Index
Canada
enhanced damages, 95
lost profits availability, 56
preliminary injunctions, 124
reasonable royalty factors, 14
China
antimonopoly law, 222
bundling, 225
calculating damages, 201
damages, 8
disgorgement, 79
enhanced damages, 95
exclusionary abuses, 219
litigation cost recovery, 105
lost profit awards, 58
lost profits availability, 58
Chinese Patent Act
disgorgement, 79
competition law
anticompetitive effects, 216
antitrust agencies, 206
behavioral remedies, 233
EU competition law, 207
exceptionalism, 207
excessive pricing, 224
future licensing, 218
goals, 204
holdout, 212
holdup, 212
level discrimination, 226
monetary remedies, 232
multi-level licensing, 228
patent acquisition, 231
patent pools, 228
price discrimination, 224
privateering, 230
refusal to supply, 221
unfair trading conditions, 220
complementarity, 20
enhanced damages,
calculating multipliers, 288
catch-me-if-you-can problem, 98
criminal sanctions, 96
detering beneficial challenges, 100
effect on patent reading, 101
EU Enforcement Directive, 94
holdout, 98
objective recklessness, 92
promoting innovation, 97
purpose, 97
underdetection, 100
willfulness findings, study of, 92
France
disgorgement, 78
injunctions, abuse of rights, 142
lost profits availability, 57
preliminary injunctions, 124
FRAND
abuse of rights, 190
bottom up approach, 168
comity device, 176
enhanced damages, 163
FRAND royalty rates, 167
Georgia-Pacific factors, 162
holdout, 164
infringement notification, 178
injunctive relief,
jurisdictional issues, 184
licensing offer, 179
monetary damages,
proportionality, 189
reasonable royalty calculation, 162
refusal to license, 166
standard-essential patents, 164
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, 165
Georgia-Pacific
alternatives, 16
criticism of, 14
factors, 14
fundamental questions, 15
incremental value, division of, 24
post-infringement evidence, 32
restructuring analysis, 15
similar factors, Canada, 14
similar factors, Germany, 14
similar factors, Japan, 14
Germany
disgorgement, 77
FRAND, implimenter response, 182
FRAND, infringement notification, 178
FRAND, licensing offer, 179
FRAND, monetary damages, 165
FRAND, royalty calculation, 181
hypothetical bargain, information available, 28
level discrimination, 226
lost profits availability, 57
preliminary injunctions, 124
reasonable royalty factors, 14
holdout,
calculating multipliers, 288
competition law, 212
definition, 284
European holdout model, 284
fee shifting, 287
injunctive relief, 286
litigation costs, 285
transaction cost reforms, 289
underdetection, 287
underdetection and enhanced damages, 287
holdup,
apportionment problem, 258
assessing excessive royalty, 296
asymmetric stakes in litigation, 287
competition law, 212
competitive markets, 266
definitions, 254
difficulty assessing royalty, 269
distinguishing royalty stacking, 294
downstream firms, 266
early negotiation, 264
economic literature, 302
elasticity of demand, 268
evidence of systematic problem, 294
ex ante licensing, 271
ex ante negotiation, 272
ex post royalties, 255
fairness-based norms, 273
hindesight bias, 282
inelastic demand, 267
injunctive relief, 268
liability rule, 279
licensing business model, 270
litigation costs, 263
lost profit damages, 269
mitigating mechanisms, 271
network effect appropriation, 256
network effect value, 297
overcompensatory jury awards, 282
patent ambush, 297
patent central to product, 263
patentee pays switching costs, 275
probabilistic patents, 259
redesign cost, 262
repeat bargaining, 273
royalty burden of proof, 281
stay of injunction, 274
study of, 299
sunk R&D costs, 265
undercompensatory damages, 279
unwilling licensor, 275
incremental value, 19
best patented alternative, 241
comparables, 26
course of dealing, 26
custom of the industry, 26
definition, 17
determining value, 242
division of, 23
economic value, 19
relevant evidence, 26
royalty benchmark, 239
value to different users, 242
Indian Patent Act
lost profits, 58
injunctions
as a matter of right, 125
automatic injunctions, 125
burden on the public, 117
causal nexus, 129
civil law systems,
design around, 124
discretionary, 125
eBay factors, 127
economic arguments, 118
empirical factors, 128
expected harms, 123
good faith, 138
harm to enjoined parties, 148
harm to the public, 150
harm to third parties, 149
incremental worth, 148
indirect monetary value, 115
irreparable harm, 129
liability rule, 119
matter of right, 141
noncompensable harm, 151
ongoing reasonable royalty, 157
oppressive to defendant, 136
over-reach, 121
permanent injunction, 127
property rules, 119
proportionality, 140
rationales, 115
scale of infringement, 147
switching costs, 118
transaction costs, 277
United Kingdom,
United States,
interest,
Federal Reserve survey rate, 113
restitutionary interest rate award, 113
undercompensatory prejudgement interest, 111
Italy
injunctions, abuse of rights, 142
litigation cost recovery,
costshifting, study of, 109
effects of awarding costs, 108
EU Enforcement Directive, 104
exceptionality requirement, 107
lost profits,
apportionment, 66
availability, 52,
awards, study of, 55
compensable lost sales, 64
convoyed sales, 64
definition, 50
derivative sales, 65
emotional harm, 69
forseeable lost profits, 54
future losses, 69
harm to subsidiaries, 69
loss of chance, 71
lost economies of scale, 69
mixed awards, 55
non-infringing alternatives, 60
objective, 50
opportunity costs, 69
Panduit factors, 53
price erosion, 51
reputational damage, 69
standard, United States, 53
study of, 58
unpatented products, 64
unwitting infringer, 56
Model Patent Jury Instructions, 15
NBS (Nash Bargaining Solution)
incremental value, division of, 24
non-infringing alternative, 20
NPE (nonpracticing entity), 7
Poland
FRAND, abuse of rights, 183
proposed further research, competition law
constraints on licensing terms, 238
flexibility of antitrust remedies, 238
injunctive relief, 238
level discrimination, 238
trade offs with patent law, 237
use of patent pools, 238
proposed further research, disgorgement
accounting of profits, 82
availability, 81
burden of proof, apportionment, 89
proposed further research, enhanced damages
justifiable variations across jurisdictions, 104
patent reading, 104
proposed further research, holdup
accuracy of damages and injunctive relief, 284
proposed further research, interest
rates awarded in U.S. courts, 114
simple versus compound interest, 114
proposed further research, litigation cost recovery
awards under Equal Access to Justice Act, 111
practical aspects of fee shifting, 111
reduce cost of litigation over fees, 110
settlements in countries with mandatory fee shifting, 111
reasonable royalty,
analytical approach, 11
anchoring, 43
bottom-up approach, 16
calibration, 49
comparable licenses, 33
complements, 20
contingent ex ante approach, 31
established royalty rate, 12
expert evidence, 47
Georgia-Pacific factors, 14
incremental value, division of, 23
industry standard rates, 12
information set, 30
kickers, 48
overcompensatory, 43
patented non-infringing alternatives, 20
principal recommendation,
proof of damages, 47
restitutionary view, 9
restorative view, 8
timing of hypothetical bargain, 28
top-down approach, 12
recommendations, disgorgement
accounting of profits, correct approach, 85
cost savings, 61
discretion of the court, 81
elect accounting or damages, 88
fixed costs, 86
U.S. design patent approach, 84
recommendations, FRAND
assessing royalty rates, 171
balancing equities, 190
conditions on injunctive relief, 190
recommendations, injunctions
against automatic injunctions, 144
discretionary award, 144
disproportionate harm, 146
proportionality, 145
recommendations, interest
rates reflecting cost of borrowing, 114
reconsideration of statutory rates, 114
recommendations, litigation cost recovery
compensate costs actually incurred, 110
more generous costshifting rules, 110
recommendations, lost profits
“but-for” causation, 59
defining “profit,” 61
preferred measure, 58
recognize non-infringing alternatives, 61
recoverable losses, 65
substitutability of non-infringing alternatives, 62
recommendations, reasonable royalty
ancillary services or risks taken, 25
apply comparables and market evidence with caution, 41
comparables, 34
contingent ex ante approach, 31
entire market value, 46
expert evidence, 47
flexible approach to hypothetical bargain, 29
hypothetical bargain framework, 22
incremental value over patented alternative, 21
kickers, 49
principal recommendation, 16
royalties commensurate with value, 19
using competent evidence, 27
Taiwan
enhanced damages, 96
U.S. Patent Act
disgorgement, design patents, 75
injunctions, 127
lost profits, 52
prejudgement interest presumption, 111
UK Patent Act
lost profits availability, 55
United Kingdom
enhanced damages, availability, 94
FRAND, 169
hypothetical bargain, 11
preliminary injunctions, 124
tying, 225
willing licensing, 212
United States
apportionment, 66
consent decrees, 234
disgorgement, availability, 75
enhanced damages, 288
forseeable lost profits, 54
jury bias, 282
litigation cost recovery, 106
lost profit awards, 55
Patent Act, lost profits, 52
post-judgment interest, 112
prejudgement interest presumption, 111
preliminary injunctions, 124
proof of reasonable royalty damages, 47
royalty rates awarded by juries, 43
unfair competition, 218
willing licensee, 212
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