Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T07:47:36.058Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 November 2024

Paula Kivimaa
Paula Kivimaa
Affiliation:
Finnish Environment Institute
Type
Chapter
Information
Security in Sustainable Energy Transitions
Interplay between Energy, Security, and Defence Policies in Estonia, Finland, Norway, and Scotland
 , pp. 187 - 210
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

References

Abernathy, W. J., Clark, K. B., 1985. Innovation: Mapping the winds of creative destruction. Research Policy 14, 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(85)90021-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abraham, J., 2019. Just transitions in a dual labor market: Right wing populism and austerity in the German energiewende. Journal of Labor and Society 22, 679–693. https://doi.org/10.1111/LANDS.12438CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, N. N., Mueller-Hirth, N., 2021. Collaborate and die! Exploring different understandings of organisational cooperation within Scotland’s uncertain North Sea oil and gas industry. Energy Research & Social Science 73, 101909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.101909CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Afewerki, S., Karlsen, A., 2022. Policy mixes for just sustainable development in regions specialized in carbon-intensive industries: The case of two Norwegian petro-maritime regions. European Planning Studies 30, 2273–2292. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2021.1941786CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alberts, E. C., 2023. Norway proposes opening Germany-sized area of its continental shelf to deep-sea mining. Mongabay. April 20, 2023. https://news.mongabay.com/2023/04/norway-proposes-opening-germany-sized-area-of-its-continental-shelf-to-deep-sea-mining/Google Scholar
Allenby, B. R., 2016. Environmental security: Concept and implementation. International Political Science Review 21, 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512100211001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, A. D., Gulbrandsen, M., 2020. The innovation and industry dynamics of technology phase-out in sustainability transitions: Insights from diversifying petroleum technology suppliers in Norway. Energy Research & Social Science 64, 101447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101447CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, J., Hellsmark, H., Sandén, B., 2021. The outcomes of directionality: Towards a morphology of sociotechnical systems. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 40, 108–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIST.2021.06.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ang, B. W., Choong, W. L., Ng, T. S., 2015. Energy security: Definitions, dimensions and indexes. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 42, 1077–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2014.10.064CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antadze, N., McGowan, K. A., 2017. Moral entrepreneurship: Thinking and acting at the landscape level to foster sustainability transitions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 25, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIST.2016.11.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aradau, C., 2004. Security and the democratic scene: Desecuritization and emancipation. Journal of International Relations and Development 7, 388–413. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arter, D., 2000. Small state influence within the EU: The case of Finland’s “Northern Dimension Initiative.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 38, 677–697. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00260Google Scholar
Auer, M. R., 1998. Environmentalism and Estonia’s independence movement. Nationalities Papers 26(4), 659–676. DOI: 10.1080/00905999808408593CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, P. L., 2021. This company was hit with a devastating ransomware attack. TIME. 07.14.2021. https://time.com/6080293/norsk-hydro-ransomware-attack/Google Scholar
Avelino, F., 2021. Theories of power and social change. Power contestations and their implications for research on social change and innovation. Journal of Political Power 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2021.1875307Google Scholar
Avelino, F., Wittmayer, J. M., 2015. Shifting power relations in sustainability transitions: A multi-actor perspective. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 18, 628–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2015.1112259CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azzuni, A., Breyer, C., 2018. Definitions and dimensions of energy security: A literature review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 7, e268. https://doi.org/10.1002/WENE.268CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bang, G., Lahn, B., 2020. From oil as welfare to oil as risk? Norwegian petroleum resource governance and climate policy. Climate Policy 20, 997–1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1692774CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bazilian, M., Sovacool, B., Moss, T., 2017. Rethinking energy statecraft: United States foreign policy and the changing geopolitics of energy. Global Policy 8(3), 422–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12461CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BEIS, 2022. Record funding uplift for UK battery research and development. Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, London, UK.Google Scholar
BEIS, 2023. Resilience for the future: The UK’s critical minerals strategy. Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, London, UK.Google Scholar
Berkhout, F., Angel, D., Wieczorek, A. J., 2009. Asian development pathways and sustainable socio-technical regimes. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 76, 218–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2008.03.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berling, T. V., Gad, U. P., Petersen, K. L., Wæver, O., 2021. Translations of Security: A Framework for the Study of Unwanted Futures. Routledge, Abingdon and New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003175247Google Scholar
Berzina, I. 2020. From “Total” to “Comprehensive” national defence: The development of the concept in Europe. Journal on Baltic Security 6(2), 1–9. Baltic Defence College. DOI: 10.2478/jobs-2020-0006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blindheim, B., 2013. Implementation of wind power in the Norwegian market; the reason why some of the best wind resources in Europe were not utilised by 2010. Energy Policy 58, 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.03.033CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blondeel, M., Bradshaw, M. J., Bridge, G., Kuzemko, C., 2021. The geopolitics of energy system transformation: A review. Geography Compass 15, e12580. https://doi.org/10.1111/GEC3.12580CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blythe, J., Silver, J., Evans, L., Armitage, D., Bennett, N. J., Moore, M. L., Morrison, T. H., Brown, K., 2018. The dark side of transformation: Latent risks in contemporary sustainability discourse. Antipode 50, 1206–1223. https://doi.org/10.1111/ANTI.12405CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boasson, E. L., 2021. Norway: Certificate supporters turning opponents, in: Boasson, E. L., Leiren, M. D., Wettestad, J. (Eds.), Comparative Renewables Policy: Political, Organizational and European Fields. Routledge, Abingdon and New York, pp. 193–216.Google Scholar
Bocse, A.-M., 2020. NATO, energy security and institutional change. European Security 29, 436–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2020.1768072CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bögel, P. M., Upham, P., 2018. Role of psychology in sociotechnical transitions studies: Review in relation to consumption and technology acceptance. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 28, 122–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIST.2018.01.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton, R., 2021. Making Energy Markets: The Origins of Electricity Liberalisation in Europe. Springer, Cham.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, K., 1991. Security and emancipation. Review of International Studies 17(4), 313–326. doi:10.1017/S0260210500112033CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, K., 2007. Theory of World Security. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busby, J. 2022. States and Nature: The Effects of Climate Change on Security. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buzan, B., Wæver, O., de Wilde, J., 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Lynne Riener, Boulder.Google Scholar
Candel, J. J. L., 2021. The expediency of policy integration. Policy Studies 42, 346–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2019.1634191CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Candel, J. J. L., Biesbroek, R., 2016. Toward a processual understanding of policy integration. Policy Sciences 49, 211–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-016-9248-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carbone, M., 2008. Mission impossible: The European Union and policy coherence for development. Journal of European Integration 30, 323–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036330802144992CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, T. R., Benzie, M., Campiglio, E., Carlsen, H., Fronzek, S., Hildén, M., Reyer, C. P. O., West, C., 2021. A conceptual framework for cross-border impacts of climate change. Global Environmental Change 69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CCC, 2022. Progress in Reducing Emissions in Scotland: 2022 Report to Parliament. Climate Change Committee, London, UK.Google Scholar
Chaar, A. M., Mangalagiu, D., Khoury, A., Nicolas, M., 2020. Transition towards sustainability in a post-conflict country: A neo-institutional perspective on the Lebanese case. Climatic Change 160, 691–709. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10584-019-02478-7/TABLES/2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherp, A., Jewell, J., 2011. The three perspectives on energy security: Intellectual history, disciplinary roots and the potential for integration. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3(4): 202–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2011.07.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherp, A., Jewell, J., 2014. The concept of energy security: Beyond the four as. Energy Policy 75, 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.09.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chester, L., 2010. Conceptualising energy security and making explicit its polysemic nature. Energy Policy 38, 887–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2009.10.039CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Child, M., Kemfert, C., Bogdanov, D., Breyer, C., 2019. Flexible electricity generation, grid exchange and storage for the transition to a 100% renewable energy system in Europe. Renewable Energy 139, 80–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2019.02.077CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, C., Bakker, K., 2012. Water security: Debating an emerging paradigm. Global Environmental Change 22, 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLOENVCHA.2011.10.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornell, P., 2019. International grid integration: Efficiencies, vulnerabilities, and strategic implications in Asia. Atlantic Council. www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/international-grid-integration-efficiencies-vulnerabilities-and-strategic-implications-in-asia/Google Scholar
Corry, O., 2011. Securitisation and “Riskification”: Second-order security and the politics of climate change. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 40, 235–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829811419444CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cortright, D., Seyle, C., Wall, K., 2017. Governance for Peace. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowell, R., Ellis, G., Sherry-Brennan, F., Strachan, P. A., Toke, D., 2017. Energy transitions, sub-national government and regime flexibility: How has devolution in the United Kingdom affected renewable energy development? Energy Research & Social Science 23, 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.10.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CPTRA, 2023. Superficies licences for offshore wind farms. Consumer Protection and Technical Regulatory Authority of Estonia. Accessed November 2, 2023: https://ttja.ee/en/business-client/buildings-construction/superficies-licences-offshore-wind-farmsGoogle Scholar
Crandall, M., 2014. Soft security threats and small states: The case of Estonia. Defence Studies 14, 30–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2014.890334CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Criekemans, D., 2018. Geopolitics of the renewable energy game and its potential impact upon global power relations, in: Scholten, D. (Ed.), Geopolitics of Renewables. Springer, pp. 37–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67855-9_2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalby, S., 2002. Environmental Security. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Depledge, D., 2023. Low-carbon warfare: Climate change, net zero and military operations. International Affairs iiad001. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiad001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Depledge, D., Kennedy-Pipe, C., Rogers, J., 2019. The UK and the Arctic: Forward defence, in: Arctic Yearbook 2019. https://arcticyearbook.com/arctic-yearbook/2019Google Scholar
Desmidt, S., 2021. Climate change and security in North Africa Focus on Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Cascades Research Paper. Accessed October 9, 2023: www.cascades.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/CASCADES-Research-paper-Climate-change-and-security-in-North-Africa-1.pdfCrossRefGoogle Scholar
DESNZ, 2023a. Energy trends. Accessed October 6, 2023: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1126161/Energy_Trends_December_2022.pdfGoogle Scholar
DESNZ, 2023b. Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES): Energy. Accessed October 6, 2023: www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-chapter-1-digest-of-united-kingdom-energy-statistics-dukesGoogle Scholar
Dorfman, A., 2017. The Future of British Defence Policy (No. 74). IFRI, Paris.Google Scholar
Dorfman, P., 2021. Climate impact: UK nuclear military. Nuclear Consulting Group. Accessed October 9, 2023: www.preventionweb.net/publication/climate-impact-uk-nuclear-militaryGoogle Scholar
Dupont, C., 2019. The EU’s collective securitisation of climate change. West European Politics 42, 369–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1510199CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, H., 2016. Energy Security and Energy Policy Incoherence, in: Delivering Energy Law and Policy in the EU and the US. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Earnst & Young, 2023. Just Transition Review of the Scottish Energy Sector: Summary Report. Accessed March 31, 2023: www.energy-system-and-just-transition-independent-analysis.co.uk/summary-report.pdfGoogle Scholar
EC, 2014. COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL European Energy Security Strategy, COM(2014) 330 final. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
EC, 2020. Critical raw materials resilience: Charting a path towards greater security and sustainability, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
Edmondson, D. L., Kern, F., Rogge, K. S., 2019. The co-evolution of policy mixes and socio-technical systems: Towards a conceptual framework of policy mix feedback in sustainability transitions. Research Policy 48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.03.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Equinor, 2023. 2022 Integrated Annual Report. Equinor, Stavanger.Google Scholar
ERR, 2021. Competition authority: Electricity market heavily import-dependent. ERR 3.11.2021. Accessed October 9, 2023: https://news.err.ee/1608390869/competition-authority-electricity-market-heavily-import-dependentGoogle Scholar
Estonian Defence Forces, 2023. Estonian defence forces. Accessed October 4, 2023: https://mil.ee/en/defence-forces/Google Scholar
Eurostat, 2023. Energy statistics – An overview. Accessed 22.08.2023: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Energy_statistics_-_an_overview#:~:text=EU%20energy%20import%20dependency%20rate%20stood%20at%2055.5%25%20in%202021.&text=Gross%20available%20energy%20in%20the,by%206.0%25%20compared%20wiGoogle Scholar
Fankhouser, S., Averchenkova, A., Finnegan, J., 2018. 10 years of the UK Climate Change Act. London School of Economics, London, UK. Accessed March 30, 2023: www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/10-Years-of-the-UK-Climate-Change-Act_Fankhauser-et-al.pdfGoogle Scholar
Farham, A., Kossman, S., van Rij, A. 2023. Preparing NATO for Climate-Related Security Challenges. Chatham House Research Paper. Chatham House, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feola, G., Vincent, O., Moore, D., 2021. (Un)making in sustainability transformation beyond capitalism. Global Environmental Change 69, 102290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102290CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finland’s Wind Power Association, 2022. Tuulivoima Suomessa 2022. Accessed October 5, 2023: https://tuulivoimayhdistys.fi/media/tuulivoima_vuositilastot_2022-1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Finland’s Wind Power Association, 2023. Tuulivoimatilastot 6/2023. Accessed October 5, 2023: https://tuulivoimayhdistys.fi/ajankohtaista/tilastot-2/tuulivoiman-rakentamisen-tahti-jatkuu-tasaisena-2Google Scholar
Finnish Defence Forces, 2022. Puolustusvoimien energia- ja ilmasto-ohjelman 2022–2025 tavoitteet ja toimenpiteet. Defence Forces, Helsinki.Google Scholar
Finnish Security Committee, 2017. Security strategy for society, government resolution 2.11.2017. Helsinki.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischhendler, I., Herman, L., David, L., 2021. Light at the end of the panel: The Gaza strip and the interplay between geopolitical conflict and renewable energy transition. New Political Economy 27(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2021.1903850CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischhendler, I., Herman, L., Maoz, N., 2017. The political economy of energy sanctions: Insights from a global outlook 1938–2017. Energy Research & Social Science 34, 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.05.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flanagan, K., Uyarra, E., Laranja, M., 2011. Reconceptualising the “policy mix” for innovation. Research Policy 40, 702–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESPOL.2011.02.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleming, C., 2021. What would an independent Scotland’s defence and security priorities be? in: Hepburn, E., Keating, M., McEwen, N. (Eds.), Scotland’s New Choice: Independence after Brexit. Centre on Constitutional Change, Edinburgh, 189–197.Google Scholar
Floyd, R., 2019. The Morality of Security: A Theory of Just Securitisation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, A., Newell, P., 2021. Regime resistance and accommodation: Toward a neo-Gramscian perspective on energy transitions. Energy Research & Social Science 79, 102163. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102163CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Formin, 2016. Fennovoima Oy:n ydinvoimalahanketta koskeva rakentamislupahakemus; ulkoasiainministeriön lausunto 21.6.2023. Accessed October 9, 2023: https://tem.fi/documents/1410877/2616019/Ulkoministeri%C3%B6n+lausunto.pdfGoogle Scholar
Foxon, T. J., 2011. A coevolutionary framework for analysing a transition to a sustainable low carbon economy. Ecological Economics 70, 2258–2267. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLECON.2011.07.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, D., 2018. China and renewables: The priority of economics over geopolitics, in: Scholten, D. (Ed.), Geopolitics of Renewables. Springer, pp. 187–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67855-9_7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furness, M., Gänzle, S., 2017. The security–development Nexus in European Union foreign relations after Lisbon: Policy coherence at last? Development Policy Review 35, 475–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12191CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geels, F. W., 2002. Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: A multi-level perspective and a case-study. Research Policy 31, 1257–1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-7333(02)00062-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geels, F. W., 2004. From sectoral systems of innovation to socio-technical systems: Insights about dynamics and change from sociology and institutional theory. Research Policy 33, 897–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2004.01.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geels, F. W., 2005a. Co-evolution of technology and society: The transition in water supply and personal hygiene in the Netherlands (1850–1930) – A case study in multi-level perspective. Technology in Society 27, 363–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHSOC.2005.04.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geels, F. W., 2005b. Processes and patterns in transitions and system innovations: Refining the co-evolutionary multi-level perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 72, 681–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2004.08.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geels, F. W., 2006. Multi-level perspective on system innovation: Relevance for industrial transformation? in: Olsthoorn, X., Wieczorek, A. J. (Eds.), Understanding Industrial Transformation: Views from Different Disciplines. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 163–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geels, F. W., 2007. Analysing the breakthrough of rock “n” roll (1930–1970) Multi-regime interaction and reconfiguration in the multi-level perspective. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 74, 1411–1431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2006.07.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geels, F. W., 2011. The multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions: Responses to seven criticisms. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2011.02.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geels, F. W., 2014. Regime resistance against low-carbon transitions: Introducing politics and power into the multi-level perspective. Theory, Culture & Society 31, 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276414531627CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geels, F. W., Kern, F., Fuchs, G., Hinderer, N., Kungl, G., Mylan, J., Neukirch, M., Wassermann, S., 2016. The enactment of socio-technical transition pathways: A reformulated typology and a comparative multi-level analysis of the German and UK low-carbon electricity transitions (1990–2014). Research Policy 45, 896–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESPOL.2016.01.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geels, F. W., Schot, J., 2007. Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways. Research Policy, 36, 399–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.01.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geels, F. W., Verhees, B., 2011. Cultural legitimacy and framing struggles in innovation journeys: A cultural-performative perspective and a case study of Dutch nuclear energy (1945–1986). Technological Forecasting & Social Change 78, 910–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2010.12.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genus, A., Coles, A.-M., 2008. Rethinking the multi-level perspective of technological transitions. Research Policy 37, 1436–1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.05.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghosh, B., Kivimaa, P., Ramirez, M., Schot, J., Torrens, J., 2021. Transformative outcomes: Assessing and reorienting experimentation with transformative innovation policy. Science and Public Policy 48, 739–756. https://doi.org/10.1093/SCIPOL/SCAB045CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghosh, B., Schot, J., 2019. Towards a novel regime change framework: Studying mobility transitions in public transport regimes in an Indian megacity. Energy Research & Social Science 51, 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.12.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gjørv, G. H., 2012. Security by any other name: Negative security, positive security, and a multi-actor security approach. Review of International Studies 38, 835–859. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210511000751CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godzimirski, J. M., 2022. Protection of critical infrastructure in Norway – Factors, actors and systems. Security and Defence Quarterly 39, 45–62. https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/151964Google Scholar
Gorissen, L., Spira, F., Meynaerts, E., Valkering, P., Frantzeskaki, N., 2018. Moving towards systemic change? Investigating acceleration dynamics of urban sustainability transitions in the Belgian City of Genk. Journal of Cleaner Production 173, 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2016.12.052CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greim, P., Solomon, A. A., Breyer, C., 2020. Assessment of lithium criticality in the global energy transition and addressing policy gaps in transportation. Nature Communications 11, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18402-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffiths, S., 2019. Energy diplomacy in a time of energy transition. Energy Strategy Reviews 26, 100386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100386CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grin, J., Rotmans, J., Schot, J. W., 2010. Transitions to Sustainable Development New Directions in the Study of Long Term Transformative Change. Routledge, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groves, C., Henwood, K., Pidgeon, N., Cherry, C., Roberts, E., Shirani, F., Thomas, G., 2021. The future is flexible? Exploring expert visions of energy system decarbonisation. Futures 130, 102753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2021.102753CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hancock, K. J., Sovacool, B. K., 2018. International political economy and renewable energy: Hydroelectric power and the resource curse. International Studies Review 20, 615–632. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/vix058CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, L., 2012. Reconstructing desecuritisation: The normative-political in the Copenhagen School and directions for how to apply it. Review of International Studies 38, 525–546. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210511000581CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, S. T., Moe, E., 2022. Renewable energy expansion or the preservation of national energy sovereignty? Norwegian renewable energy policy meets resource nationalism. Political Geography 99, 102760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102760CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haukkala, T., 2018. A struggle for change – The formation of a green-transition advocacy coalition in Finland. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 27, 146–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.12.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Healy, N., Barry, J., 2017. Politicizing energy justice and energy system transitions: Fossil fuel divestment and a “just transition.” Energy Policy 108, 451–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.06.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hebinck, A., Diercks, G., von Wirth, T., Beers, P. J., Barsties, L., Buchel, S., Greer, R., van Steenbergen, F., Loorbach, D., 2022. An actionable understanding of societal transitions: The X-curve framework. Sustainability Science 1, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11625-021-01084-W/FIGURES/3Google Scholar
Heffron, R. J., Nuttall, W. J., 2017. Scotland, nuclear energy policy and independence, in: Wood, G., Baker, K. (Eds.), A Critical Review of Scottish Renewable and Low Carbon Energy Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 103–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinrich, A., 2018. Securitisation in the gas sector: Energy security debates concerning the example of the Nord Stream Pipeline, in: Szulecki, K. (Ed.), Energy Security in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 61–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64964-1_3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinrich, A., Szulecki, K., 2018. Energy securitisation: Applying the Copenhagen school’s framework to energy, in: Szulecki, K. (Ed.), Energy Security in Europe: Divergent Perceptions and Policy Challenges. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 33–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillion, C., 2019. Norway and the changing Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union, NUPI Report 1/2019. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo. Accessed October 10, 2023: https://nupi.brage.unit.no/nupi-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2582455/NUPI_Report_1_2019_Hillion.pdf.Google Scholar
HM Government, 2020. Energy white paper: Powering our net zero future. Her Majesty’s Government, London, UK. Accessed May 14, 2024. www.gov.uk/government/publications/energy-white-paper-powering-our-net-zero-futureGoogle Scholar
HM Government, 2021. Global Britain in a competitive age: The integrated review of security, defence, development and foreign policy (Policy Paper No. CP403). HM Government, UK. Accessed October 10, 2023: www.gov.uk/government/publications/global-britain-in-a-competitive-age-the-integrated-review-of-security-defence-development-and-foreign-policyGoogle Scholar
HM Government, 2023. Integrated review refresh 2023: Responding to a more contested and volatile world. His Majesty’s Government, London, UK. Accessed October 10, 2023: www.gov.uk/government/publications/integrated-review-refresh-2023-responding-to-a-more-contested-and-volatile-worldGoogle Scholar
Holmberg, R., 2008. Survival of the unfit: Path dependence and the Estonian oil shale industry. Linköping Studies in Arts and Science No. 427. Doctoral thesis, Linköping University, Sweden.Google Scholar
Holmgren, S., Pever, M., Fischer, K., 2019. Constructing low-carbon futures? Competing storylines in the Estonian energy sector’s translation of EU energy goals. Energy Policy 135, 111063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111063CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoogensen Gjørv, G., 2011. Gender, identity, and human security: Can we learn anything from the case of women terrorists? Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 12, 119–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2005.9673392CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoogensen Gjørv, G., 2012. Security by any other name: Negative security, positive security, and a multi-actor security approach. Review of International Studies 38, 835–859. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210511000751CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoogensen Gjørv, G., Bilgic, A., 2022. Positive Security: Collective Life in an Uncertain World. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoogma, R., Kemp, R., Schot, J., Truffer, B., 2002. Experimenting for Sustainable Transport: The Approach of Strategic Niche Management. Spon Press, London.Google Scholar
Howlett, M., How, Y., Del Rio, P., 2015. The parameters of policy portfolios: Verticality and horizontality in design spaces and their consequences for policy mix formulation. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X15610059CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Höysniemi, S., 2022. Energy futures reimagined: The global energy transition and dependence on Russian energy as issues in the sociotechnical imaginaries of energy security in Finland. Energy Research & Social Science 93, 102840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102840CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huda, M. S., 2020. Energy Cooperation in South Asia: Utilising Natural Resources for Peace and Sustainable Development. Routledge, New York & Abingdon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huttunen, S., Kaljonen, M., Lonkila, A., Rantala, S., Rekola, A., Paloniemi, R., 2021. Pluralising agency to understand behaviour change in sustainability transitions. Energy Research and Social Science 76, 102067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102067CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huttunen, S., Kivimaa, P., Virkamäki, V., 2014. The need for policy coherence to trigger a transition to biogas production. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 12: 14–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2014.04.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huysmans, J., 1998. Security! What do you mean?: From concept to thick signifier. European Journal of International Relations 4(2), 226–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IEA, 2018. Finland 2018 Review. International Energy Agency, Paris. Accessed October 10, 2023: www.iea.org/reports/energy-policies-of-iea-countries-finland-2018-reviewGoogle Scholar
IEA, 2019. Estonia 2019 Review. International Energy Agency, Paris. Accessed: May 14, 2024 www.iea.org/reports/energy-policies-of-iea-countries-estonia-2019-reviewGoogle Scholar
IEA, 2021. The role of critical minerals in clean energy transitions. International Energy Agency, Paris. Accessed October 10, 2023: www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitionsGoogle Scholar
IEA, 2022. Norway 2022: Energy policy review. International Energy Agency, Paris. Accessed October 10, 2023: www.iea.org/reports/norway-2022Google Scholar
IEA, 2023. Renewable energy. International Energy Agency, Paris. Accessed December 11, 2023: www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2022/renewable-electricityGoogle Scholar
IEA, 2024. About: Mission statement. Accessed 30 April 2024: www.iea.org/aboutGoogle Scholar
Isoaho, K., Markard, J., 2020. The politics of technology decline: Discursive struggles over coal phase-out in the UK. Review of Policy Research. https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12370CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jääskeläinen, J. J., Höysniemi, S., Syri, S., Tynkkynen, V. P., 2018. Finland’s dependence on Russian energy-mutually beneficial trade relations or an energy security threat? Sustainability (Switzerland) 10(10): 3445. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103445CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, K., Sovacool, B. K., McCauley, D., 2018. Humanizing sociotechnical transitions through energy justice: An ethical framework for global transformative change. Energy Policy 117, 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.02.036CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jewell, J., Brutschin, E., 2021. The politics of energy security, in: Hancock, K. J., Allison, J. E. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Energy Politics. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 247–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190861360.013.10Google Scholar
Joensuu, K., Väyrynen, L., Tolppanen, J., Karhu, L., Salmi, T., Hartikka, S., Leino, L., Viljanen, J., Smids, S., Hujanen, A., Sipilä, M., Huuskonen, A., 2021. Tuulivoimarakentamisen edistäminen: Keinoja sujuvaan hankekehitykseen ja eri tavoitteiden yhteensovitukseen. Publications of the Prime Minister’s Office 2021/51, Helsinki, Finland. Accessed October 10, 2023: https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/163302Google Scholar
Johansson, B., 2013. Security aspects of future renewable energy systems – A short overview. Energy 61, 598–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.09.023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, P., Kivimaa, P., 2018. Multiple dimensions of disruption, energy transitions and industrial policy. Energy Research and Social Science 37, 260–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, P., McLeish, C., 2022. World wars and sociotechnical change in energy, food, and transport: A deep transitions perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 174, 121206. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2021.121206CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, P., Newell, P., 2018. Sustainability transitions and the state. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 27, 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIST.2017.10.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, P., Rogge, K. S., Kivimaa, P., Farné Fratini, C., Primmer, E., 2021. Exploring the re-emergence of industrial policy: Perceptions regarding low-carbon energy transitions in Germany, the United Kingdom and Denmark. Energy Research & Social Science 74, 101889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101889CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, P., Rogge, K. S., Kivimaa, P., Fratini, C. F., Primmer, E., Stirling, A., 2020. Waves of disruption in clean energy transitions: Sociotechnical dimensions of system disruption in Germany and the United Kingdom. Energy Research and Social Science 59, 101287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101287CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, P., Stirling, A., 2020. Comparing nuclear trajectories in Germany and the United Kingdom: From regimes to democracies in sociotechnical transitions and discontinuities. Energy Research & Social Science 59, 101245. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2019.101245CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, P., Stirling, A., Sovacool, B., 2017. Policy mixes for incumbency: Exploring the destructive recreation of renewable energy, shale gas “fracking,” and nuclear power in the United Kingdom. Energy Research and Social Science 33, 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.09.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, A., Lenschow, A., 2010. Policy paper environmental policy integration: A state of the art review. Environmental Policy and Governance 20, 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.539CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, M., Hewitt, A., 2022. Depoliticization, participation and social art practice: On the function of social art practice for politicization. Art & the Public Sphere 11, 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1386/aps_00066_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juozaitis, J., 2020. The synchronization of the Baltic States’: Geopolitical implications on the Baltic Sea region and beyond. Energy Highlights. Nato Energy Security Centre of Excellence 1–17. Accessed October 10, 2023: https://enseccoe.org/data/public/uploads/2021/10/d1_baltic-states-synchronization-with-continental-european-network-navigating-the-hybrid-threat-landscape.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kainiemi, L., Karhunmaa, K., Eloneva, S., 2020. Renovation realities: Actors, institutional work and the struggle to transform Finnish energy policy. Energy Research & Social Science 70, 101778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101778CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalantzakos, S., Overland, I., Vakulchuk, R., 2023. Decarbonisation and critical materials in the context of fraught geopolitics: Europe’s distinctive approach to a net zero future. The International Spectator 58, 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2022.2157090CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaljonen, M., Kortetmäki, T., Tribaldos, T., Huttunen, S., Karttunen, K., Maluf, R. S., Niemi, J., Saarinen, M., Salminen, J., Vaalavuo, M., Valsta, L., 2021. Justice in transitions: Widening considerations of justice in dietary transition. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 40, 474–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIST.2021.10.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kama, K., 2016. Contending geo-logics: Energy security, resource ontologies, and the politics of expert knowledge in Estonia. Geopolitics 21, 831–856. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2016.1210129CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanger, L., Sovacool, B. K., Noorkõiv, M., 2020. Six policy intervention points for sustainability transitions: A conceptual framework and a systematic literature review. Research Policy 49, 104072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.104072CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlstrøm, H., Ryghaug, M., 2014. Public attitudes towards renewable energy technologies in Norway. The role of party preferences. Energy Policy 67, 656–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.11.049CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, P., 2006. A critique of critical geopolitics. Critique of critical geopolitics. Geopolitics 11, 24–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650040500524053CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemp, R., Schot, J., Hoogma, R., 1998. Regime shifts to sustainability through processes of niche formation: The approach of strategic niche management. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 10, 175–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537329808524310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kern, F., Howlett, M., 2009. Implementing transition management as policy reforms: A case study of the Dutch energy sector. Policy Sciences 42, 391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-009-9099-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kern, F., Kivimaa, P., Martiskainen, M., 2017. Policy packaging or policy patching? The development of complex energy efficiency policy mixes. Energy Research and Social Science 23, 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.11.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kester, J., Sovacool, B., 2017. Torn between war and peace: Critiquing the use of war to mobilize peaceful climate action. Energy Policy 104, 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.01.026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kester, J., Sovacool, B. K., Noel, L., Zarazua de Rubens, G., 2020. Between hope, hype, and hell: Electric mobility and the interplay of fear and desire in sustainability transitions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 35, 88–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2020.02.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kivimaa, P., 2008. Finland: Big is beautiful – Promoting bioenergy in regional-industrial contexts, in: Lafferty, W. M., Ruud, A. (Eds.), Promoting Sustainable Electricity in Europe: Challenging the Path Dependence of Dominant Energy Systems. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, pp. 159–188.Google Scholar
Kivimaa, P., 2022a. Policy and political (in)coherence, security and Nordic–Baltic energy transitions. Oxford Open Energy 1, oiac009. https://doi.org/10.1093/ooenergy/oiac009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kivimaa, P., 2022b. Transforming innovation policy in the context of global security. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 43, 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIST.2022.03.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kivimaa, P., Boon, W., Hyysalo, S., Klerkx, L., 2019. Towards a typology of intermediaries in sustainability transitions: A systematic review and a research agenda. Research Policy 48(4), 1062–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kivimaa, P., Brisbois, M. C., Jayaram, D., Hakala, E., Siddi, M., 2022. A socio-technical lens on security in sustainability transitions: Future expectations for positive and negative security. Futures 141, 102971. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUTURES.2022.102971CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kivimaa, P., Kangas, H.-L., Lazarevic, D., 2017. Client-oriented evaluation of “creative destruction” in policy mixes: Finnish policies on building energy efficiency transition. Energy Research and Social Science 33, 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.09.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kivimaa, P., Kern, F., 2016. Creative destruction or mere niche support? Innovation policy mixes for sustainability transitions. Research Policy 45, 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.09.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kivimaa, P., Laakso, S., Lonkila, A., Kaljonen, M., 2021. Moving beyond disruptive innovation: A review of disruption in sustainability transitions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 38, 110–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2020.12.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kivimaa, P., Martiskainen, M., 2018. Dynamics of policy change and intermediation: The arduous transition towards low-energy homes in the United Kingdom. Energy Research & Social Science 44, 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.04.032CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kivimaa, P., Rogge, K. S., 2022. Interplay of policy experimentation and institutional change in sustainability transitions: The case of mobility as a service in Finland. Research Policy 51, 104412. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESPOL.2021.104412CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kivimaa, P., Sivonen, M. H., 2021. Interplay between low-carbon energy transitions and national security: An analysis of policy integration and coherence in Estonia, Finland and Scotland. Energy Research and Social Science 75, 102024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102024CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kivimaa, P., Sivonen, M. H., 2023. How will renewables expansion and hydrocarbon decline impact security? Analysis from a socio-technical transitions perspective. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 48, 100744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2023.100744CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knox-Hayes, J., Brown, M. A., Sovacool, B. K., Wang, Y., 2013. Understanding attitudes toward energy security: Results of a cross-national survey. Global Environmental Change 23, 609–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.02.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, N., Tynkkynen, V.-P., 2021. The geopolitics of renewables in Kazakhstan and Russia. Geopolitics 26, 521–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2019.1583214CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koese, M., Blanco, C. F., Breeman, G., Vijver, M. G., 2022. Towards a more resource-efficient solar future in the EU: An actor-centered approach. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 45, 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2022.09.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Köhler, J., Geels, F. W., Kern, F., Markard, J., Onsongo, E., Wieczorek, A., Alkemade, F., Avelino, F., Bergek, A., Boons, F., Fünfschilling, L., Hess, D., Holtz, G., Hyysalo, S., Jenkins, K., Kivimaa, P., Martiskainen, M., McMeekin, A., Mühlemeier, M. S., Nykvist, B., Pel, B., Raven, R., Rohracher, H., Sandén, B., Schot, J., Sovacool, B., Turnheim, B., Welch, D., Wells, P., 2019. An agenda for sustainability transitions research: State of the art and future directions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 31, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2019.01.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koppel, K., 2022. Sõnajalgs hoping to bring two Aidu wind turbines online soon. ERR News 2.12.2022. Accessed August 25, 2023: https://news.err.ee/1608812890/sonajalgs-hoping-to-bring-two-aidu-wind-turbines-online-soonGoogle Scholar
Koretsky, Z., Stegmaier, P., Turnheim, B., Lente, H. van (Eds.), 2022. Technologies in Decline: Socio-Technical Approaches to Discontinuation and Destabilisation. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003213642CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korsnes, M., Loewen, B., Dale, R. F., Steen, M., Skjølsvold, T. M., 2023. Paradoxes of Norway’s energy transition: Controversies and justice. Climate Policy, available online. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2169238CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruyt, B., van Vuuren, D. P., de Vries, H. J. M., Groenenberg, H., 2009. Indicators for energy security. Energy Policy 37, 2166–2181. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2009.02.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuus, M., 2017. Critical Geopolitics, International Studies. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.137CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuzemko, C., 2014. Politicising UK energy: What “speaking energy security” can do. Policy and Politics 42, 259–274. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557312X655990CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuzemko, C., 2016. Energy depoliticisation in the UK: Destroying political capacity. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 18, 107–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.12068CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuzemko, C., Blondeel, M., Dupont, C., Brisbois, M. C., 2022. Russia’s war on Ukraine, European energy policy responses & implications for sustainable transformations. Energy Research & Social Science 93, 102842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102842CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuzemko, C., Keating, M., Goldthau, A., 2016. The Global Energy Challenge: Environment, Development and Security. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laakso, S., Aro, R., Heiskanen, E., Kaljonen, M., 2020. Reconfigurations in sustainability transitions: A systematic and critical review. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy 17, 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1836921Google Scholar
Lafferty, W., Hovden, E., 2003. Environmental policy integration: Towards an analytical framework. Environmental Politics 12, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644010412331308254CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawhon, M., Silver, J., Ernstson, H., Pierce, J., 2016. Unlearning (Un)located ideas in the provincialization of urban theory. Regional Studies 50(9), 1611–1622. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.11622CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawson, A., 2022. UK’s first lithium refinery to be built in boost for electric car industry. The Guardian 7.11.2022. Accessed October 10, 2023: www.theguardian.com/business/2022/nov/07/uk-lithium-refinery-electric-car-industry-green-lithium-pd-ports-teesportGoogle Scholar
Lederer, M., 2022. The promise of Prometheus and the opening up of Pandora’s Box: Anthropological geopolitics of renewable energy. Geopolitics 27, 655–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2020.1820486CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J., Bazilian, M., Sovacool, B., Hund, K., Jowitt, S. M., Nguyen, T. P., Månberger, A., Kah, M., Greene, S., Galeazzi, C., Awuah-Offei, K., Moats, M., Tilton, J., Kukoda, S., 2020. Reviewing the material and metal security of low-carbon energy transitions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 124, 109789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109789Google Scholar
Lempinen, H., 2019. “Barely surviving on a pile of gold”: Arguing for the case of peat energy in 2010s Finland. Energy Policy 128, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.12.041CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonard, A., Ahsan, A., Charbonnier, F., Hirmer, S., 2022. The resource curse in renewable energy: A framework for risk assessment. Energy Strategy Reviews 41, 100841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100841CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockwood, M., 2021. A hard act to follow? The evolution and performance of UK climate governance. Environmental Politics 30, 26–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2021.1910434CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockwood, M., Kuzemko, C., Mitchell, C., Hoggett, R., 2017. Historical institutionalism and the politics of sustainable energy transitions: A research agenda. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 35, 312–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X16660561Google Scholar
Lockwood, M., Mitchell, C., Hoggett, R., 2022. Energy governance in the United Kingdom, in: Knodt, M., Kemmerzell, J. (Eds.), Handbook of Energy Governance in Europe. Springer, Cham, pp. 1255–1285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubell, H., 1961. Security of supply and energy policy in Western Europe. World Politics 13, 400–422. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009482CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundvall, B. Å., Borrás, S., 2005. Science, technology and innovation policy, in: Fagerberg, J., Movery, D. C. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 599–631.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, D., Karlsen, A., Dawley, S., Steen, M., Afewerki, S., Kenzhegaliyeva, A., 2022. Legitimation, institutions and regional path creation: A cross-national study of offshore wind. Regional Studies 56, 644–655. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1861239CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacNeil, R., Beauman, M., 2022. Understanding resistance to just transition ideas in Australian coal communities. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 43, 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIST.2022.03.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mäkitie, T., 2020. Corporate entrepreneurship and sustainability transitions Resource redeployment of oil and gas industry firms in floating wind power. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 32, 474–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2019.1668553CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mäkitie, T., Normann, H. E., Thune, T. M., Sraml Gonzalez, J., 2019. The green flings: Norwegian oil and gas industry’s engagement in offshore wind power. Energy Policy 127, 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.12.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Månberger, A., Johansson, B., 2019. The geopolitics of metals and metalloids used for the renewable energy transition. Energy Strategy Reviews 26, 100394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100394CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Månsson, A., Johansson, B., Nilsson, L. J., 2014. Assessing energy security: An overview of commonly used methodologies. Energy 73, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2014.06.073CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marín, A., Goya, D., 2021. Mining – The dark side of the energy transition. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 41, 86–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIST.2021.09.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markard, J., 2020. The life cycle of technological innovation systems. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.045Google Scholar
Markard, J., Geels, F. W., Raven, R., 2020. Challenges in the acceleration of sustainability transitions. Environmental Research Letters 15, 081001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/AB9468CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markard, J., Raven, R., Truffer, B., 2012. Sustainability transitions: An emerging field of research and its prospects. Research Policy 41, 955–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.02.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mata Pérez, M. de la E., Scholten, D., Smith Stegen, K., 2019. The multi-speed energy transition in Europe: Opportunities and challenges for EU energy security. Energy Strategy Reviews 26, 100415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100415CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, P. J., Sapotichne, J., Workman, S., 2006. Policy coherence and policy domains. Policy Studies Journal 34, 381–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2006.00178.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCulloch, N., Natalini, D., Hossain, N., Justino, P., 2022. An exploration of the association between fuel subsidies and fuel riots. World Development 157, 105935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105935CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McSweeney, B., 1999. Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
MEAC, 2022. Gas market. Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications, Tallinn, Estonia. Accessed March 31, 2022: www.mkm.ee/en/objectives-activities/energy-sector/gas-market.Google Scholar
MEE, 2014. Tuulivoiman edistämistyöryhmän loppuraportti. Publications of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment 3/2014. Accessed October 10, 2023: https://tem.fi/documents/1410877/2859687/Tuulivoiman+edist%C3%A4misty%C3%B6ryhm%C3%A4n+loppuraportti+31032014.pdfGoogle Scholar
MEE, 2017. Government report on the National Energy and Climate Strategy for 2030. Publications of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment 12/2027, Helsinki, Finland. Accessed October 10, 2023: https://tem.fi/documents/1410877/2769658/Government+report+on+the+National+Energy+and+Climate+Strategy+for+2030/0bb2a7be-d3c2-4149-a4c2-78449ceb1976Google Scholar
MEE, 2022. Carbon neutral Finland 2035 – National climate and energy strategy. Publications of the Ministry of Economy Affairs and Employment 2022:55, Helsinki, Finland. Accessed October 10, 2023: https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/164323/TEM_2022_55.pdfGoogle Scholar
Michaux, S. P., 2021. Assessment of the extra capacity required of alternative energy electrical power systems to completely replace fossil fuels. GTK Open File Work Report 42/2021. Espoo.Google Scholar
Mickwitz, P., Aix, F., Beck, S., Carrs, D., Ferrand, N., Görg, C., Jenssen, A., Kivimaa, P., Kuhlicke, C., Kuindersma, W., Manez, M., Melanen, M., Monni, S., Pedersen, A. B., Reinert, H., van Bommel, S., 2009. Climate policy integration, coherence and governance. PEER Report No. 2. Partnership for European Environmental Research, Helsinki. Accessed October 10, 2023: https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/56076592/PEER_Report2.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Defence, 2019. Ministry of defence single departmental plan. Ministry of Defence, London UK. Accessed June 7, 2023: www.gov.uk/government/publications/ministry-of-defence-single-departmental-plan/ministry-of-defence-single-departmental-plan-2019Google Scholar
Ministry of Defence, 2021. Public opinion on national defence 2021. Estonian Ministry of Defence, Tallinn, Estonia. Accessed October 27, 2023: https://kaitseministeerium.ee/sites/default/files/elfinder/article_files/public_opinion_and_national_defence_2021_spring.pdfGoogle Scholar
MoD, 2015. Sustainable MOD strategy: Act & evolve. 2015–2025. Accessed October 10, 2023: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a803debed915d74e622d4d5/Sustainable_MOD_Strategy_2015-2025.pdfGoogle Scholar
MoD, 2021. Ministry of defence climate change and sustainability strategic approach. Ministry of Defence, London, UK. Accessed: May 14, 2024. www.gov.uk/government/publications/ministry-of-defence-climate-change-and-sustainability-strategic-approachGoogle Scholar
MoD, 2023. Puolustusmenot. Ministry of Defence, Helsinki, Finland. Accessed October 5, 2023: www.defmin.fi/ministerio/toiminta_ja_talous/puolustusmenot#5316504dGoogle Scholar
MoFA, 2020. Government report on Finnish foreign and security policy, 2020:32. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Helsinki, Finland. Accessed October 10, 2023: https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/162515Google Scholar
Morone, P., Lopolito, A., Anguilano, D., Sica, E., Tartiu, V. E., 2016. Unpacking landscape pressures on socio-technical regimes: Insights on the urban waste management system. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 20, 62–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIST.2015.10.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mowery, D. C., 2012. Defense-related R&D as a model for “grand Challenges” technology policies. Research Policy 41, 1703–1715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.03.027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munro, F., 2018. Renewable energy in Scotland: Extending the transition-periphery dynamics approach. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, Glasgow. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/8714/Google Scholar
Musiolik, J., Markard, J., Hekkert, M., 2012. Networks and network resources in technological innovation systems: Towards a conceptual framework for system building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 79, 1032–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2012.01.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myllyntaus, T., 1991. Electrifying Finland: The Transfer of a New Technology into a Late Industrialising Economy. Macmillan, London, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naber, R., Raven, R., Kouw, M., Dassen, T., 2017. Scaling up sustainable energy innovations. Energy Policy 110, 342–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.07.056CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neal, A. W., 2017. Security in a Small Nation: Scotland, Democracy, Politics. Open Book Publishers, Cambridge. Accessed October 10, 2023: www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/obp.0078CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nemes, G., Chiffoleau, Y., Zollet, S., Collison, M., Benedek, Z., Colantuono, F., Dulsrud, A., Fiore, M., Holtkamp, C., Kim, T.-Y., Korzun, M., Mesa-Manzano, R., Reckinger, R., Ruiz-Martínez, I., Smith, K., Tamura, N., Viteri, M. L., Orbán, É. 2021. The impact of COVID-19 on alternative and local food systems and the potential for the sustainability transition: Insights from 13 countries. Sustainable Production and Consumption 28, 591–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.06.022CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NESA, 2022. Vuosikatsaus/Annual report 2021. National Emergency Supply Agency, Helsinki, Finland. Accessed October 10, 2023: www.huoltovarmuuskeskus.fi/files/72ebfbbd7bb98ee70a14437fd291ab29638e854b/hvk-vuosikatsaus-2021.pdfGoogle Scholar
NESA, 2023. The national emergency supply agency. National Emergency Supply Agency, Helsinki, Finland. Accessed October 10, 2023: www.huoltovarmuuskeskus.fi/en/organisation/the-national-emergency-supply-agencyGoogle Scholar
Nilsson, M., Persson, Å., 2003. Framework for analysing environmental policy integration. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 5, 333–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908032000171648CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nilsson, M., Zamparutti, T., Petersen, J. E., Nykvist, B., Rudberg, P., McGuinn, J., 2012. Understanding policy coherence: Analytical framework and examples of sector-environment policy interactions in the EU. Environmental Policy and Governance 22, 395–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1589CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nokkala, Arto, 2014. Kyky ja tahto: Suomen puolustus murroksessa, Suomen puolustus murroksessa. Docendo, Jyväskylä.Google Scholar
Normann, S., 2021. Green colonialism in the Nordic context: Exploring Southern Saami representations of wind energy development. Journal of Community Psychology 49, 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22422CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2019. Meld. St. 27 (2018–2019) Report to the Storting (white paper) Norway’s role and interests in multilateral cooperation. Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo.Google Scholar
Novalia, W., McGrail, S., Rogers, B. C., Raven, R., Brown, R. R., Loorbach, D., 2022. Exploring the interplay between technological decline and deinstitutionalisation in sustainability transitions. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 180, 121703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121703CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyberg, D., Wright, C., Kirk, J., 2018. Dash for gas: Climate change, hegemony and the scalar politics of fracking in the UK. British Journal of Management 29, 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12291CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oesch, P., 2022. Energiahuoltovarmuus testissä. Maanpuolustus 142, 20–23. Accessed October 10, 2023: www.maanpuolustus-lehti.fi/energiahuoltovarmuus-testissa/Google Scholar
Ofgem, 2023. All available charts. Office of Gas and Electricity Markets, London, UK. Accessed October 10, 2023: www.ofgem.gov.uk/energy-data-and-research/data-portal/all-available-chartsGoogle Scholar
Onifade, S. T., Alola, A. A., Erdoğan, S., Acet, H., 2021. Environmental aspect of energy transition and urbanization in the OPEC member states. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, 17158–17169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12181-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osborne, S. P., 2006. The new public governance? Public Management Review 8, 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030600853022CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overland, I., 2019. The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths. Energy Research and Social Science 49, 36–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pakalkaitė, V., Posaner, J., 2019. The Baltics: Between competition and cooperation, in: Godzimirski, J. (Ed.), New Political Economy of Energy in Europe. Springer, pp. 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93360-3_9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paltsev, S., 2016. The complicated geopolitics of renewable energy. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 72, 390–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2016.1240476CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, S., 2023. Hydropower plant in Norway partly Collapses due to floods. Power Magazine 10.8.2023. Accessed September 11, 2023: www.powermag.com/hydropower-plant-in-norway-partly-collapses-due-to-floods/#:~:text=Record%2Dhigh%20river%20levels%20stemming,Eco%27s%20Braskereidfoss%20hydroelectric%20power%20plantGoogle Scholar
Pearson, P., Watson, J., 2012. UK Energy Policy 1980–2010: A history and lessons to be learnt. The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, UK.Google Scholar
Peoples, C., Vaughan-Williams, N., 2015. Critical Security Studies: An Introduction. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon.Google Scholar
Pesu, M., 2017. Koskiveneellä kohti valtavirtaa: Suomen puolustuspolitiikka kylmän sodan lopusta 2010-luvun kiristyneeseen turvallisuusympäristöön. Publications of the Ministry of Defence 1/2027, Helsinki, Finland. Accessed October 10, 2023: https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/79901Google Scholar
Pesu, M., Iso-Markku, T., 2020. The deepening Finnish-Swedish security and defence relationship, FIIA Briefing Paper 291. Finnish Institute for International Affairs, Helsinki, Finland. Accessed October 10, 2023: www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/bp291_the_finnish-swedish_security_and_defence_relationship.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pflugmann, F., De Blasio, N., 2020. The geopolitics of renewable hydrogen in low-carbon energy markets. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 12, 9–44. https://doi.org/10.22381/GHIR12120201Google Scholar
Piirimäe, K., 2020. From an “Army of Historians” to an “Army of Professionals”: History and the strategic culture in Estonia. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies 3, 100–113. https://doi.org/10.31374/SJMS.37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piotrowski, C. S., 2018. Security policy of the Baltic states and its determining factors. Security and Defence Quarterly 22, 46–70. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7586CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PMO, 2009. Finnish security and defence policy. Prime Minister’s Office, Finland. Accessed October 10, 2023: https://vnk.fi/julkaisu?pubid=3740Google Scholar
PMO, 2016. Government Report on Finnish Foreign and Security Policy. Prime Minister’s Office Publications 9/2016, Finland.Google Scholar
Pöntinen, P., 2023. Itärajasta ei tule tuuliparatiisia. Suomen kuvalehti 23.1.2023. Accessed October 10, 2023: https://suomenkuvalehti.fi/kotimaa/takaisku-ita-suomelle-ministerioiden-selvitysmies-tuulipuistojen-tutkahaittaa-mahdotonta-ratkaista-teknisesti/Google Scholar
Prause, G., Tuisk, T., Olaniyi, E. O., 2019. Between sustainability, social cohesion and security regional development in northeastern Estonia. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues 6, 1235–1254. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2019.6.3(13)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prosekov, A. Y., Ivanova, S. A., 2018. Food security: The challenge of the present. Geoforum 91, 73–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOFORUM.2018.02.030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qu, Y., Hooper, T., Swales, J. K., Papathanasopoulou, E., Austen, M. C., Yan, X., 2021. Energy-food nexus in the marine environment: A macroeconomic analysis on offshore wind energy and seafood production in Scotland. Energy Policy 149, 112027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.112027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quitzow, R., Thielges, S., 2022. The German energy transition as soft power. Review of International Political Economy 29, 598–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2020.1813190CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raik, K., Rikmann, E., 2021. Resisting domestic and external pressure towards de-Europeanization of foreign policy? The case of Estonia. Journal of European Integration 43, 603–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2021.1927011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raven, R., Van Den Bosch, S., Weterings, R., 2010. Transitions and strategic niche management: Towards a competence kit for practitioners. International Journal of Technology Management 51, 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTM.2010.033128CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regilme, S., Hartmann, H., 2019. Global shift, in: Romaniuk, S., Thapa, M., Marton, P. (Eds.), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_53-2Google Scholar
Resmonitor EU, 2021. Conflicts between national security reasons and wind energy development in Estonia. Resmonitor EU 25.10.2021. Accessed October 5, 2023: https://resmonitor.eu/en/ee/barriers/286/Google Scholar
Righettini, M. S., Lizzi, R., 2022. How scholars break down “policy coherence”: The impact of sustainable development global agendas on academic literature. Environmental Policy and Governance 32, 98–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1966CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rip, A., Kemp, R., 1998. Technological change, in: Rayner, S., Malone, E. L. (Eds.), Human Choice and Climate Change. Vol. II, Resources and Technology, Springer, Cham, pp. 327–399.Google Scholar
Ritchie, N., 2016. Nuclear identities and Scottish independence. The Nonproliferation Review 23, 653–675. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2017.1345517CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rock, M., Murphy, J. T., Rasiah, R., van Seters, P., Managi, S., 2009. A hard slog, not a leap frog: Globalization and sustainability transitions in developing Asia. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 76, 241–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2007.11.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roe, P., 2008. The “value” of positive security. Review of International Studies 34, 777–794. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210508008279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roe, P., 2012. Is securitization a “negative” concept? Revisiting the normative debate over normal versus extraordinary politics. Security Dialogue 43, 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010612443723CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers-Hayden, T., Hatton, F., Lorenzoni, I., 2011. “Energy security” and “climate change”: Constructing UK energy discursive realities. Global Environmental Change 21, 134–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogge, K. S., Johnstone, P., 2017. Exploring the role of phase-out policies for low-carbon energy transitions: The case of the German Energiewende. Energy Research and Social Science 33, 128–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogge, K. S., Reichardt, K., 2016. Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: An extended concept and framework for analysis. Research Policy 45, 1620–1635. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESPOL.2016.04.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbloom, D., Rinscheid, A., 2020. Deliberate decline: An emerging frontier for the study and practice of decarbonization. WIREs Climate Change 11, e669. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.669CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Runhaar, H., Wilk, B., Driessen, P., Dunphy, N., Persson, Å., Meadowcroft, J., Mullally, G., 2020. Policy integration, in: Biermann, F., Kim, R. (Eds.), Architectures of Earth System Governance: Institutional Complexity and Structural Transformation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 183–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Runhaar, H., Wilk, B., Persson, Å., Uittenbroek, C., Wamsler, C., 2018. Mainstreaming climate adaptation: Taking stock about “what works” from empirical research worldwide. Regional Environmental Change 18, 1201–1210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1259-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruostetsaari, I., 2010. Changing regulation and governance of Finnish energy policy making: New rules but old elites? Review of Policy Research 27, 273–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2010.00442.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruostetsaari, I., 2017. Stealth democracy, elitism, and citizenship in Finnish energy policy. Energy Research & Social Science 34, 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.06.022CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russel, D., Jordan, A., 2009. Joining up or pulling apart? The use of appraisal to coordinate policy making for sustainable development. Environment and Planning A 41, 1201–1216. https://doi.org/10.1068/a4142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russel, D. J., den Uyl, R. M., de Vito, L., 2018. Understanding policy integration in the EU – Insights from a multi-level lens on climate adaptation and the EU’s coastal and marine policy. Environmental Science and Policy 82, 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.12.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Safarzyńska, K., Frenken, K., Van Den Bergh, J. C. J. M., 2012. Evolutionary theorizing and modeling of sustainability transitions. Research Policy 41, 1011–1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.10.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santos Ayllón, L. M., Jenkins, K. E. H., 2023. Energy justice, just transitions and Scottish energy policy: A re-grounding of theory in policy practice. Energy Research & Social Science 96, 102922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102922CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholten, D., 2018. The geopolitics of renewables – An introduction and expectations, in: Scholten, D. (Ed.), The Geopolitics of Renewables, Springer, pp. 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67855-9_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholten, D., Bazilian, M., Overland, I., Westphal, K., 2020. The geopolitics of renewables: New board, new game. Energy Policy 138, 111059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111059CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholten, D., Bosman, R., 2016. The geopolitics of renewables; exploring the political implications of renewable energy systems. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 103, 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.10.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schönach, P., 2021. Rajattoman ilmakehän saastumista ja suojelua, in: Suomen Ympäristöhistoria: 1700-Luvulta Nykypäivään. Vastapaino, Tampere.Google Scholar
Schot, J., Geels, F. W., 2008. Strategic niche management and sustainable innovation journeys: Theory, findings, research agenda, and policy. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 20, 537–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537320802292651CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schot, J., Kanger, L., 2018. Deep transitions: Emergence, acceleration, stabilization and directionality. Research Policy 47(6), 1045–1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.03.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schot, J., Steinmueller, W. E., 2018. Three frames for innovation policy: R&D, systems of innovation and transformative change. Research Policy 47, 1554–1567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.08.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, W. R., 2001. Institutions and Organizations. Ideas, Interests and Identities. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
Scottish Government, 2022. Energy statistics for Scotland – Q2 2022. Scottish Government, Edinburgh, UK. Accessed October 6, 2023: www.gov.scot/publications/energy-statistics-for-scotland-q2-2022/pages/renewable-electricity-capacity/Google Scholar
Scottish Government, 2023. Draft energy strategy and just transition plan – Delivering a fair and secure zero carbon energy system for Scotland. Scottish Government, Edinburgh, UK. Accessed October 10, 2023: www.gov.scot/publications/draft-energy-strategy-transition-plan/Google Scholar
Scottish Renewables, 2023. Statistics. Accessed October 6, 2023: www.scottishrenewables.com/our-industry/statisticsGoogle Scholar
Sharples, J. D., 2016. The shifting geopolitics of Russia’s natural gas exports and their impact on EU-Russia gas relations. Geopolitics 21, 880–912. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2016.1148690CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shove, E., Walker, G., 2010. Governing transitions in the sustainability of everyday life. Research Policy, Special Section on Innovation and Sustainability Transitions 39, 471–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.01.019Google Scholar
Siddi, M., 2018. The role of power in EU–Russia energy relations: The interplay between markets and geopolitics. Europe – Asia Studies 70, 1552–1571. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1536925CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sillak, S., Kanger, L., 2020. Global pressures vs. local embeddedness: The de- and restabilization of the Estonian oil shale industry in response to climate change (1995–2016). Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 34, 96–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2019.12.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silvester, B. R., Fisker, J. K. 2023. A relational approach to the role of the state in societal transitions and transformations towards sustainability. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 47, 100717. DOI: 10.1016/j.eist.2023.100717CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivonen, M. H., Kivimaa, P., 2023. Politics in the energy-security nexus: An epistemic governance approach to the zero-carbon energy transition in Finland, Estonia, and Norway. Environmental Sociology, available online. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2023.2251873Google Scholar
Skjølsvold, T. M., Ryghaug, M., Throndsen, W., 2020. European island imaginaries: Examining the actors, innovations, and renewable energy transitions of 8 islands. Energy Research & Social Science 65, 101491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101491CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A., Raven, R., 2012. What is protective space? Reconsidering niches in transitions to sustainability. Research Policy 41, 1025–1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.12.012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A., Voß, J. P., Grin, J., 2010. Innovation studies and sustainability transitions: The allure of the multi-level perspective and its challenges. Research Policy 39, 435–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESPOL.2010.01.023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith Stegen, K., 2015. Heavy rare earths, permanent magnets, and renewable energies: An imminent crisis. Energy Policy 79, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.12.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sörlin, S., Dale, B., Keeling, A., & Larsen, J. N. 2022. Patterns of Arctic extractivism: Past and present, in: Sörlin, S. (Ed.), Resource Extraction and Arctic Communities: The New Extractivist Paradigm. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, pp. 35–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sovacool, B. 2019. The precarious political economy of cobalt: Balancing prosperity, poverty, and brutality in artisanal and industrial mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Extractive Industries and Society 6(3), 915–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EXIS.2019.05.018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sovacool, B. K., Hook, A., Martiskainen, M., Baker, L., 2019. The whole systems energy injustice of four European low-carbon transitions. Global Environmental Change 58, 101958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101958CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sovacool, B. K., Mukherjee, I., 2011. Conceptualizing and measuring energy security: A synthesized approach. Energy 36, 5343–5355. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2011.06.043CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sovacool, B. K., Turnheim, B., Martiskainen, M., Brown, D., Kivimaa, P., 2020. Guides or gatekeepers? Incumbent-oriented transition intermediaries in a low-carbon era. Energy Research and Social Science 66, 101490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101490CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Statistics Estonia, 2021. Ida-Viru county. Accessed November 12, 2021: www.stat.ee/en/find-statistics/statistics-region/ida-viru-countGoogle Scholar
Statistics Estonia, 2023. Energy. Accessed October 4, 2023: www.stat.ee/en/find-statistics/statistics-theme/energy-and-transport/energyGoogle Scholar
Statistics Finland, 2022. Share of energy imported from Russia 34 per cent of total energy consumption in 2021. Accessed October 5, 2023: www.stat.fi/en/publication/cl1xmekvw1pp80buvn1cznxmyGoogle Scholar
Statistics Finland, 2023. Energian hankinta ja kulutus. Accessed October 5, 2023: www.stat.fi/tilasto/ehkGoogle Scholar
Statistics Norway, 2023a. Production and consumption of energy, energy balance and energy account. Accessed October 5, 2023: www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/11561/Google Scholar
Statistics Norway, 2023b. Electricity. Accessed October 5, 2023: www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/elektrisitetGoogle Scholar
Stenvall, J., Kinder, T., Kuoppakangas, P., Laitinen, I., 2018. Unlearning and public services – A case study with a Vygotskian approach. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education 24(2), 188–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477971418818570CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stirling, A., 2019. How deep is incumbency? A “configuring fields” approach to redistributing and reorienting power in socio-material change. Energy Research & Social Science 58, 101239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101239CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strambo, C., Nilsson, M., Månsson, A., 2015. Coherent or inconsistent? Assessing energy security and climate policy interaction within the European Union. Energy Research and Social Science 8, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.04.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Štreimikiene, D., Strielkowski, W., Bilan, Y., Mikalauskas, I., 2016. Energy dependency and sustainable regional development in the Baltic States – A review. Geographica Pannonica 20, 79–87. https://doi.org/10.5937/GeoPan1602079SCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Studemeyer, C. C., 2019. Cooperative agendas and the power of the periphery: The US, Estonia, and NATO after the Ukraine crisis. Geopolitics 24, 787–810. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2018.1496911CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szulecki, K. (Ed.), 2018a. Energy Security in Europe: Divergent Perceptions and Policy Challenges. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64964-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szulecki, K., 2018b. The multiple faces of energy security: An introduction, in: Szulecki, K. (Ed.), Energy Security in Europe: Divergent Perceptions and Policy Challenges. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szulecki, K., Kusznir, J., 2018. Energy security and energy transition: Securitisation in the electricity sector, in: Szulecki, K. (Ed.), Energy Security in Europe Divergent Perceptions and Policy Challenges. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 107–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szulecki, K., Westphal, K., 2018. Taking security seriously in EU energy governance: Crimean shock and the energy union, in: Szulecki, K. (Ed.), Energy Security in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 177–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tafon, R., Howarth, D., Griggs, S., 2019. The politics of Estonia’s offshore wind energy programme: Discourse, power and marine spatial planning. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 37, 157–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654418778037Google Scholar
Toke, D., Vezirgiannidou, S.-E., 2013. The relationship between climate change and energy security: Key issues and conclusions. Environmental Politics 22, 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2013.806631CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tõnurist, P., 2015. Framework for analysing the role of state owned enterprises in innovation policy management: The case of energy technologies and Eesti Energia. Technovation 38, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHNOVATION.2014.08.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tosun, J., Lang, A., 2017. Policy integration: Mapping the different concepts. Policy Studies 38, 553–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2017.1339239CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trombetta, M. J., 2009. Environmental security and climate change: Analysing the discourse. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 21, 585–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570802452920CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Truffer, B., Rohracher, H., Kivimaa, P., Raven, R., Alkemade, F., Carvalho, L., Feola, G., 2022. A perspective on the future of sustainability transitions research. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 42, 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIST.2022.01.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuathail, G. Ó., 1999. Understanding critical geopolitics: Geopolitics and risk society. The Journal of Strategic Studies 22, 107–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnheim, B., Geels, F. W., 2012. Regime destabilisation as the flipside of energy transitions: Lessons from the history of the British coal industry (1913–1997). Energy Policy, Special Section: Past and Prospective Energy Transitions – Insights from History 50, 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.060CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnheim, B., Geels, F. W., 2013. The destabilisation of existing regimes: Confronting a multi-dimensional framework with a case study of the British coal industry (1913–1967). Research Policy, 42, 1749–1767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.04.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnheim, B., Kivimaa, P., Berkhout, F., 2018. Innovating Climate Governance Moving beyond Experiments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tynkkynen, V.-P., 2021. The Energy of Russia: Hydrocarbon Culture and Climate Change. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.Google Scholar
Umbach, F., 2010. Global energy security and the implications for the EU. Energy Policy 38, 1229–1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UN, 1987. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. United Nations, Geneva.Google Scholar
UN, 1994. Human Development Report 1994: New Dimensions of Human Security. United Nations, Geneva.Google Scholar
Upham, P., Kivimaa, P., Mickwitz, P., Åstrand, K., 2014. Climate policy innovation: A sociotechnical transitions perspective. Environmental Politics 23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2014.923632CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vakulchuk, R., Øverland, I., Scholten, D., 2020. Renewable energy and geopolitics: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 122, 109547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109547CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van de Graaf, T., 2018. Battling for a shrinking market: Oil producers, the renewables revolution, and the risk of stranded assets, in: Scholten, D. (Ed.), The Geopolitics of Renewables. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 97–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67855-9_4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van de Graaf, T., Overland, I., Scholten, D., Westphal, K., 2020. The new oil? The geopolitics and international governance of hydrogen. Energy Research & Social Science 70, 101667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101667CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Laak, W. W. M., Raven, R. P. J. M., Verbong, G. P. J., 2007. Strategic niche management for biofuels: Analysing past experiments for developing new biofuel policies. Energy Policy 35, 3213–3225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.11.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Vleuten, E., 2019. Radical change and deep transitions: Lessons from Europe’s infrastructure transition 1815–2015. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 32, 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIST.2017.12.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Driel, H., Schot, J., 2005. Radical innovation as a multilevel process: Introducing floating grain elevators in the Port of Rotterdam. Technology and Culture 46(1), 51–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Mierlo, B., Beers, P. J., 2020. Understanding and governing learning in sustainability transitions: A review. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 34, 255–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIST.2018.08.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Oers, L., Feola, G., Runhaar, H., Moors, E., 2023. Unlearning in sustainability transitions: Insight from two Dutch community-supported agriculture farms. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 46, 100693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2023.100693CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanttinen, P., 2022. Estonia develops its first offshore wind farms. Euractiv 7.11.2022. Accessed October 4, 2023: www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/estonia-develops-its-first-offshore-wind-farms/Google Scholar
Varho, V., 2007. Calm or storm? Wind power actors’ perceptions of Finnish wind power and its future, Environmentalica Fennica. Doctoral thesis, University of Helsinki, Helsinki. Accessed October 10, 2023: https://helda.helsinki.fi/items/9864c1bf-979a-483e-ab32-e1b81dba5041Google Scholar
Vasser, M., 2021. Estonia: From shale to gale. Acid News 16–17.Google Scholar
Verbong, G. P. J., Geels, F. W., 2010. Exploring sustainability transitions in the electricity sector with socio-technical pathways. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 77, 1214–1221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2010.04.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vesa, J., Gronow, A., Ylä-Anttila, T., 2020. The quiet opposition: How the pro-economy lobby influences climate policy. Global Environmental Change 63, 102117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102117CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Victor, D. G., Jaffe, A. M., Hayes, M. H., 2006. Natural Gas and Geopolitics: From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vihma, A., Reischl, G., Andersen, A. N., 2021. A climate backlash: Comparing populist parties’ climate policies in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. The Journal of Environment and Development 30, 219–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/10704965211027748CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von der Leyen, U., 2023. Statement by President von der Leyen at the joint press conference with Norwegian Prime Minister Støre, NATO Secretary-General Stoltenberg and CEO Opedal, 17.3.2023. Accessed October 4, 2023: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_23_1723Google Scholar
Wæver, O., 1995. Securitization and desecuritization, in: On Security. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 46–87.Google Scholar
Wæver, O., 2011. Politics, security, theory. Security Dialogue 42(4–5), 465. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010611418718CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willrich, M., 1976. International energy issues and options. Annual Review of Energy 1, 743–772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, J. D., 2018. Whatever happened to the rare earths weapon? Critical materials and international security in Asia. Asian Security 14, 358–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2017.1397977CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, S., 2022. Energy firms dominate Insider’s Top500 Scottish companies. Insider 25.2.2022. Accessed October 6, 2023: www.insider.co.uk/special-reports/energy-firms-dominate-insiders-top500-26298171Google Scholar
Winzer, C., 2012. Conceptualizing energy security. Energy Policy 46, 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2012.02.067CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wither, J. K., 2020. Back to the future? Nordic total defence concepts. Defence Studies 20, 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2020.1718498CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfers, A., 1952. “National Security” as an ambiguous symbol. Political Science Quarterly 67, 481–502. https://doi.org/10.2307/2145138CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, M., 2017. Depoliticisation: What Is It and Why Does It Matter? Sheffield Political Economy Research Institute, Sheffield.Google Scholar
Wrange, J., Bengtsson, R., 2019. Internal and external perceptions of small state security: The case of Estonia. European Security 28, 449–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2019.1665517CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yates, J., 2022. The National Grid Rip-Off. Tribune, London.Google Scholar
Yazar, M., Haarstad, H., 2023. Populist far right discursive-institutional tactics in European regional decarbonization. Political Geography 105, 102936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2023.102936CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yergin, D., 1988. Energy security in the 1990s. Foreign Affairs 67(1), 110–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yergin, D., 2009. It’s still the one – ProQuest. Foreign Policy 174, 89–95.Google Scholar
Ylönen, M., Litmanen, T., Kojo, M., Lindell, P., 2017. The (de)politicisation of nuclear power: The Finnish discussion after Fukushima. Public Understanding of Science 26, 260–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662515613678CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Żuk, P., Szulecki, K., 2020. Unpacking the right-populist threat to climate action: Poland’s pro-governmental media on energy transition and climate change. Energy Research and Social Science 66, 101485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101485CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Paula Kivimaa, Finnish Environment Institute
  • Book: Security in Sustainable Energy Transitions
  • Online publication: 23 November 2024
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Paula Kivimaa, Finnish Environment Institute
  • Book: Security in Sustainable Energy Transitions
  • Online publication: 23 November 2024
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Paula Kivimaa, Finnish Environment Institute
  • Book: Security in Sustainable Energy Transitions
  • Online publication: 23 November 2024
Available formats
×