Index

Eavan O'Dochartaigh

doi:10.1017/9781108992794.010

Index

accuracy, 1, 115, 143, 147–148, 156–157, see also authenticity

Ackermann & Co., 125, 143, 145, 166, 171

activity, 130–136, 141, 167–168, see also Arctic, representations of

Adams, Edward

copying of sketches by, 49

home-making, 36

Koutoküdluk – My First Love, 41–43

painting, 41–43, 73

on summer, 45, 47

Admiralty, 16, 23, 24, 117, 145, see also officers

Admiralty Manual of Scientific Enquiry, The (ed. Herschel), 26–27, 29, 99, 139

adornments, 35

advertisements, 58, 66, 70

aesthetics, 5, 6–7, 10, 23, 25, 31, 82, see also picturesque; sublime

Agassiz, Louis, 26, 146, 149

Agnew, John, 10

Ahmoleen’s Map of Behring’s Straits (Hooper), 102

Ainsworth, William Harrison, 75

Akínârssuk, 28

Alaska, 8, 15

Aldrich, Robert Dawes, 29, 36–38

‘All’s Well’ (Dibdin), 36

Alps, 155

Altick, Richard, 68

amateur status of artists, 5, 7, 21, 24, 145, see also search expeditions, visual materials of

Analysis of Beauty (Hogarth), 6

Antarctica, 172, 178

anthropology, 32, 48

anthropomorphism, 82, 92, 129–130, see also Arctic, representations of

apocalyptic imagery, 129–130

appearances, women’s, 103, see also women

Archer, Frederick Scott, 47

archives, 21, 23–24

Arctic. See also exploration

climate change, 179

commodification of, 2, 7, 18

defining, 15

exploitation of, 179

flora, 47, 83, 95–98

Indigenous population, 8–9, 15

map of, 9

modern perception of, 178–179

sovereignty, 179

topography, 30

Arctic, representations of. See also authenticity

overview, 2, 9–

activity, 130–136, 141, 167–168

aesthetic categories, 7

anthropomorphism, 82, 92, 129–130

danger, 55, 90–93, 157, 163–164, 175–177

dark skies, 152, 153, 159–

exploration, 8

exploration narratives, influencing, 82, 85, 86–88

facial expressions, 168, 169, 171, 172

Indigenous people, absence of, 8, 83, 130

‘man versus nature’ trope, 82, 131, 144, 172–173, 178, 179

masculinity, 4, 8, 10–11, 65, 83

in popular culture, 44

ships, 129, 159

snow, 43, 95, 152, 153

sublime, 6

whaling industry, 5–6

winter, 8, 43, 95

Arctic, transformation of

overview, 2, 7, 18–19, 176–178

in exploration narratives, 106–112

in lithograph folios, 167–168

Arctic Boat Journey in the Autumn of 1854, An (Hayes), 34, 87

‘Arctic Charivari’, 58, 66

Arctic Circle, 9, 15

Arctic Dreams (Haycock), 31

Arctic environment

engagement with, 5, 10, 31, 152, 153–155

in exploration narratives, 82, 93–95

familiarity with, 16, 52, 67, 72, 94

intimacy with, 33, 65–66, 94–95

locality, 70, 82, 94–95, 112

in periodicals, 55–57, 72

responses to, 22

Arctic Explorations (Kane), 81, 93

Arctic Hell-Ship (Barr), 10, 52

Arctic Miscellanies (Officers and Seamen of the Expedition), 55, 59, 74, 76, 78

‘Arctic Philharmonic Entertainments’, 59

Arctic Voyage to Baffin’s Bay, An (Goodsir), 81

Armstrong, Alex, 162, 163

Armstrong, Isobel, 4

Art Journal, 121, 125

artists, professional, 5, 24

Assistance (ship), 17, 51, 53

Assistance Bay, 74

Assistance Harbour, 96, 97

Assistance library

Admiralty Manual, 26

aesthetics, absence of books on, 23, 24

exploration narratives, 85, 94

geology, 149

periodicals, 53, 66

popular authors, 26

Atlantic approach, 90, 101

audiences, 4, 146, 173

aurora borealis, 67, 137–141

‘Aurora Borealis’ (periodical), 55, 58, 63, 73, 76

Austin expedition. See also specific people and periodicals from expedition

cultural activities, 73–75

homosocial environment, 74–75

Markham on, 66

McDougall on, 94–95

periodicals, 54–55, 58

visual materials from, 36

Austin, Horatio, 17, 29

authenticity

Critical Position of H.M.S. Investigator, 11

lithographs, 143, 144

of representations, 5, 11

Stray Leaves, 107

Summer and Winter Views, 1, 114, 120–121, 126, 148

autumn, 48

Aylen, John F. R., 27, 32–33

Back, George, 68

Baffin Bay, 2, 5, 36, 45, 90–91, 98

Baffin Island, 15

Baillie, John, 6

Ballast Beach, 162, 163

Baltic Fleet, 37

Banks Island, 15, 73, 156

Barker, Henry Aston, 117

Barker, Robert, 117

barometers, 71

Barr, William, 10, 52, 172

Barrow, John, 67, 77, 84

Bayly, Thomas Haynes, 37

bears, 69, 135

Beattie, James, 94

Beattie, Owen, 70

Beechey Island, 16, 108–110

Beechey Island–Franklin’s First Winter Quarters (Hamilton), 109, 111

beer, 71

Behrisch Elce, Erika, 16, 26, 33, 53, 72

Belcher expedition, 17, 45, 165, 172

Belcher, Edward

aurora borealis, 140

on darkness, 124

on exaggeration, 176

May and, 59

McClintock and, 60

narratives, 20, 85, 176

Bell, Bill, 106

Bentley’s Miscellany (magazine), 53

Bering Strait, 8, 15, 16, 40, 75

Bernese Alps (Burford), 123

Binks, Thomas, 5

Bird, Edward, 17

birds, 127, 135

Bivouac, Cape Seppings, Leopold Island, The (Browne), 150–152

Blakey, William, 40, 41

Bloom, Lisa, 172, 175

Blum, Hester, 53–54, 55, 74, 76

bone carving, 41

bookmarks, 34

boredom, 73, 135

Boucher, Ellen, 99

Bradford, Abraham, 72

Bray, Emile de, 35

Breadalbane (ship), 177

brewing, 71

Britannia, 38, 71

British Museum, 120

British North America, 15

Brown’s Island, 47

Brown’s Island Aug 1848 (Cresswell), 47

Brown’s Island, Coast of America (Cresswell), 158

Browne, James, 122

Browne, William Henry James

biography, 121–122, 150

Bivouac, Cape Seppings, Leopold Island, The, 150–152

Cape Walker Encampment, 31

cartoon, inspiration for, 72

Coast of N. Somerset – Regent’s Inlet, 136, 152–153

coastal elevations, drawing of, 122

Devil’s Thumb, Ships Boring and Warping in the Pack, The, 110

drawing, 20–21, 29–31, 73

Expedition Housed in for the Winter, The, 131, 132, 133, 137

geology, 150

Great Glacier, Near Uppernavik, 125, 126, 128, 135

Noon in Mid-Winter, 132, 133, 137

people, depicting, 131, 132, 135–136, 152

Port Leopold, missing sketch, 132

Prince Regent’s Inlet, 152–154

Ravine near Port Leopold, 154–155

Summer and Winter Views, 1, 19, 114, 120–121, 147, 148

Ten Coloured Views, 122, 126, 144, 146, 147–155

Valley of the Glaciers, Greenland, 125, 126, 127, 135

Buckland, William, 149

Burford, Robert, 117, 123, see also Summer and Winter Views of the Polar Regions (Burford)

Burford’s Panorama of the Polar Regions (engraving), 132, 134, 135

Burke, Edmund, 6

Burnet, Thomas, 130

butterflies, 47

Byers, Michael, 179

calotype, 47, 170

calving, 90

cannibalism, 16, 93

Cape Farewell, 70

Cape Hotham (Osborn), 107–108

Cape Lady Franklin (May), 169

Cape Seppings, 150–152

Cape Walker Encampment (Browne), 30–31

Cape York (Perlernerit), 92, 100, 103

Captain Hatteras (Verne), 110–111

careers, 24

cartoons, 66, 72

castles, 92

Cathay, 2

Cator, John Bertie, 17, 59

Cavell, Janice, 101

Charivari, Le, 66

charts, 22

Cheyne, John, 140

Chimmo, William, 134

China, 2

chromolithography, 146, see also lithography

Chukchi

overview, 8, 100

in exploration narratives, 9, 83, 101–103, 104

‘picturesque’, described as, 102

Chukchi Peninsula, 15, 75

Church and Parsonage, Holsteinborg, The (Inglefield), 48

clerks, 27

cliffs, 150

climate change, 8, 28, 179

climbing, mountain, 155

Close, Susan, 12

Coast of N. Somerset – Regent’s Inlet (Browne), 136, 152–153

coastal profiles, 22, 24

Codell, Julie F., 11

coldness, 43, 67, see also winter

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 24, 44, 70, 88, 172, see also poetry

Colley, Ann, 67

Collinson, Richard, 17

collodion process, 47

colonialism, 83

colour illustrations, 51, 62, 178

colour palettes, 20, 47, see also paratexts

‘comely’, women described as, 103–104

commodification of Arctic, 2, 7, 18

competition, 24

‘contact zones’, 100, 104

Cook expeditions, 5

Cook, James, 40

copying of visual materials, 47, 49, see also search expeditions, visual materials of

Cornwallis Island, 107–108

corruscations, 137, 138, see also aurora borealis

Cosmos (Humboldt), 25, 149

costumes, 64, 134, see also theatre performances

Craciun, Adriana, 8, 84, 93, 179

Crean, Tom, 178

creativity, 73–75

Cresswell, Samuel Gurney

Brown’s Island, Coast of America, 158

Critical Position of ‘The Investigator’, at Ballast Beach, Baring Island, 162, 163

Critical Position of H.M.S. Investigator, 11, 12, 161–162, 175

Discovery of Barings Island September 6th 1850, 159

drawing skills, 157

H.M.S. Investigator in the Pack. October 8th 1850, 159–161

materials, use of, 47

Osborn, describing, 59

people, depicting, 158, 162

Position of H.M.S. Investigator after Heavy Pressure 1852, 159–161

Ross expedition, 73, 155

on science, 27

Series of Eight Sketches, 143, 144, 146, 156–164

summer views, 47

on weather, 45

Crimean War, 37

Critical Position of ‘The Investigator’, at Ballast Beach, Baring Island (Cresswell), 162, 163

Critical Position of H.M.S. Investigator on the North Coast of Baring Island, August 20th 1851 (Cresswell), 11, 12, 161–162, 175

Critique of Judgement (Kant), 6

crocheting, 73

cross-dressing, 11, 64, 66, see also theatre performances

Cruikshank’s Table-Book (magazine), 66

cultural activities, 10, 11, 55, 73–75, 134–135, see also theatre performances

cultural history, 12

Dana, Richard Henry, 85

dances, 34–35, 75

Danes, 48

danger, 6, 55, 90–93, 157, 163–164, 175–177, see also Arctic, representations of

Dangerous Position of the ‘Isabel’ Caught in the Lee Pack (Inglefield), 93

darkness. See also sublime

Arctic, representations of, 43

Beechey Island, 109, 110

HMS Investigator in the Pack, 159, 160

sublime, 6, 138

Summer and Winter Views, 124

during winter, 15, 17

Darwin, Charles, 26

David, Robert G., 8, 117

Davis-Fisch, Heather, 55, 64, 134

Day and Son (printing firm), 143, 144, 145, 156, 165

De la Beche, Henry, 149

Dean, William, 73

Defeat of Zero!, The (May), 70, 71

Deg Hit’an, 41

Devil’s Thumb, 110

Devil’s Thumb, Ships Boring and Warping in the Pack, The (Browne), 110

Devon Island, 15

Dibdin, Thomas, 36

Dickinson Brothers, 144, 146

dioramas, 14

discipline, 72

discovery, 157

Discovery of Barings Island September 6th 1850 (Cresswell), 159

disgust, 100

distemper, 118

Division of Sledges Finding and Cutting a Road through Heavy Hummocks (May), 168, 170

Division of Sledges Passing Cape Lady Franklin (May), 171

dogs, 171–173

domestic life on board. See shipboard life

Domville, William T., 34–35

Don, William Gerard, 37

Douglas, Mary, 68

draughtsmanship, 26

drawing

Admiralty Manual, 26

in Arctic, 166

by Chukchi, 103

definition, 14

intimacy with the environment and, 33

by officers, 22, 24, 28

perception and, 13

on search expeditions, 4–5, 7, 177

sledge journeys, 28

during summer, 45–48

topographical, 22, 25, 27–29

during winter, 48–49

drawing, motivations for. See also search expeditions, visual materials of

overview, 176

career, 24

evidence, 31–33

navigation, 22, 24

personal, 22, 24, 25, 33–43

science, 22, 25–31

‘dreary’, 93–94, 130

dress-making, 11, 134, see also theatre performances

Driver, Felix, 13, 22, 24

Dundas Hill, 46

Ede, Charles, 73

Eismeer, Das (Friedrich), 44

elevation, 15, 30, 122

emotional responses, 25, 33, 117

England, 71, 88, 93

engravings, 20, 40, 106, 131, 162, see also specific engravings

Enoch (Chukchi man), 103

Enterprise (ship), 17, 116, 129

environment, Arctic. See Arctic environment

Erebus (ship), 9, 179

Esquimaux Dance aboard Resolute (Domville), 34–35

Essay on the Sublime (Baillie), 6

ethnography, 43, 48

ethnology, 26, 99–104

Études sur les Glaciers (Agassiz), 26, 146, 149

exaggeration, 170, 177

exhibitions. See specific exhibitions

Expedition Housed in for the Winter, The (Browne), 131, 132, 133, 137

exploitation of Arctic, 179

exploration

overview, 17

Arctic, representations of, 8

in Eight Sketches, 157

positive aspects of, 11, 55, 176

science and, 25, 131, 139

exploration narratives. See also specific exploration narratives

overview, 13, 81–85, 106

in Assistance library, 85, 94

aurora borealis, absence of, 140–141

icescapes, 90–95

Indigenous people, 83, 99–105, 113

landscapes, 95–99

map of, 91

transformation of Arctic, 106–112

visualising the Arctic, 85–89

winter, 83

facial expressions, 168, 169, 171, 172

Faerie Queene, The (Spenser), 90

fairy tales, 90–91, 104, 112

familiarity, 16, 52, 67, 72, 94, see also Arctic environment

Family Herald, 53

Fatal Passage (McGoogan), 52

Felix (ship), 74

femininity, 11, 64, 98, 178, see also masculinity

fiddles, 34

Figure in Sealskins (May), 69

First Discovery of Land by H.M.S. Investigator, September 6th 1850 (Cresswell), 158

First View of the Coast Greenland, The (Mumford), 38–40

‘Flight of the Plover’, 58, 66, 73

Flint, Kate, 4

flora, 47, 83, 95–98

fragility of visual archives, 21, 23

frames, 40, 41, 42, see also paratexts

Frankenstein (Shelley), 44, 172

Franklin expedition, 1, 2, 15–16, 21, 108–110

Franklin, Jane, 1, 3, 16, 19, 141

Franklin, John, 16, 93

French language, 147

Friedrich, Caspar David, 44, 153

‘frowning’, 89, 92, 130, see also anthropomorphism

Frozen in Time (Beattie and Geiger), 70

Garrison, Laurie, 115, 131

Gates of Hell, The (Lambert), 52

Geiger, John, 70

geography, 24, 27

Geological Manual (De la Beche), 149

geology, 24, 26, 30, 147, 148–150, 151

Geology and Mineralogy (Buckland), 150

geomagnetism, 139

George Cruikshank’s Table-Book, 66

Gilpin, James Douglas, 139

Gilpin, William, 7

Glacier Bay, 124

glaciers, 26, 28, 90

‘Gleaner’, 58, 73, 74

global warming, 8, 28, 179

Goodsir, Robert, 81, 84, 90, 100, 103, 105

Gothicism, 93, 109, 160, 171

Granada and the Alhambra (Burford), 123

Grand Moving Panorama of the Arctic Regions, 115

graves, 33, 108–110

Great Glacier, Near Uppernavik (Browne), 125, 126, 128, 135

Greenland, 83

Greenlanders, 34

Greenwich, 22

Griffith Island, 38, 74, 94–95

Grinnell expeditions, 93, 107

Grinnell, Henry, 1, 107

Grise Fiord (Aujuittuq), 26

Group of Thirteen of the Flowers most Commonly Found around Assistance Bay, A (Sutherland), 96–98

Grove, James Blair, 35

Gwich’in, 41

Haghe, Charles, 145, 148

Hamilton, James, 109, 111

Hamilton, William J., 27

Hansson, Heidi, 8, 44, 55

Harald Moltke Brae (Sermersuak), 28

harbours, 122

Harding, Richard, 3, 40

Haycock, Maurice, 31

Hayes, Isaac Israel, 34, 84, 87, 93, 177

Hearne, Samuel, 85

Herald (ship), 136

High Arctic of Canada, 8

Hill, Jen, 83

HMS Assistance in Tow of the Pioneer (May), 167

H.M.S. Investigator in the Pack. October 8th 1850 (Cresswell), 159–161

Hoag, Elaine, 53, 55, 58, 75

Hodges, William, 40

Hogarth, William, 6

home-making, 10, 36, 56–57, 82–83, 135, 178

homosexuality, 64

Hooper, William Hulme, 84, 113, see also Ten Months among the Tents of the Tuski (Hooper)

horizons, 15, 36, 40

hornpipe, 34

Household Words, 53, 123, 137

Howth, 122, 150

Hudson’s Bay Company, 15

Hull, 5

Humboldt, Alexander von, 25, 88, 119, 120, 149

humour

overview, 65–72

‘Gleaner’, 74

‘Illustrated Arctic News’, 52, 67, 71–72

‘Minavilins’, 74

picturesque and, 70

‘Queen’s Illuminated Magazine’, 52, 61, 66, 68–71

sublime and, 69, 71–72

Victorian culture, 67

Huneault, Kristina, 42

hunting, 135

Huxley, Thomas, 101

Hvenegård-Lassen, Kirsten, 131

hydrography, 24

ice, 8, 36, 43, 95, 124–130

Ice Islands, The (Hodges), 40

icebergs, 32–33, 90, 92, 109, 111, 116

ice-free waters, 46–47

icescapes, 90–95, 130

‘Illustrated Arctic News’ (periodical and facsimile)

overview, 51

facial expressions, 168

format, 60

humour, 52, 67, 71–72

Northern Sports – Tumbling on the Ice, 72

publishing of, 61

reviews of, 76

Seamens Graves – Beechey Island, 108

title, 60

U.S. Brigs – Advance & Rescue, Passing Cape Hotham, 107

visuality, 58–59, 62–64

Illustrated London News

engravings, 20, 131, 162

format, 60

illustrations, 51, 62

Summer and Winter Views, 134, 137, 138

illustrated periodicals, 51, 58, 62–66, 176

illustrations, 14, 81

imagination, 4

Imerigsoq (Whale Fish Islands), 45, 47, 101

immobility of ships, 56–57, 83, see also winter quarters

imperial gaze, 9

imprisonment, 78, 94, 178, see also winter

Incident in the Search for Sir John Franklin, An (Blakey), 41

Indigenous peoples

absence from popular representations, 8, 83, 130

Arctic population, 8–9, 15

climate change, 179

in exploration narratives, 83, 99–105, 113

interaction with expeditions, 8, 75–76, 104

map of, 9

paintings of, 41–43

photographs of, 48, 101

sovereignty, 179

women, 41–43, 103, 104

indigo, 47

Inglefield, Edward Augustus

Church and Parsonage, Holsteinborg, The, 48

Dangerous Position of the ‘Isabel’ Caught in the Lee Pack, 93

Indigenous people, 101

‘Isabel’ Entering the Polar Sea through Smith’s Sound, Midnight, 93

Killing a Bear off Cape York, 93

lithographs, 144, 146–147, 160, 163

Midnight Aug 26th 1852, 93

Perilous Situation of HMS Investigator whilst Wintering in the Pack in 1850–51, The, 160, 163

photographs, 47–48

sublime, use of, 91–93

Summer Search, 91–93

inscriptions, 20, 23, 40, 41, see also paratexts

Inspector’s House – Lievely (Kane), 96

intimacy, 33, 52, 65–66, 94–95, see also Arctic environment

Intrepid (ship), 17, 37

Inughuit, 100

Inuinnait (Copper Inuit), 41, 100

Inuit

absence from representations of Arctic, 8

clothing, 35

ethnology, 99, 101

in exploration narratives, 83, 103

forced relocation, 15, 26

photographs of, 48

sovereignty, 179

Inukjuak, Nunavik, 15

Inuktitut, 15

Iñupiat, 8, 41, 43, 75, 83, 100

Inuvialuit, 8, 41, 100

Inuvialuit Settlement Region, 3, 15

Investigator (ship)

Burford’s Panorama, 135

Cresswell, 155, 159–164

Critical Position of H.M.S. Investigator, 11, 12, 161–162, 175

expeditions, 17

home-making, 35

Perilous Situation of HMS Investigator whilst Wintering in the Pack in 1850–51, The, 160, 163

Position of H.M.S. Investigator after Heavy Pressure 1852, 159–161

Ireland’s Eye, 150

Isabel (schooner), 91

‘Isabel’ Entering the Polar Sea through Smith’s Sound, Midnight (Inglefield), 93

‘Isle of Beauty’ (Bayly), 37

isotherms, 15

‘Jack’, 100, 105, see also seamen

James, George Payne Rainsford, 75

Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage (Parry), 44, 76, 85

Journey … to the Northern Ocean (Hearne), 85

Journey Made in the Summer of 1794, A (Radcliffe), 89

Kaalund, Nanna Katrine Lüders, 22, 83

Kane, Elisha Kent

Arctic Explorations, 81, 93

Gothicism, 108–110, 111–112

Grinnell voyages, 84, 93

illustrations, 81, 106

Inspector’s House – Lievely, 96

Melville Bay, 111

U.S. Grinnell Expedition, 108–110, 111–112

winter, 96

Kant, Immanuel, 6

Keighren, Innes M., 106

Kellett, Henry, 17

Killing a Bear off Cape York (Inglefield), 93

King William Island, 8, 16

King, Richard, 99

knitting, 73

Koivunen, Leila, 14

Koutoküdluk – My First Love, 1851 (Adams), 41–43

Koutoküdluk (Yup’ik woman), 41–43

Krabbé, Frederick, 73

Lady Franklin (ship), 74

Lambert, Andrew, 25, 52, 60, 110, 131

Lancaster Sound, 2, 16

landscape painting, 25

‘Landscape Painting’ (Humboldt), 25

landscapes, 22, 33, 95–99, 171

Lanone, Catherine, 136

lashing, 73

Last of the Arctic Voyages, The (Belcher), 177

Leask, Nigel, 25, 121

Lefebvre, Henri, 56

Leicester Square (Taylor), 118

Leicester Square rotunda, 1, 114, 117, 119, see also Summer and Winter Views of the Polar Regions (Burford)

Leslie, Charles Robert, 120

Levere, Trevor, 25

libraries. See Assistance library

Lievely (Qeqertarsuaq), 34–35, 96

Life of Nelson (Southey), 94

light, 124, see also darkness

literacy, 55

lithographers, 14, 145, 173

lithographs

overview, 145

accuracy, 147–148, 173–174

aesthetic categories, 6

audience, 4, 146, 173

authenticity, 143, 144–145

costs of, 4, 146, 173

in exploration narratives, 106

folios of, 143, 147–155, 156–164, 173–174

lithography, 14, 144, 146

locality, 70, 82, 94–95, 112, see also Arctic environment

logbooks, 139

London, 115, 117, 120, 123, see also Summer and Winter Views of the Polar Regions (Burford)

London Colosseum, 115, 120

Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 84

Loomis, Chauncey, 16, 44

Loss of the McLellan (lithograph), 168

Loss of the McLellan (watercolour by May), 168, 169

Lyell, Charles, 149

M & N Hanhart (printing firm), 107

Madame Tussaud’s, 120

magazines, 53, 60, 66, see also periodicals

magic lanterns, 4, 14

magnetism, 139, see also aurora borealis

Maguire, Rochfort, 17, 75

Maidment, Brian, 144

Man in the Moon, 66

‘man versus nature’ trope, 82, 131, 144, 172–173, 178, 179, see also masculinity

Manual of Scientific Enquiry, The (ed. Herschel), 26–27, 29, 99, 139

maps, 107, 144

marginalia, 77, see also paratexts

marine painting, 7, 37

Markham, Clements, 58, 66, 73

Martins, Luciana, 25

Mary (ship), 74

masculinity. See also femininity

Arctic, representations of, 4, 8, 10–11, 65, 83

Burford’s Panorama, 135

imperial gaze, 10

‘man versus nature’ trope, 82, 131, 144, 172–173, 178, 179

Summer and Winter Views, 131, 136, 141

masquerade balls, 62–64, 75

materials, 20, 47, see also paratexts

Matthews, John, 33, 55, 76, 134

May, Walter William

Arctic, connection to, 165

aurora borealis, 140

Belcher and, 59

Cape Lady Franklin, 169

Defeat of Zero!, The, 70, 71

Division of Sledges Finding and Cutting a Road through Heavy Hummocks, 168, 170

Division of Sledges Passing Cape Lady Franklin, 171

drawing, 29, 48

Figure in Sealskins, 69

HMS Assistance in Tow of the Pioneer, 167

Loss of the McLellan (lithograph), 168

Loss of the McLellan (watercolour), 168, 169

on McLellan shipwreck, 170

Monday Evening the 16th August 1852, 62, 63

Moonlight in the Arctic Regions, 111

Nip in Melville Bay, A, 170

on nostalgia, 77–78

people, depicting, 167–168, 170–173

photography, 47

‘Queen’s Illuminated Magazine’, 51, 57, 58, 59–60, 61–62

Scene from The Rival Lovers, 65

Series of Fourteen Sketches, 144, 146, 164–173

Sledge Party Returning through Water in the Month of July, 167

Snow Carriers, 172

theatre, 65

on travelling, 164–165, 167, 171–173

Voyage of the Fox drawings, 34

McClintock, Francis Leopold

expeditions, 17, 84, 94

on flora, 98

Franklin’s death, evidence of, 16

on Indigenous people, 100

visuality, 112

Voyage of the Fox, 34, 60, 111

McClure, Robert, 17, 73, 156, 161, 162

McCormick, Robert, 35, 45

McDougall, George Frederick

overview, 84

cultural activities, 73

on dances, 35

drawing, 29

‘Illustrated Arctic News’, 59

on Indigenous people, 100, 103

intimacy with environment, 94–95

masquerade ball, drawing of, 62–64

on McLellan shipwreck, 170

Northern Sports – Tumbling on the Ice, 72

3 Graves, The, 108, 110

McGoogan, Ken, 52

McLellan (ship), 168–170

Melville Bay (Kane), 111

Melville Island, 3, 44

mementos, 34, 36, 42, 77

memory, 4, 27

mezzotints, 106

Michaelovski, 41

Midnight Aug 26th 1852 (Inglefield), 93

midshipmen, 22, 24

Miertsching, Johann, 35, 73, 161

Miller, Hugh, 149

‘Minavilins’, 58, 73, 74

Minerva Hall (London), 115

Minstrel, The (Beattie), 94

mock moons, 37–38, 49

Monday Evening the 16th August 1852 (May), 62, 63

Moonlight in the Arctic Regions (May), 111

Moore, Thomas, 17

mosquitoes, 47

moving panoramas, 14, 37

Muff, Goliah, 137

Mumford, William T., 27, 38–40, 46

Murchison, Roderick, 11

Murray, John, 84

music, 34, 36, 37, 107

Musical World, 118

Mysteries of Udolpho (Radcliffe), 92

mystery, 138–139

Nancy Dawson (ship), 136

Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea (Franklin), 93

Narrative of an Expedition in H.M.S. Terror (Back), 68

Narrative of the Voyage of H. M. S. Samarang (Belcher), 20

narratives. See exploration narratives

National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, 166

naturalism, 25

nature, 6, 152–153

‘nature, man versus’ trope, 82, 131, 144, 172–173, 178, 179, see also masculinity

Nautical Magazine, 139

naval college, 22

navigation, 22, 24

New Fort Franklin, 102

‘New Georgia Gazette’, 54, 76

News at the Ends of the Earth (Blum), 54

newspapers, 20, 54, 74, 79

Nip in Melville Bay, A (May), 170

Noon in Mid-Winter (Browne), 132, 133, 137

North Georgia Gazette and Winter Chronicle, 76

North Pole, 31

North Star (ship), 17, 27, 31–33

North Star Mount (watercolour), 46, 180

Northeast Passage, 2

northern lights, 67, 137–141

Northern Sports – Tumbling on the Ice (McDougall), 72

Northumberland Sound, 51

Northwest Passage, 2, 131, 144, 156, 179

nostalgia, 11, 37, 77–78, 178, see also souvenirs

Now! o—ne, two—o, three – Haul! (May), 66

nunataks, 116, 126, 127, 128

Nunavut, 3, 15

observations, 26–27, 33, 44, 136, 153, see also science

officers, 22, 24, 26, 28, 40, 47, see also Admiralty

Old Red Sandstone, The (Miller), 149

Ommanney, Erasmus, 17, 73

Open Polar Sea, 93

Ord, John Walker, 30

Osborn, Sherard

overview, 17, 59, 84

aurora borealis, 140

cultural activities, 73

on drawing, 49

on exaggeration, 177

on flora, 98

McClintock and, 94

on McLellan shipwreck, 170

‘Queen’s Illuminated Magazine’, 56, 57, 68–70, 77

on seamen, 105

Stray Leaves, 85–86, 88, 177

winter quarters, 113, 134

Pacific Ocean, 15

paintings, 5–6, 7, 41–43, see also specific paintings

Palinkas, Lawrence A., 11, 55

panoramas. See also Summer and Winter Views of the Polar Regions (Burford)

overview, 2, 4, 6, 114

authenticity, 5, 115

definition, 14

education, used for, 25, 118, 119

immersive experience, 87–88, 119, 120

in London, 117, 123

text and, 4

women visiting, 119

paper sheets, 5

paraselenae, 37–38, 49

Paraselene (Aldrich), 38

paratexts. See also search expeditions, visual materials of

overview, 24

blemishes, 43

colour palettes, 20, 47

frames, 40, 41, 42

inscriptions, 20, 23, 40, 41

marginalia, 77

materials, 20, 47

signatures, 21

Parks Canada, 8

Parry Channel, 3, 15, 101

Parry, William Edward, 2, 44, 54, 76, 85

paternalism, 83

pencil, 40

Perilous Position of HMS North Star (Aylen), 32–33

Perilous Situation of HMS Investigator whilst Wintering in the Pack in 1850–51, The (Inglefield), 160, 163

periodicals. See also specific periodicals

overview, 51–53, 54, 58

Arctic, portrayal of, 55, 67, 79

on Austin expedition, 54–55, 58

contents of, 58

criticism, 74

humour, 65–72, 74

printing of, 53, 58

publishing of, 76–77

reading of, 53, 55, 72, 73

scholarship on, 53–54

as souvenirs, 52, 76, 77

winter, 52, 55–57, 64, 73

writing of, 51–53, 72–75

Perlernerit (Cape York), 92, 100, 103

permafrost, 15

personification, 67, see also humour

Petersen, Carl, 83

phantasmata, 82, 85

Philosophical Enquiry (Burke), 6

Phipps, Constantine, 85, 94

photography, 24, 47, 101, 170

pictures, 14

picturesque. See also sublime

overview, 6–7

Chukchi described as, 102

humour and, 70

search expeditions, 10, 23

Series of Fourteen Sketches, 164

Pioneer (ship), 17, 37, 70, 129

Piozzi, Hester Lynch, 81

place, 10, 83

planographic printing, 14

plates, 26, 81

Plover (ship), 16, 17, 75–76, 136

poetry, 24, 25, 44, 70, 88, 172

polar exploration. See exploration

Port Leopold, 87, 132, 149

portraits, 41–43, 48

Position of H.M.S. Investigator after Heavy Pressure 1852 (Cresswell), 159–161

Position of H.M.S. Investigator, Sept 19, 1851 (Cresswell), 162

positive aspects of exploration, 11, 55, 176, see also exploration

Potter, Russell, 117

Powell, Richard C., 178

Pratt, Mary Louise, 9, 82, 100, 101, 102, 113

Price, Uvedale, 6

Prichard, James Cowles, 99, 100

Prince Albert (ship), 90, 92

‘Prince Albert’ Surrounded by Icebergs, The (Snow), 90, 92

Prince of Wales Island, 29

Prince Regent’s Inlet (Browne), 152–154

Principles of Geology (Lyell), 149

printing, 14, 53, 58, 78, 106

prints, 4, 5–6, 13, 14

printsellers, 4, 146, 173

private expeditions, 16, 93, 107

professional artists, 5, 24

promotions, 24, 28, 29

prospectuses, 78

Province of Canada, 15

publishers, 83, 84, 106

Pullen, William, 17

Punch, or the London Charivari, 62, 66, 137

Qausuittuq, 15

Qeqertarsuaq (Lievely), 34–35, 96

‘Queen Victoria at Windsor’ (Ord)

Queen’s Arctic Theatre, 51

‘Queen’s Illuminated Magazine and North Cornwall Gazette’

overview, 51–52, 58

Arctic, representations of, 68–70

creativity, 75

Defeat of Zero!, The, 70, 71

dogs, 172

editor’s box, 79

facial expressions, 168

Figure in Sealskins, 69

format, 60

humour, 52, 61, 66, 68–71

illustrations, 58, 60, 61–62

intimacy, 65–66

May, 51, 57, 58, 59–60, 61–62

Monday Evening the 16th August 1852, 63

Nip in Melville Bay, A, 170

Now! o—ne, two—o, three – Haul!, 66

Osborn, 56, 57, 59, 68–70, 77

publishing of, 77

Scene from The Rival Lovers, 65

Snow Carriers, 172

as souvenir, 77

supplements, 79

title, 60–61

title page, 57

winter, 56

‘Queen’s Philharmonic Society’, 65

Quilley, Geoff, 5, 22

Qureshi, Sadiah, 106, 118

‘races’, 99, 100, see also ethnology

Radcliffe, Ann, 44, 89, 92, 98

Rae, John, 16

Ravine near Port Leopold (Browne), 154–155

reading of periodicals, 53, 55, 72, 73

relationships, 42, 104

relief expeditions, 1, 16

relief printing, 14

relocation, forced, 15, 26

Reminiscences of the Baltic Fleet (Don), 37

Resolute (Qausuittuq), 26

Resolute (ship), 17, 34–35, 96

Resolute Bay, 15

Reynold’s Miscellany, 62

‘Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ (Coleridge), 24, 44, 70, 88, 172

Rival Lovers, The (play), 65

rock types, 150, see also geology

Romanticism, 37, 94, 152–153, 154–155, 171

Ross expedition, 73, 117, 122, 149

Ross, James Clark, 17

Ross, John, 81, 85

rotunda. See Summer and Winter Views of the Polar Regions (Burford)

rotunda (London), 1, 114, 117, 119

Rough Sketch Moored to an Iceberg (Browne), 20, 21

Royal Academy, 118, 120

Royal Cornwallis Theatre, 74

Royal Navy, 71

Royal Polytechnic Institution, 115

Rückenfigur, 153, see also Romanticism

Rudwick, Martin, 30

Ruskin, John, 118, 119

Russian America, 15, 75

Rutter, James J., 27–29

Sabine, Edward, 25

sandstone cliffs, 30, 31

Sartain, John, 109

satires, 7, 66, 68–70, 74, see also humour

Saunders, James, 27, 28, 32

‘savages’, 99, 100

Scene from The Rival Lovers (May), 65

schooners, 91

science, 26

aesthetics and, 25, 31

exploration and, 22, 25, 131, 139

lithographs, 147

observations, 26–27, 33, 44, 136, 153

Romanticism, 152–153

visuality, 25–31

Scott, Robert Falcon, 172

sculptures, 37, 38

Sea Lion, The (play), 115

sea-ice, 15, 107, 108, 162–163

seamen, 83, 100, 104–105, 113

Seamens Graves – Beechey Island (print), 108

search expeditions. See also winter quarters

overview, 1, 3, 15–17, 18

familiarity with Arctic, 16, 52, 67, 72, 94

Indigenous people, interactions with, 8, 75–76, 104

science and, 22, 25–31, 131, 139

shipboard life, 4–5, 7, 11, 55, 177

visuality, 12, 24, 52, 176, 177

search expeditions, visual materials of. See also drawing, motivations for

overview, 1–2, 3, 21

aesthetic categories, 23

amateur status of artists, 5, 7, 21, 24, 145

archives, 21, 23

aurora borealis, absence of, 139–140

copying of visual materials, 47, 49

fragility of, 21, 23

people, depicting, 131, 132, 135–136, 152, 158, 162, 167–168, 170–173

scholarly use of, 13

subjectivity, 22, 30–31, 33, 176

summer views, 45–48

Sebastopol (Burford), 123

Seemann, Berthold, 47

Selous, Henry, 118, see also Summer and Winter Views of the Polar Regions (Burford)

Sera-Shriar, Efram, 9

Series of Eight Sketches in Colour … of the Voyage of H.M.S. Investigator, A (Cresswell), 143, 144, 146, 156–164

Series of Fourteen Sketches Made during the Voyage up Wellington Channel, A (May), 144, 146, 164–173

Sermersuak (Harald Moltke Brae), 28

sexual appraisal of Indigenous women, 103, see also Indigenous peoples

Sha, Richard, 33

Shackleton, Ernest, 178

sheet music, 107

sheets of paper, 5

Shell (company), 179

Shelley, Mary, 44, 172

shipboard life, 4–5, 7, 11, 55, 177, see also winter quarters

ships, 12, 17, 129, 159, see also specific ships

shipwreck, McLellan, 168–170

shop windows, 4, 146, 173

Siberia, 8, 15

signatures, 21, see also paratexts

Simpson, John, 58, 67

Simpson, William, 145, 156, 159, 161, 164, 175

sizes, 20, see also paratexts

sketchbooks, 5

sketches. See also specific sketches

authenticity, 5

copying of, 49

definition, 14

lithographs presented as, 145

for personal records, 34–35, 38–40

summer, made during, 45

‘taking’ of, 33

topographical, 27

winter, made during, 49

skies, 85, 152, 153, 158, 159–, see also Arctic, representations of

skulls, 100

sledge journeys, 17, 28, 31, 171–173

Sledge Party Returning through Water in the Month of July (May), 167

Sledge Travelling (Osborn), 105

smiling faces, 168, 171, 172

Smith, Bernard, 13, 144

smoke, 37, 107, 108

snow, 43, 48, 95, 152, 153, see also winter

Snow Carriers (May), 172

‘The Snow-Fiend’ (Radcliffe), 44, 98

Snow, William Parker, 32, 84, 85, 87–88, 90, 92, 120

social life, 12, 33, 53, 56–57, 66, 74–75

social spaces, 56, 65, 100

sojourn, 78, 94, 178, see also winter

solstices, 15

Somerset Island, 30, 31, 149, 150

songs, 36

Sophia (ship), 74

Southey, Robert, 94

souvenirs. See also nostalgia

overview, 23, 34, 178

paintings, 37

periodicals, 52, 76, 77

printed documents, 77–78

sketches, 40

space, 83

‘specimens’, 100, see also ethnology

Spenser, Edmund, 90

Spufford, Francis, 8

Stam, David, 53, 72

Stam, Deirdre, 53, 72

Stanfield, Clarkson, 7

steam tenders, 107, 108

Strange, Carolyn, 56, 178

stratigraphy, 24

Stray Leaves from an Arctic Journal (Osborn), 85–86, 88, 107–108, 177

subjectivity, 22, 26, 30–31, 33, 176

sublime. See also picturesque

overview, 6–7, 52

aurora borealis, 137

Cape Walker Encampment, 31

darkness, 6, 138

familiarity and, 67

humour and, 69, 71–72

Inglefield, 91–93

search expeditions, 10, 23

Series of Fourteen Sketches, 165, 167, 171–173

Summer and Winter views, 124, 129, 137, 138, 141

Ten Coloured Views, 148, 150–154

Suedfeld, Peter, 11, 55

summer, 23, 43, 44–48, 83, see also winter

Summer and Winter Views of the Polar Regions (Burford). See also panoramas

overview, 1, 19, 114–117, 123, 141–142

aurora borealis, 137–141

authenticity, 1, 114, 120–121, 126, 148

Browne, 1, 19, 20, 114, 120–121, 147, 148

climate, 179

darkness, 124

desolation, 129–130

geography, 123–130

Illustrated London News, 134, 137, 138

immersive experience, 87–88, 119, 120

layout and key, 116

masculinity, 131, 136, 141

origins of, 125–129

people, depicting, 65, 130, 141

popularity, 120

reviews of, 115, 118–119, 120–121, 124, 137, 138, 141, 148

scholarship on, 115–117

Snow influenced by, 87–88, 120

sublime, 124, 129, 137, 138, 141

Summer View diagram, 125

Winter View diagram, 132

Summer Search (Inglefield), 91–93

sun, 15, 67

supernaturalism, 115, 137, 138, 141, see also sublime

supply expeditions, 1, 16, 27, 40

surface printing, 14

surgeons, 22

Sutherland, Peter C., 96–98

Sutton, Max Keith, 68

tableaux, 14, 102

Table-Book, 66

tabular icebergs, 111

talbotype, 47, 170

Taylor, Tom, 118

Telluris Theoria Sacra (Burnet), 130

temperatures, 29, 45, 179

Ten Coloured Views (Browne), 122, 126, 144, 146, 147–155

Ten Months among the Tents of the Tuski (Hooper)

Chukchi, 9, 101–103, 104

Coleridge, quotes, 88

Iñupiat, 75

tropics, 89

writing style, 86

tents, 31

Terror (ship), 9, 68

texts

in lithograph folios, 147

visuality and, 4, 13, 62, 82, 177

Thackeray, William, 137

theatre performances

Austin expedition, 74

cross-dressing, 11, 64, 134

‘Queen’s Illuminated Magazine’, 65–66

Rival Lovers, The, 65

Sea Lion, The, 115

Zero, 64, 70

Thomas, Julia, 4

3 Graves, The (McDougall), 108, 110

title pages, 62, 63

topographical drawing, 22, 25, 27–29

topography, 41

topophilia, 10

Topping, Margaret, 4

tourism, 108, 155

transformation of Arctic. See Arctic, transformation of

transvestism, 64

travel writing, 4, 9, 99

travelling, Arctic, 164–165, 167, 171–173, see also May, Walter William

Trollope, Anthony, 26

Trollope, Frances Milton, 75

tropics, 89

truth, 44, 115, 120, 143, 177, see also authenticity

Tuan, Yi-Fu, 83

Turner, J.M.W., 106

Two Years before the Mast (Dana), 85

U.S. Brigs – Advance & Rescue, Passing Cape Hotham (picture), 107

U.S. Grinnell Expedition (Kane), 108–110, 111–112

Upernavik, 47

Valley of the Glaciers, Greenland (Browne), 125, 126, 127, 135

Verne, Jules, 110–111

Victorian culture. See also visuality

humour, 67

magazines, 60, 66

marine painting, 7, 37

racism, 100

on ships, 4, 177

View of the Polar Regions (exhibition), 115, 120

View of the Three Glaciers at the Eastern Extremity of Wolstenholme Sound, A (Rutter), 28

virtual witnessing, 85

visuality

overview, 3–4, 13, 18, 114

authenticity, 11

in exploration narratives, 81–82, 83

in London, 117

McClintock, 112

science and, 25–31

search expeditions, 12, 24, 52, 176, 177

text and, 4, 13, 62, 82, 177

Voyage of Discovery (Ross), 81, 85

Voyage of the Fox (McClintock), 34, 60, 111

Voyage of the Prince Albert (Snow), 32, 90

Voyage towards the North Pole, A (Phipps), 85

Voyage towards the South Pole, A (Cook), 40

Wales, William, 88

Walhalla, 71

Walker, Edmund, 145, 156, 159

Ward, John, 5

watercolours. See specific watercolours

waters, ice-free, 46–47

Watt-Cloutier, Sheila, 83

‘Weekly Guy’, 55, 58, 67, 75

Whale Fish Islands (Imerigsoq), 45, 47, 101

whaling industry, 5–6

winter. See also Arctic, representations of

darkness, 15, 17

drawing during, 48–49

in exploration narratives, 83

periodicals, 52, 55–57, 64, 73

representation of Arctic, 8, 43, 95

social life during, 56–57, 66

as sojourn, 78, 94, 178

winter quarters

overview, 16

in exploration narratives, 113

home-making, 10, 36, 56–57, 82–83, 135, 178

map of, 9

Winter Quarters (Osborn), 85

Winter Quarters, Emma’s Harbour (Hooper), 102

Withers, Charles W. J., 106

Wolstenholme Sound, 46

women

appearances, 103

dances, 35

folios, buying of, 165

Indigenous, 41–43, 103, 104

panoramas, visiting, 119

on ships, 136–137

theatre performances, portrayed in, 64, 66, 134

woodcuts, 106

Yaneenga (Chukchi woman), 104

Yar, Majid, 10, 33

Youngs, Tim, 145

Yup’ik, 8, 41–43, 100

Zero (play), 64, 70

Book contents

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