It has come to the author's attention that a number of footnotes are incomplete or missing.
Footnote 5 should read:
The maritime frontier of Northern China has not been examined comprehensively in the West. For example, Jane Kate Leonard published an interesting article concerning the Qing's strategic vision of the maritime space on the northeast coast of China from a “sea transport perspective (haiyun)”, but this paper only consists of 14 pages. See Jane Kate Leonard, “The Qing Strategic Highway on the Northeast Coast”, in Angela Schottenhammer and Roderich Ptak (eds.), The Perception of Maritime Space in Traditional Chinese Sources (Wiesbaden, 2006), pp. 27–41. Christopher Agnew wrote a fascinating piece, which focuses on Dengzhou and the Bohai Sea from a “regional integration perspective”, but it only touches upon the period, covering a few decades in the late Ming. Yet I have to admit that in this paper a substantial part of the history of Dengzhou during the Ming period is drawn from Agnew's research. See C. Agnew, “Dengzhou and the Bohai Gulf in Seventeenth Century Northeast Asia”, in Kenneth R. Hall (ed.), The Growth of Non-Western Cities: Primary and Secondary Urban Networking, c. 900-1900 (Lanham, 2011), pp. 171–195 and “Migrants and Mutineers: The Rebellion of Kong Youde and Seventeenth-Century Northeast Asia”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 52 no. 3 (2009), pp 505–541. Even though the maritime frontier of North Asia was the subject of the First International Seminar on Commissioner Chang Pogo and Ancient Tang-Sila-Japan Maritime Relations (conference held in Wando, Republic of Korea, November 1992), most of the papers have not yet been published. After all, other than Tianjin and Port Arthur, most Anglophone readers are not very familiar with the functions and histories of port cities in Northern China. Compared to the southern coast, the northern coast is a subject that awaits further studies.
On page 172, the following footnote is missing after this sentence: “It was at the same time as a military harbour supporting the Mongol invasions of the Japanese islands in 1274 and 1281 during Kublai Khan's rule”: see Agnew, “Migrants and Mutineers”, p. 509.
On page 173, the following footnote is missing after this sentence: “…the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) deployed 6,700 soldiers to the Jinan and Dengzhou garrisons”: see Agnew, “Migrants and Mutineers”, p. 514.
On page 173, the footnote after this sentence is incomplete: “The war junks and merchant ships anchored along the coast are uncountable”. It should read: see Yi Man-song, Gye he jo chen rok, p. 335. Quote translated by Agnew, “Migrants and Mutineers”, p. 511.
On page 173, the footnote after this sentence is incomplete: “The use of military force to ensure order is critical…”. It should read: Chen Zhongsheng, “Dengzhou fu xinjian chayuan ji”, collected in the Daoguang chong xiu Penglai xian zhi (Nanjing, 2004), Vol. 12, p. 225. Quote translated by Agnew, “Migrants and Mutineers”, p. 513.
On page 173, the final sentence should read: “…rebellion and the subsequent campaign between the Ming government and these ‘rebels’ severely and dramatically devastated the cityscape, infrastructure, and socio-development of Dengzhou”.
On page 174, the following footnote is missing after this sentence: “…once seen and heard throughout the area, will probably never be known again”: Ibid., p. 506.
