opportunities. Managers remain locked into everyday routines, patterns of thinking, and cognitive biases that may stifle creativity.Firms that develop successful PES strategies create the opportunities for employees to apply fresh ideas and strategic thinking to address sustainability challenges by enabling them to overcome their biases and everyday routines. Family firms have some unique features that influence strategic decision-making by managers (which includes the family members) differently as compared to non-family firms. Managers in family firms that aim for trans-generational continuity of their enterprise will make decisions differently when addressing environmental issues.