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5 results

  • Chapter 3 - An Overview of the Interviews

  • from Part I - Contextual Information
  • Rina Arya, University of Hull, Dinesh Bhugra, King's College London
  • Book:
    Journey to the Centre of the Self
    Published online:
    04 October 2024
    Print publication:
    17 October 2024, pp 28-30

  • Summary

    This chapter gives an overview of the interviews by looking at the profiles of the interviewees. In keeping with the objective of imparting the cultural diversity of South Asian populations, the authors sought diversity in the recruitment of South Asian psychiatrists for interview. This was reflected in their identity profiles with respect to age, gender, background, places of settlement, and other factors. The questions covered different areas of their lives and were clustered around the notion of the experiences of living with two cultures, identified as British and the particular South Asian culture of their background, be it Bangladeshi, Indian, Pakistani, and so on. Implicit in this understanding was the recognition of the fluidity of cultures and also of cultural identity. Of particular interest was how cultural differences showed up in the workplace with regards to training or working life. The interviews, which averaged one and a half hours each, were conducted between November 2021 to March 2022, via Zoom or telephone, and were subsequently transcribed and edited. The interviews formed the basis of thematic findings.

Supporting College Students of Immigrant Origin
  • New Insights from Research, Policy, and Practice
  • Edited by Blake R. Silver, Graziella Pagliarulo McCarron
  • Published online:
    16 May 2024
    Print publication:
    23 May 2024
  • Over 5 million college students in the United States – nearly one-in-three students currently enrolled – are of immigrant origin, meaning they are either the children of immigrant parents or guardians and/or immigrants themselves. These students accounted for almost 60% of the growth in higher education enrolment in the 21st century. Nevertheless, there is very little research dedicated to this student population's specific experiences of postsecondary education, with similar absences discernible within the realms of higher education policy and practice. Although college campuses are making important progress in building more inclusive spaces, conversations about climate and student care rarely account for the journeys of students of immigrant origin. Featuring 20 chapters written by more than 50 contributors, this book addresses this glaring omission. The authors examine how students of immigrant origin experience the road to, through, and beyond higher education, while, simultaneously, speaking to evidence-based implications for policy, research, and practice.

  • Antipsychotic drugs v. barbiturates or benzodiazepines used as active placebos for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  • Spyridon Siafis, Giacomo Deste, Anna Ceraso, Christian Mussoni, Antonio Vita, Senad Hasanagic, Johannes Schneider-Thoma, Georgios Papazisis, John M Davis, Stefan Leucht
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 50 / Issue 15 / November 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 October 2019, pp. 2622-2633
  • Background

    Comparisons of antipsychotics with placebo can be biased by unblinding due to side effects. Therefore, this meta-analysis compared the efficacy of antipsychotics for acute schizophrenia in trials using barbiturates or benzodiazepines as active placebos.

    Methods

    Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in acute schizophrenia with at least 3 weeks duration and comparing any antipsychotic with barbiturates or benzodiazepines were eligible. ClinicalTrials.gov, CENTRAL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, WHO-ICTRP as well as previous reviews were searched up to 9 January 2018. Two separate meta-analyses, one for barbiturates and one for benzodiazepines, were conducted using random-effects models. The primary outcome was response to treatment, and mean values of schizophrenia rating scales and dropouts were analyzed as secondary outcomes. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018086263).

    Results

    Seven barbiturate-RCTs (number of participants n = 1736), and two benzodiazepine-RCTs (n = 76) were included in the analysis. The studies were published between 1960 and 1968 and involved mainly chronically ill patients. More patients on antipsychotics in comparison to barbiturates achieved a ‘good’ response (36.2% v. 16.8%; RR 2.15; 95% CI 1.36–3.41; I2 = 48.9) and ‘any’ response (57.4% v. 27.8%; RR 2.07; 95% CI 1.35–3.18; I2 = 68.2). In a single small trial (n = 60), there was no difference between antipsychotics and benzodiazepines on ‘any’ response (74.7% v. 65%; RR 1.15; 95% CI 0.82–1.62).

    Conclusions

    Antipsychotic drugs were more efficacious than barbiturates, based on a large sample size. Response ratios were similar to those observed in placebo-controlled trials. The results on benzodiazepines were inconclusive due to the small number of studies and participants.

  • Divergent effects of first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics on cortical thickness in first-episode psychosis

  • B. R. E. Ansell, D. B. Dwyer, S. J. Wood, E. Bora, W. J. Brewer, T. M. Proffitt, D. Velakoulis, P. D. McGorry, C. Pantelis
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 45 / Issue 3 / February 2015
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    31 July 2014, pp. 515-527
    • Article
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  • Background

    Whether there are differential effects of first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) and second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) on the brain is currently debated. Although some studies report that FGAs reduce grey matter more than SGAs, others do not, and research to date is limited by a focus on schizophrenia spectrum disorders. To address this limitation, this study investigated the effects of medication in patients being treated for first-episode schizophrenia or affective psychoses.

    Method

    Cortical thickness was compared between 52 first-episode psychosis patients separated into diagnostic (i.e. schizophrenia or affective psychosis) and medication (i.e. FGA and SGA) subgroups. Patients in each group were also compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 28). A whole-brain cortical thickness interaction analysis of medication and diagnosis was then performed. Correlations between cortical thickness with antipsychotic dose and psychotic symptoms were examined.

    Results

    The effects of medication and diagnosis did not interact, suggesting independent effects. Compared with controls, diagnostic differences were found in frontal, parietal and temporal regions. Decreased thickness in FGA-treated versus SGA-treated groups was found in a large frontoparietal region (p < 0.001, corrected). Comparisons with healthy controls revealed decreased cortical thickness in the FGA group whereas the SGA group showed increases in addition to decreases. In FGA-treated patients cortical thinning was associated with higher negative symptoms whereas increased cortical thickness in the SGA-treated group was associated with lower positive symptoms.

    Conclusions

    Our results suggest that FGA and SGA treatments have divergent effects on cortical thickness during the first episode of psychosis that are independent from changes due to illness.